Atom transfer radical polymerization of butadiene initiated by PhCH2Cl/MoCl3(OC8H17)2/PPh3

用苄基氯/辛醇取代的MoCl3/三苯基膦引发体系引发丁二烯聚合,得到聚合物相对分子质量、转化率与聚合时间呈线性关系.结果表明,该催化体系可实现丁二烯的ATRP反应.     

PhCH2Cl/MoCl3(OC8H17)2/PPh3体系引发异戊二烯的原子转移自由基聚合

研究了以PhCH2Cl/MoCl3(OC8H17)2/PPh3体系引发异戊二烯的原子转移自由基聚合,所得聚合物的相对分子质量与转化率呈线性增加,相对分子质量分布为1.9 ~2.2。紫外光谱分析表明,该聚合反应符合原子转移自由基聚合机理。     

CH_2CHCH_2Cl/MoO_2Cl_2/PPh_3引发丁二烯原子转移自由基聚合(英文)

以MoO2Cl2/PPh3为催化剂、CH2CHCH2Cl为引发剂,引发丁二烯进行原子转移自由基聚合,并用称量法、凝胶渗透色谱、核磁共振氢谱和傅里叶变换红外光谱对聚合产物的产率、相对分子质量及其分布和化学结构进行表征。结果表明,聚合产物的数均分子量与单体转化率呈线性增加关系,分子量分布较窄(1.4～1.6),聚合反应具有活性聚合特征,符合原子转移自由基聚合机理,所得聚丁二烯呈无规结构。     

用偶氮二异丁腈/MoCl_3(OC_8H_(17))_2/三苯基膦催化苯乙烯-丁二烯反向原子转移自由基共聚合(英文)

以MoCl3(OC8H17)2/三苯基膦作为催化剂,用偶氮二异丁腈引发苯乙烯与丁二烯的反向原子转移自由基共聚合,分别通过称重法、凝胶渗透色谱分析及核磁共振分析对聚合物的产率、相对分子质量及其分布和结构进行了测定和表征。结果表明,所得聚合物的相对分子质量与单体转化率呈线性增加关系,相对分子质量分布较宽(多分散性指数为1.7～2.0),表明该反应具有活性特征。反应溶液的紫外可见光谱分析表明该聚合机理符合反向原子转移自由基共聚合机理。所得丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物为无规共聚物。     

Atom transfer radical polymerization of butadiene using MoO2Cl2/PPh3 as the catalyst

Atom transfer radical polymerization has been used to successfully synthesize polybutadiene. This was achieved by using MoO₂Cl₂/triphenyl phosphine as the catalyst and the various organic halide compounds such as methyl‐2‐chloropropionate, CCl₄, 1,4‐dichloromethyl benzene, 1‐phenylethyl chloride, and benzyl chloride as initiators. The monomer conversion increased up to 50% with polymerization time. The polydispersity indices of the polymers were as high as above 1.5. However, the polymerizations were controlled and the polydispersity indices of the polymers were less than 1.5 throughout the polymerizationin reverse atom transfer radical polymerization. The chemical structure of the polymer obtained was characterized by ¹HNMR and FTIR. The valency states of molybdenum in this reactive system were detected by UV–vis spectra. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 3517–3522, 2007     

Reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene initiated with AIBN/Ni ( naph ) 2/PPh3 catalyst system

以AIBN/Ni(naph),/PPh3为均相引发剂引发苯乙烯聚合,所得试样相对分子质量与转化率呈线性增加,相对分子质量分布约为1.5.紫外光谱分析表明,聚合机理为反向原子转移自由基聚合.     

Atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene initiated by bromoacetylated syndiotactic polystyrene macroinitiator

Atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene was conducted with bromoacetylated syndiotactic polystyrene as macroinitiator and copper bromide combined with N,N,N′,N′,N′‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine as catalyst. A two‐stage process has been developed to synthesize the macroinitiator. First, syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) was functionalized in the side phenyl rings with acetyl groups using the Friedel–Crafts reaction; second, the acetyl groups were converted to bromoacetyl groups by an acid‐catalyzed halogenation reaction. The initiator was found to be active in the polymerization of styrene, leading to the production of graft chains with well‐defined structure. The molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the graft chains were determined using gel permeation chromatography after cleaving from the sPS backbone using peroxide acid oxidation followed by hydrazine‐catalyzed hydrolysis. The results indicated that the polymerization process was characteristic of a ‘living’ nature. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene initiated by 2-(4-chloromethyl-phenyl)-benzoxazole with high activity and fluorescent property

Functionalized polystyrene (PSt) was synthesized utilizing atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), which was conducted by using 2-(4-chloromethyl-phenyl)-benzoxazole (CMPB) as initiator, CuCl/PMDETA as catalyst, and cyclohexanone as solvent. The mechanism of ATRP was proved by characterizing the structure of PSt via ¹H NMR and preparing of PSt-b-PMMA block copolymer. The polymerization showed first order with respect to monomer concentration and relatively narrow polydispersity (M_w/M_n range from 1.30 to 1.50). Factors such as different reaction temperatures, mole ratio of monomer to initiator and so on, which can affect the ATRP system, were discussed in the paper. Moreover, CMPB showed high activity and could initiate styrene polymerization even at ambient temperature. The optical property of initiator was well preserved in the obtained PSt, and the end-functionalized PSt exhibited strong fluorescent emission at 351 nm.     

添加剂对MoCl3(OC8H17)2-Al(OPhCH3)(i-Bu)2催化丁二烯聚合的影响

研究了3种添加剂对钼系催化丁二烯聚合活性和产物相对分子质量及其分布的影响.结果显示,3种添加剂都能使体系的聚合活性提高;加入方式以Al(OPhCH,3)(i-Bu)2-MoCl3(OC8H17)2-添加剂为好.三者对聚合物的1,2-结构含量均无太大影响.其中α-氯代甲基丙酸酯使产物相对分子质量下降、相对分子质量分布变宽,因此其可在适当范围内用作相对分子质量调节剂.     

Atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated with a macroinitiator of poly(vinyl acetate)

Well‐defined poly(vinyl acetate‐b‐methyl methacrylate) block copolymers were successfully synthesized by the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in p‐xylene with CuBr as a catalyst, 2,2′‐bipyridine as a ligand, and trichloromethyl‐end‐grouped poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc–CCl₃) as a macroinitiator that was prepared via the telomerization of vinyl acetate with chloroform as a telogen. The block copolymers were characterized with gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared, and ¹H‐NMR. The effects of the solvent and temperature on ATRP of MMA were studied. The control over a large range of molecular weights was investigated with a high [MMA]/[PVAc–CCl₃] ratio for potential industry applications. In addition, the mechanism of the polymerization was discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1089–1094, 2006     

Atom transfer radical polymerization of methylmethacrylate and styrene initiated by 3,5‐bis(perfluorobenzyloxy)benzyl 2‐bromopropanoate

The synthesis of polymethylmethacrylate (pMMA) and polystyrene (pSt) were realized with newly synthesized initiator, 3,5‐bis(perfluorobenzyloxy)benzyl 2‐bromopropanoate (FBr) in the presence of copper bromide (CuBr) and N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyl‐diethylenetriamine (PMDETA) by using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The perfluorinated aromatic group containing initiator was prepared by esterification of the (3,5‐bis[(perfluorobenzyl)oxy]‐phenyl alcohol. Both initiator and polymers were characterized by ¹H‐NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The ATRP was supported by an increase in the molecular weight of the forming polymers and also by their monomodal molecular weight distribution. Contact angle measurements of water and ethylene glycol on films of synthesized polymers indicated higher degree of hydrophobicity than that of pure pMMA and pure pSt. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Atom transfer radical suspension polymerization of methyl methacrylate catalyzed by CuCl/bpy

Atom transfer radical suspension polymerization (suspension ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was carried out using 1-chloro-1-phenylethane (1-PECl) as initiator, copper chloride/bipyridine (CuCl/bpy) as catalyst. The polymerization was accomplished with a mechanical agitator under the protection of nitrogen atmosphere. Apart from the dispersing agent (1% PVA), NaCl was also used in the water phase to decrease the diffusion of CuCl/bpy to water and the influence of the concentration of NaCl was investigated. Subsequently, the kinetic behavior of the suspension ATRP of MMA at different temperatures was studied. At 90 and 95 °C, the polymerization showed first order with respect to monomer concentration until high conversion. The molecular weight (M_n) of the polymer increased with monomer conversion. However, at lower temperatures, different levels of autoacceleration was observed. The polymerization deviated from first order with respect to monomer concentration when the conversion was up to some degree. The lower the temperature was, the more the deviation displayed. On comparison with bulk ATRP of MMA, the rate of suspension ATRP was much faster.     

