活性炭负载金属氯化物催化1-氯-1,1-二氟乙烷裂解制备偏氟乙烯

在裂解温度为400~630℃、空时为32 s条件下研究了活性炭负载金属氯化物催化剂(Fe Cl3/C、Cu Cl2/C和Ni Cl2/C)催化1-氯-1,1-二氟乙烷(HCFC-142b)裂解制备偏氟乙烯(VDF)的过程。考察了反应温度和催化剂种类对原料转化率和VDF含量及选择性的影响。结果表明:Fe Cl3/C和Cu Cl2/C的催化活性较高,Ni Cl2/C无明显催化作用。反应温度为400~500℃时,Fe Cl3/C使HCFC-142b转化率提高约10%~20%,VDF含量增加约3%~8%,选择性下降约10%~14%。反应温度为400~480℃时,Cu Cl2/C使HCFC-142b转化率和VDF含量提高50%以上,选择性也明显提高。推测Fe Cl3/C和Cu Cl2/C的催化机理为碳正离子机理。     

1-氯-1，1-二氟乙烷热解反应的动力学特征和热解方法

偏氟乙烯(VDF)是多种含氟聚合物的单体。它的制法颇多，但最主要的方法是将1-氯-1，1-二氟乙烷(FC-142b)通过高温热解反应制得，并被广泛地用于工业生产。     

1-氯-1,1-二氟乙烷反应精馏工艺的定态模拟研究

提出了以偏氯乙烯为原料生产1-氯-1,1-二氟乙烷的反应精馏新工艺,并运用Aspen Plus软件对实现该工艺的反应精馏塔的定态行为进行了数值模拟研究。模拟研究结果表明：将化学反应过程和产物、副产物及残余反应物的分离过程集成在-个塔内实现是可能的,不仅能够得到高纯度的产品,同时还能提高反应选择性,减少副产物的生成量。相比于目前采用的传统生产工艺,反应精馏新工艺能够大大减少工艺环节和节省设备投资。案例研究显示,对于相同的偏氯乙烯加料量,1-氯-1,1-二氟乙烷产品的产量提高6．4％,副产物1,1,1-三氟乙烷的产量降低70．6％。     

2-氯-1,1-二氟乙烷的制备与应用研究进展

介绍了2-氯-1,1-二氟乙烷的多种制备方法及应用研究进展,并对各种制备方法进行了分析,认为以2-氯-1,1-二氟乙烯为原料的催化加氢法,具有生产条件简单、转化率及收率高等优点,工业化价值高。并讨论了它在农药、医药等领域的应用。     

2-氯-1,1-二氟乙烯的制备与应用

2-氯-1,1-二氟乙烯可用来制备含氟烯烃、烷烃和各类含氟化学品,应用广泛。本文详细介绍了2-氯-1,1-二氟乙烯的制备,并对其涉及的反应及应用进行了详细综述。     

偏氟乙烯生产过程仿真研究和优化

以1-氯-1,1-二氟乙烷(HCFC-142b)为原料热裂解生产偏氟乙烯(VDF)的生产数据为基础,运用化工稳态模拟软件ASPEN Plus建立了从HCFC-142b裂解生产VDF产品的过程的仿真模型.结果表明,在保持原有设备不变、原料流量不变的情况下,认为该塔最佳进料位置为第10～12块,产量可以提高3.2％;在VD...     

1,1-二氟乙烷生产中氯乙烯脱除技术研究进展

介绍了以氯乙烯为原料生产1,1-二氟乙烷中,脱除氯乙烯的必要性。在净化、精 馏2个阶段采用不同的方法,可将氯乙烯体积分数降至10×10-6以下。     

1,1-二氟-1-氯乙烷合成研究进展

介绍了1,1-二氟-1-氯乙烷(HCFC-142b)的基本性质、用途和合成研究进展,比较了直接氟代法、偏氯乙烯加成氟代法和光氯化法的研究概况和不同方法的优缺点.采用在催化剂存在下,用偏氯乙烯和氟化氢在液相中加成氟化的方法生产HCFC-142b是最具工业前景的合成路线,该工艺路线的关键是氟化催化剂的选择,选择一种助催化剂...     

1,1-二氟乙烷的生产与应用

介绍了1,1-二氟乙烷(HFC-152a)的性质,并对现有HFC-152a的生产方法及其应用领域进行了总结介绍,认为开发高效新型催化剂及配套优化工艺将是提高HFC-152a 生产能力、提升HFC-152a品质的重要途径;HFC-152a在多元体系的应用及其他新领域的开发将是未来HFC-152a应用领域的新的增长点.     

1,2-二氟四氯乙烷脱氯新工艺开发

针对传统的1,2-二氟四氯乙烷(F112)脱氯反应的溶剂体系存在易燃易爆危险性、锌粉结块影响反应进行等问题,通过对脱氯体系的溶剂种类、配比、锌粉规格和用量等影响因素进行试验,优选了一种更安全、环保、高效的脱氯溶剂体系,优选m(水)∶m(DMF)为1.6~3、n(Zn)∶n(F112)为1.29、锌粉粒度为200目。     

HCFC-142b/HFC-143a应用及合成方法

简述了1,1,1-三氟乙烷(HFC-143 a)在混配制冷剂中的应用及1-氯-1,1-二氟乙烷(HCFC-142b)制备聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)原料的应用,详述了HFC-143 a/HCFC-142b的制备工艺,即由起始原料偏氯乙烯(VDC),1,1-二氯-1-氟乙烷(HCFC-141b),1,1,1-三氯乙烷(HCC-140),1,1-二氟乙烷(HFC-152 a)为原料的光氯化法。最后得出结论,以VDC为原料的制备HFC-143 a/HCFC-142b工艺适合工业化生产。     

Thermal behaviour and annealing of poly(vinylidene fluoride)

In this study, we report the melting behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVF₂) annealed in a differential scanning calorimeter. PVF₂ annealed under isothermal conditions often shows double or triple melting endotherms depending on the annealing temperature (T_a) and the heating rate. The lower melting peak temperature increases as T_a increases. When the annealing time is varied, there is a systematic increase in the size of the lower endotherms. This suggests that a portion of the main endothermic response is due to reorganization during the scan. Annealing PVF₂ not only increases the degree of crystallinity, but also improves the crystal perfection. The ability of an annealing sample to reorganize decreases as the annealing time increases. However, an additional third melting peak appears when PVF₂ is annealed at 140°C for a sufficiently long time. The existence of this peak suggests that more than one kind of distribution of crystal perfection may occur when PVF₂ is quenched from the melt into liquid nitrogen and subsequently annealed.     

Understanding polymorphism formation in electrospun fibers of immiscible Poly(vinylidene fluoride) blends

Effects of electric poling, mechanical stretching, and dipolar interaction on the formation of ferroelectric (β and/or γ) phases in poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) have been studied in electrospun fibers of PVDF/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and PVDF/polysulfone (PSF) blends with PVDF as the minor component, using wide-angle X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared techniques. Experimental results of as-electrospun neat PVDF fibers (beaded vs. bead-free) showed that mechanical stretching during electrospinning, rather than electric poling, was effective to induce ferroelectric phases. For as-electrospun PVDF blend fibers with the non-polar PSF matrix, mechanical stretching during electrospinning again was capable of inducing some ferroelectric phases in addition to the major paraelectric (α) phase. However, after removing the mechanical stretching in a confined melt-recrystallization process, only the paraelectric phase was obtained. For as-electrospun PVDF blend fibers with the polar (or ferroelectric) PAN matrix, strong intermolecular interactions between polar PAN and PVDF played an important role in the ferroelectric phase formation in addition to the mechanical stretching effect during electrospinning. Even after the removal of mechanical stretching through the confined melt-recrystallization process, a significant amount of ferroelectric phases persisted. Comparing the ferroelectric phase formation between PVDF/PSF and PVDF/PAN blend fibers, we concluded that the local electric field-dipole interactions were the determining factor for the nucleation and growth of polar PVDF phases.     

Effect of crystallization rate on the formation of the polymorphs of solution cast poly(vinylidene fluoride)

A systematic study was carried out to investigate the effect of solvent type and temperature on the formation of the α and β phases from solution cast PVDF. Three solvents with different boiling points were used: N,N, dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA). Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the type of phase formed depends on the crystallization rate of PVDF, which in turn is determined by the evaporation rate of the solvent. Low rates result predominantly in the trans-planar β phase, high rates predominantly in the trans-gauche α phase and intermediate rates in a mixture of these two phases, regardless of solvent and temperature used. Since evaporation rate of the solvent is intimately related to temperature, PVDF films can be obtained predominantly in either one of these phases, or a mixture of these, by an adequate choice of the evaporation temperature range for a given solvent. The possible solubility curves of the two polymorphs α and β of PVDF were sketched. The formation of different types of spherulites, associated with the two different PVDF polymorphs, could be verified by surface micrographs of the cast films.     

Real-time investigation of crystallization in poly(vinylidene fluoride)-based nano-composites probed by infrared spectroscopy

Via time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), we examined the real-time investigation of the conformational changes of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) chain segment during crystallization of neat PVDF and the corresponding nano-composites having intercalated structure. It was shown that in the following crystallization processes the crystal growth was virtually the same in both nano-composites and neat PVDF. We have examined an annealing at an infinitely long time at 200 °C (∼20 min) to erase the thermal history in the nano-composites. The dispersed titanate nano-filler particles exhibited strong contribution to enhance the heterogeneous nucleation for the formation of both γ- and β-phase crystals.     

Nanocomposites of poly(vinylidene fluoride) with organically modified silicate

We report a study of the impact of cold crystallization on the structure of nanocomposites comprising poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and Lucentite STN™ organically modified silicate (OMS). Nanocomposites were prepared from solution over a very wide composition range, from 0.01 to 20% OMS by weight. Thermal preparation involved cold crystallization at 145 °C of quenched, compression-molded plaques. Static and real-time wide and small angle X-ray scattering (WAXS, SAXS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to investigate the crystalline phase of PVDF. For OMS content greater than 0.50 wt%, WAXS studies show that that the silicate gallery spacing increases modestly in the nanocomposites compared to neat OMS film, indicating a level of polymer intercalation.Using Gaussian peak fitting of WAXS profiles, we determine that the composition range can be divided into three parts. First, for OMS greater than 0.5 wt%, alpha phase fraction, ?_alpha, is insignificant (?_alpha∼0-0.01). Second, at the intermediate range, for OMS between 0.5 wt% down to 0.025 wt%, beta phase dominates and the beta fraction, ?_beta, is related to alpha by ?_beta>?_alpha. Third, below 0.025 wt% OMS, alpha dominates and ?_alpha>?_beta. The ability of small amounts of OMS (≥0.025 wt%) to cause beta crystal domination is remarkable. Overall, crystallinity index (from the ratio of WAXS crystal peak area to total area) ranges from about 0.36 to 0.51 after cold crystallization. Real-time WAXS studies during heating of initially cold crystallized nanocomposites show that there is no inter-conversion between the alpha and beta phase PVDF crystals, where these crystals coexist at room temperature. While all samples showed a strong SAXS Bragg peak, indicating existence of two-phase lamellar stacks, the sample containing predominantly beta phase had poorly correlated lamellar stacks, compared to samples containing predominantly alpha phase.     

Impact of nanosilicates on poly(vinylidene fluoride) crystal polymorphism: Part 1. Melt-crystallization at high supercooling

Polymorphism of poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, in the presence of Lucentite STN organically modified silicate (OMS) is investigated for PVDF nanocomposites melt-crystallized at high supercooling temperatures where neat PVDF crystallizes exclusively in the alpha crystalline phase. Nanocomposites were prepared from solution with 0-1.0 wt% OMS composition. Here we observed that clay addition promotes gamma phase formation in nanocomposites melt-crystallized at high supercooling (i.e., at low crystallization temperature), whereas previously we showed that even small amount of nanosilicates resulted in beta phase formation in cold-crystallized PVDF nanocomposites [1].Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies showed that α- and γ-phases co-existed in nanocomposites containing up to 0.1 wt% OMS, and the amount of α-crystals substantially diminished for higher OMS content. Formation of γ-crystal phase was confirmed with morphologic observation of spherulites of low-birefringence using polarizing optical and atomic force microscopies, and their crystalline structures were verified by FTIR and Raman microscopic spectroscopy. We also address in this work the ambiguities in assessing PVDF crystallographic phases, and correct the phase identification errors which have persisted up to this point in the literature based on melting point confusion. The crystal phase identification for PVDF nanocomposites is discussed and clarified, based on X-ray scattering, vibrational spectra, and thermal analysis. For reference, we provide a vibrational band list, indicating the close, or overlapping bands, of the three phases of PVDF: α, β and γ.     

聚偏氟乙烯熔体的流变特性

综述了聚偏氟乙烯树脂的性能、其熔体的流变特性及在熔融加工领域的广泛应用,详细介绍了剪切变稀的非牛顿流体流变行为及其影响因素。通过分子链支化、共混和共聚可改善PVDF熔体的流变性能,以满足不同性能制品的需求以及进一步拓宽熔融加工成型方法。