Atom transfer radical coupling of polystyrene and poly(methyl acrylate) synthesized by reverse iodine transfer polymerization

Iodo-terminated polystyrene and poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA-I) were synthesized by reverse iodine transfer polymerization. The resulting polymers were coupled by atom transfer radical coupling using Cu(I)/linear amino-ligand catalysts in the presence of reducing Cu(0). The efficiency of the coupling reaction is discussed as a function of various factors, namely, the Cu(0) particle sizes, the number of nitrogen present in the ligand structure, the type of halogen associated with Cu(I) (CuX, X = I, Br, Cl), the nature of the polymer and the nature of the chain ends. In particular, a quantitative coupling (100%) was obtained with a CuBr/HMTETA system in the presence of nanosized Cu(0) for PMA-I, thus opening for the first time a facile route to telechelic and multiblock poly(acrylate)-based structures.     

Atom transfer radical polymerization of graft chains onto polyethylene film initiated at tribromomethyl unit introduced by electron beam irradiation

A novel process for graft polymerization onto a polyethylene (PE) film using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was examined. First, a PE film irradiated with an electron beam was treated with carbon tetrabromide, thereby introducing tribromomethyl groups. The number of tribromomethyl groups introduced onto the film could be controlled by adjusting the electron beam irradiation dose. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) was then graft‐polymerized by ATRP in the initiator‐introduced PE film in the presence of a copper catalyst. Based on FTIR spectra from the PMMA grafted films, the behavior of graft polymerization reactions on the film surface and inside the film are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Atom transfer radical polymerization of some vinyl monomers catalyzed by imine macrocycle copper (I) complex

Summary Imine macrocyclic ligand (M₁) was used in conjunction with CuBr as novel catalytic system in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methylmethacrylate (MMA), butylmethacrylate (n-BuMA) and 2- dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate (DMAEMA). Two different initiators were involved such as Br-methoxypolyoxyethylene macroinitiator and 1, 3, 5-(2-bromo-2‘-methylpropionato) benzene three arm star initiator. The polymerization reactions were conducted at 90 °C in toluene. The macrocyclic ligand M₁ demonstrated peculiar behavior which was monitored by the GPC measurements whether with respect to the polydispersities or the molar masses. High molar masses than expected were obtained except incase of DMAEMA monomer. The structures of the formed polymers were proven via ¹HNMR.     

Atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene and methyl (meth)acrylates initiated with poly(dimethylsiloxane) macroinitiator: Synthesis and characterization of triblock copolymers

Poly(dimethylsiloxane)(PDMS)‐based triblock copolymers were successfully synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiated with bis(bromoalkyl)‐terminated PDMS macroinitiator (Br‐PDMS‐Br). First, Br‐PDMS‐Br was prepared by reaction between the bis(hydroxyalkyl)‐terminated PDMS and 2‐bromo‐2‐methylpropionyl bromide. PSt‐b‐PDMS‐b‐PSt, PMMA‐b‐PDMS‐b‐PMMA and PMA‐b‐PDMS‐b‐PMA triblock copolymers were then synthesized via ATRP of styrene (St), methyl methacrylate (MMA) and methyl acrylate (MA), respectively, in the presence of Br‐PDMS‐Br as a macroinitiator and CuCl/PMDETA as a catalyst system at 80 ^oC. Triblock copolymers were characterized by FTIR, ¹H‐NMR and GPC techniques. GPC results showed linear dependence of the number‐average molecular weight on the conversion as well as the narrow polydispersity indicies (PDI < 1.57) for the synthesized triblock copolymers which was lower than that of Br‐PDMS‐Br macroinitiator (PDI = 1.90), indicating the living/controlled characteristic of the reaction. Also, there was a very good agreement between the number‐average molecular weight calculated from ¹HNMR spectra and that calculated theoretically. Results showed that resulting copolymers have two glass transition temperatures, indicating that triblock copolymers have microphase separated morphology. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

功能性甲基丙烯酸甲酯-甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯嵌段聚合物ATRP合成

以2-溴代丙酸乙酯(EPN-Br)为引发剂,CuCl和2,2’-联二吡啶(BPY)为催化剂,以甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为原料,用原子转移自由基(ATRP)的方法,在80℃下合成带有卤原子的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯大分子引发剂,在20～50℃下,以丁酮和正丙醇的混合液为溶剂,引发甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)聚合,制得侧链含有环氧基团的PMMA-b-PGMA嵌段共聚物,分子量分布较窄,聚合物的分子量可通过单体与引发剂的比例进行控制。     

均相Nd(vers)3/Al(i-Bu)2H/Al(i-Bu)2Cl催化聚合异戊二烯

采用A l(i-Bu)2C l(简称C l)、Nd(vers)3(简称Nd)和A l(i-Bu)2H(简称A l)在少量异戊二烯(Ip)存在下,Nd与A l在50℃下反应后,再与C l作用,可配制成均相高效催化剂体系。考察了Nd和A l二组分陈化时间、Nd和A l、C l三组分陈化时间、A l/Nd(摩尔比)、C l/Nd(摩尔比)、聚合温度及溶剂对催化剂相态和Ip聚合的影响。结果表明,上述反应因素对催化剂的相态和产物微观结构均无影响,聚异戊二烯(PI)的顺式-1,4-结构摩尔分数在95.0%以上;Nd和A l二组分陈化时间应控制在10 m in之内;Nd、A l和C l三组分陈化时间对PI收率无影响。当A l/Nd为15或C l/Nd为1.0时,均相Nd/A l/C l催化剂体系仍具有高的聚合活性。当聚合温度为30~70℃时,提高温度可提高PI收率;以环己烷替代或部分替代己烷可提高PI收率。     

Atom transfer radical polymerization and copolymerization of vinyl acetate catalyzed by copper halide/terpyridine

Copper‐mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is versatile for living polymerizations of a wide range of monomers, but ATRP of vinyl acetate (VAc) remains challenging due to the low homolytic cleavage activity of the carbon‐halide bond of the dormant poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) chains and the high reactivity of growing PVAc radicals. Therefore, all the reported highly active copper‐based catalysts are inactive in ATRP of VAc. Herein, we report the first copper‐catalyst mediated ATRP of VAc using CuBr/2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine (tPy) or CuCl/tPy as catalysts. The polymerization was a first order reaction with respect to the monomer concentration. The molecular weights of the resulting PVAc linearly increased with the VAc conversion. The living character was further proven by self‐chain extension of PVAc. Using polystyrene (PS) as a macroinitiator, a well‐defined diblock copolymer PS‐b‐PVAc was prepared. Hydrolysis of the PS‐b‐PVAc produced a PS‐b‐poly(vinyl alcohol) amphiphilic diblock copolymer. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009     

‘Living’ radical polymerization of styrene with AIBN/FeCl3/PPh3 initiating system via a reverse atom transfer radical polymerization process

Well‐defined polystyrenes with an α‐C(CH₃)₂(CN) and an ω‐chlorine atom end‐groups, and narrow polydispersity (M_n = 3000–4000 g mol⁻¹, M_w/M_n = 1.3–1.4) have been synthesized by a radical polymerization process using 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile(AIBN)/FeCl₃/PPh₃ initiation system. When the ratio of [St]₀:[AIBN]₀:[FeCl₃]₀:[PPh₃]₀ is 200:1:4:12 at 110 °C, the radical polymerization is ‘living’, but the molecular weight of the polymers is not well‐controlled. The polymerization mechanism belongs to a reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Because the polymer obtained is end‐functionalized by a chlorine atom, it can then be used as a macroinitiator to perform a chain extension polymerization in the presence of CuCl/2,2′‐bipyridine catalyst system via a conventional ATRP process. The presence of a chlorine atom as an end‐group was determined by ¹H NMR spectroscopy. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry