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1.
In this research, a flame‐retardant water‐dispersed polyurethane resin was synthesized through incorporating phosphonate groups into the polyurethane structure in the chain‐extension step. A phosphorus‐containing reactive flame‐retardant compound was synthesized for this purpose. First, bis(4‐nitrophenyl)phenyl phosphine oxide was synthesized and then converted to bis(4‐amino phenyl)phenyl phosphine oxide (BAPPO) by reducing its nitro groups into amines. The obtained products were characterized by IR, 1H‐NMR, and 31P‐NMR, and the thermal properties of the polymers were determined by DSC analysis. The BAPPO‐containing polyurethane showed physical properties that were almost similar to those of phosphorus‐free polyurethane and exhibited good flame resistance with a limiting oxygen index value of 27. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1314–1321, 2004  相似文献   

2.
The objective of this study was to develop an environmentally friendly fire‐retardant polypropylene (PP) with significantly improved fire‐retardancy performance with a novel flame‐retardant (FR) system. The system was composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine (MEL), and novel phosphorus‐based FRs. Because of the synergistic FR effects among the three FRs, the FR PP composites achieved a V‐0 classification, and the limiting oxygen index reached as high as 36.5%. In the cone calorimeter test, both the peak heat‐release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) of the FR PP composites were remarkably reduced by the incorporation of the novel FR system. The FR mechanism of the MEL–APP–FR–PP composites was investigated through thermogravimetric analysis and char residue characterization, and the results reveal that the addition of MEL–APP–FRs promoted the formation of stable intumescent char layers. This led to the reduction of pHRR and THR and resulted in the improvement of the fire retardancy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 45962.  相似文献   

3.
A novel flame retardant (FR) containing phosphorus and 4‐tert‐butylcalix[4]arene was synthesized and characterized. The FR combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was then incorporated into epoxy resins (EPs) at different ratios. The flame retardancy, thermal stability, and smoke‐releasing properties were investigated. The limiting oxygen index was as high as 30.8% when the mass fraction ratio of the FR to APP was 1:2. The improved FR effect have been due to the combined FR effects between the FR and APP. The char residue content at 800 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere increased notably from 8.22% to 17.6% when the FR APP was incorporated into EP; this indicated an improvement in the thermooxidation resistance. From the cone test, we found that both the total heat‐release and peak heat‐release rate of the FR resins were reduced. Compared to the resins containing no FRs, the smoke‐production rate and total smoke‐production results indicate that the FR resins also exhibited good smoke‐suppression properties. Generally, the stable char layer of the FR APP–EP not only effectively prevented the release of combustion gases but also hindered the propagation of oxygen and heat into the interior substrate. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 45105.  相似文献   

4.
Two different approaches to the creation of phosphorus‐containing soybean‐oil copolymers were investigated. First, two phosphorus‐containing styrene (ST) derivatives, diphenyl styryl phosphine oxide and dimethyl‐p‐vinylbenzylphosphonate (STP2), where tested as comonomers in the cationic copolymerization of soybean oil (SOY), ST, and divinylbenzene (DVB), to obtain heterogeneous systems in all cases. To overcome this drawback, the cross‐metathesis reaction of methyl 10‐undecenoate and STP2 was carried out to link the phosphorus moiety to the vegetable‐oil derivative. This second approach permitted the synthesis of a new reactive phosphorus‐containing plant‐oil derivative, which was incorporated into the soybean oil, ST, and DVB system. The cationic copolymerization was investigated, and the structure, thermal stability, and mechanical and flame‐retardant properties of the resulting copolymers were studied. Thermosets with moderate glass‐transition temperatures were obtained; this showed that the cross‐metathesis reaction is a convenient way to produce oil‐compatible monomers able to undergo homogeneous polymerization reactions. The resulting thermosets with 1% phosphorus had limiting oxygen index values about 24.0; this indicated an improvement in the fire‐retardant properties of the soybean‐oil‐based copolymers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011  相似文献   

5.
Flame‐retardant polyamide 66 (PA66) was prepared by the polymerization between PA66 prepolymer and N‐benzoic acid (ethyl‐N‐benzoic acid formamide) phosphamide (NENP). Compared with the pure PA66, the flame‐retardant PA66 exhibited better thermal stability, as indicated by thermogravimetric analysis results. The limiting oxygen index was 28% and the UL‐94 test results of the flame‐retardant PA66 indicated a V‐0 rating when the content of the NENP prepolymer was 5 wt %. The flammability and flame‐retardant mechanism of PA66 were also studied with cone calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy/energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, respectively. The mechanical properties results show that the flame‐retardant PA66 resin had favorable mechanical properties. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43538.  相似文献   

6.
Two phosphorus‐containing phenolic amines, a 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO)‐based derivative (DAP) by covalently bonding DOPO and imine (SB) obtained from the condensation of p‐phenylenediamine with salicylaldehyde, and its analog (AP) via the addition reaction between diethyl phosphite and SB, were used to prepare flame‐retardant epoxy resins. The burning behaviors and dynamic mechanical properties of epoxy thermosets were studied by limited oxygen index (LOI) measurement, UL‐94 test, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The flame‐retardant mechanisms of modified thermosets were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, Py‐GC/MS, Fourier transform infrared, SEM, elemental analysis, and laser Raman spectroscopy. The results revealed that epoxy thermoset modified with DAP displayed the blowing‐out effect during UL‐94 test. With the incorporation of 10 wt % DAP, the modified thermoset showed an LOI value of 36.1% and V‐0 rating in UL‐94 test. The flame‐retardant mechanism was ascribed to the quenching and diluting effect in the gas phase and the formation of phosphorus‐rich char layers in the condensed phase. However, the thermoset modified with 10 wt % AP only showed an LOI value of 25.7% and no rating in UL‐94 test, which was possibly ascribed to the mismatching of charring process with gas emission process during combustion. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43953.  相似文献   

7.
This study presents a promising ultraviolet (UV)‐curable epoxy resin formulation with improved flame‐retardant properties. The formulation is based on the cycloaliphatic epoxide 3,4‐epoxycyclohexylmethyl‐3,4‐epoxycyclohexane carboxylate (ERL4221) and a novel silicon, phosphorous containing flame‐retardant additive. The additive, 1,3,5,7‐tetramethyl‐1,3,5,7‐tetra 2‐(6‐oxido‐6‐H‐dibenzo(c,e) (1,2)oxaphosphorin‐6‐yl) ethylcyclotetrasiloxane (DOPO‐SiD), was synthesized by the addition reaction of 1,3,5,7‐tetramethyl‐1,3,5,7‐tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4Vi) with 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO). Formulations containing the cycloaliphatic epoxy resin ERL4221 and the flame‐retardant DOPO‐SiD additive were prepared in various concentrations and crosslinked by UV irradiation. The effects of DOPO‐SiD and photoinitiators, such as the cyclopentadienyl iron complex of carbazole (In‐Fe) and diphenyl‐(4‐(phenylthiol) phenyl) sulfonium hexafluorophosphate (In‐S), on the flame‐retardant properties and thermal stabilities of UV‐cured ERL4221/DOPO‐SiD composites were investigated with limiting oxygen index, UL‐94 vertical test, and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The results showed that DOPO‐SiD can increase the thermal stabilities of the ERL4221/DOPO‐SiD. The char yield was improved when DOPO‐SiD and In‐Fe were simultaneously used. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40011.  相似文献   

8.
Synergistic charring effect was observed between aluminum diethlyphosphinate (AlPi) and 4,4‐bishydroxydeoxybenzoin‐polyphosphonate (BHDB‐PPN) in the poly(butylene terephthalate) composite. By combining them together, robust UL 94 V0 rating was achieved at 0.8 mm thickness for poly(butylene terephthalate)/AlPi/BHDB‐PPN composite which exhibited better mechanical properties than the samples without BHDB‐PPN. The thermal degradation behavior of BHDB‐PPN was investigated by analyzing its evolution and residues under different temperatures. It was found that the radical termination reaction of formed benzyl group may play a critical role in the high charring capacity of BHDB‐PPN. Part of the volatile diethlyphosphinate fragments reacted with the degradation intermediates from BHDB‐PPN to form big chain structure for further carbonization was a possible reason for the synergistic charring effect between AlPi and BHDB‐PPN. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 45537.  相似文献   

9.
A series of waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs) with different contents of reactive organophosphonate were well prepared. Their structures were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. Thermogravimetry and derivative thermogravimetry revealed that the WPU films containing phosphorus possessed lower onset and maximum degradation temperatures but higher char yields. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis suggested phase mixing of the hard and soft domains. The mechanical properties decreased with increasing amount of organophosphonate, whereas the limiting oxygen index results of the WPU films indicate that the flame retardancy was improved significantly by the incorporation of organophosphonate. The water uptake values of the organophosphonate‐containing WPU films were higher than those of the phosphorus‐free ones, whereas the static contact angles of the films indicated that the surface hydrophilic properties were not affected by segmenting in this phosphorus‐containing oligomer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008  相似文献   

10.
A novel phosphorus‐containing dicyclopentadiene novolac (DCPD‐DOPO) curing agent for epoxy resins, was prepared from 9,10‐dihydro‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) and n‐butylated dicyclopentadiene phenolic resin (DCPD‐E). The chemical structure of the obtained DCPD‐DOPO was characterized with FTIR, 1H NMR and 31P NMR, and its molecular weight was determined by gel permeation chromatography. The flame retardancy and thermal properties of diglycidyl ether bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin cured with DCPD‐DOPO or the mixture of DCPD‐DOPO and bisphenol A‐formaldehyde Novolac resin 720 (NPEH720) were studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL 94 vertical test and cone calorimeter (CCT), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. It is found that the DCPD‐DOPO cured epoxy resin possess a LOI value of 31.6% and achieves the UL 94 V‐0 rating, while its glass transition temperature (Tg) is a bit lower (133 °C). The Tg of epoxy resin cured by the mixture of DCPD‐DOPO and NPEH720 increases to 137 °C or above, and the UL 94 V‐0 rating can still be maintained although the LOI decreases slightly. The CCT test results demonstrated that the peak heat release rate and total heat release of the epoxy resin cured by the mixture of DCPD‐DOPO and NPEH720 decrease significantly compared with the values of the epoxy resin cured by NPEH720. Moreover, the curing reaction kinetics of the epoxy resin cured by DCPD‐DOPO, NPEH720 or their mixture was studied by DSC. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 44599.  相似文献   

11.
In this work, flame‐retardant benzoxazine resins were prepared by copolymerization of bisphenol A based benzoxazine (BA‐a) and a phosphorous‐containing phenolic derivative (DOPO‐HPM). The curing behavior, thermal stability, and flame resistance of BA‐a/DOPO‐HPM composites were studied by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limited oxygen index (LOI) measurement, UL94 test, and cone calorimeter. The DSC results indicated that DOPO‐HPM catalyzed the curing reaction because of its acidity. The TGA results revealed that the BA‐a/DOPO‐HPM thermosets possessed higher decomposition temperatures (T5%) and char yields than that of BA‐a. The combustion tests indicated that the flame retardant properties of BA‐a/DOPO‐HPM thermosets were enhanced. The BA‐a/DOPO‐HPM‐20 sample acquired the highest LOI value of 32.6% and UL94 V‐0 rating. Moreover, the average of heat release rate (av‐HRR), peak of heat release rate (pk‐HRR), average of effective heat of combustion (av‐EHC) and total heat release (THR) of BA‐a/DOPO‐HPM‐20 were decreased by 24.6%, 53.1%, 14.9%, and 22.1%, respectively, compared with BA‐a. The attractive performance of BA‐a/DOPO‐HPM blends was attributed to the molecular structure of DOPO‐HPM composed of DOPO group with excellent flame‐retardant effect and phenolic hydroxyl group with catalysis. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43403.  相似文献   

12.
A phosphorus‐ and nitrogen‐containing intumescent flame retardant, pentaerythritol di‐N‐hydroxyethyl phosphamide (PDNP), was synthesized with phosphorus oxychloride, pentaerythritol, and ethanolamine as raw materials. Using the prepared PDNP as a chain extender, a series of flame‐retardant waterborne polyurethanes (WPU) were prepared, and their structures were characterized using NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Additionally, the thermal properties and flame retardancy of WPU films were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests, cone calorimeter tests, and thermogravimetry‐FTIR. These results indicated that PDNP materials exhibit good char‐forming ability at high temperature and that PDNP‐modified waterborne polyurethane obtained an LOI value of 26.0% for a PDNP content of 9 wt %. Finally, the morphology and the element distributions of char residues of WPU were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry after combustion. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 46093.  相似文献   

13.
Two types of microcapsule flame retardants are prepared by coating ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and aluminum diethylphosphinate (ADP) with epoxy resin (EP) as the shell via in situ polymerization, and blended with high density polyethylene (HDPE)/graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) composites to obtain flame‐retardant HDPE materials. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and water contact angle results confirm the formation of core–shell structures of EP@APP and EP@ADP. The limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL‐94), cone calorimetry, and Raman spectroscopy are employed to characterize the HDPE/GNPs composites filled with EP@APP and EP@ADP core–shell materials. A UL94 V‐0 level and LOI of 34% is achieved, and the two flame retardants incorporated in the HDPE/GNPs composite at 20 wt % in total play a synergistic effect in the flame retardancy of the composite at a mass ratio of EP@ADP:EP@APP = 2:1. According to the cone‐calorimetric data, the compounding composites present much lower peak heat release rate (300 kW/m2) and total heat release (99.4 MJ/m2) than those of pure HDPE. Raman spectroscopic analysis of the composites after combustion reveals that the degree of graphitization of the residual char can reach 2.31, indicating the remarkable flame retarding property of the composites. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 46662.  相似文献   

14.
A novel phosphorus?nitrogen flame retardant, octahydro‐2,7‐di(N,N‐dimethylamino)‐1,6,3,8,2,7‐dioxadiazadiphosphecine (ODDP), with bi‐phosphonyl in a cyclic compound, was synthesized by the reaction of POCl3, NH(CH3)2·HCl with OHCH2CH2NH2 in CH2Cl2 solution, and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrum. ODDP has been successfully reacted with polyurethane (PU) as a chain extender to prepare phosphorus–nitrogen synergistic halogen‐free flame‐retardant waterborne PU (DPWPU). Limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy suggest the excellent flame retardancy of the DPWPU polymer. When the content of ODDP was 15 wt %, the LOI of DPWPU was 30.6% and UL‐94 achieved a V‐0 classification. Compared with the unmodified WPU, the thermodecomposition temperature of the DPWPU was reduced and the amount of carbon residue was increased to 18.18%. The surface of carbon residue was shown to be compact and smooth without holes, which would be favorable for resisting oxygen and heat. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41288.  相似文献   

15.
The aim of this work is to develop a halogen‐free thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composite with significantly improved fire performance by using a highly commercial phosphorous–nitrogen containing intumescent flame retardant (P–N IFR). Based on the characterizations of thermogravimetric analysis and in situ Fourier transform infrared spectra, P–N IFR powder was proved a desired flame retardant for TPU in theory and the thermal degradation property of PU/PNIFR composites at elevated temperatures was investigated as well. Fire performance was evaluated by limiting oxygen index, underwriters laboratories 94 testing and char residue morphologies. Results showed that the addition of P–N IFR promotes the formation of char residues which were covered on the surface of polymer composites resulting in the improvement of thermal stability and flame retardancy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39772.  相似文献   

16.
A novel inorganic compound, aluminum hypophosphite (AP), was synthesized successfully and applied as a flame retardant to glass‐fiber‐reinforced polyamide 6 (GF–PA6). The thermal stability and burning behaviors of the GF–PA6 samples containing AP (flame‐retardant GF–PA6) were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, vertical burning testing (with a UL‐94 instrument), limiting oxygen index (LOI) testing, and cone calorimeter testing (CCT). The thermogravimetric data indicated that the addition of AP decreased the onset decomposition temperatures, the maximum mass loss rate (MLR), and the maximum‐rate decomposition temperature of GF–PA6 and increased the residue chars of the samples. Compared with the neat GF–PA6, the AP‐containing GF–PA6 samples had obviously improved flame retardancy: the LOI value increased from 22.5 to 30.1, and the UL‐94 rating went from no rating to V‐0 (1.6 mm) when the AP content increased from 0 to 25 wt % in GF–PA6. The results of CCT reveal that the heat release rate, total heat release, and MLR of the AP‐containing GF–PA6 samples were lower than those of GF–PA6. Furthermore, the higher additive amount of AP affected the mechanical properties of GF–PA6, but they remained acceptable. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011  相似文献   

17.
A phosphorus‐ and nitrogen‐containing compound (2‐dimethylamino ethyl phenyl hydroxyethyl acrylate phosphate) and its oligomer (poly(2‐dimethylamino ethyl phenyl hydroxyethyl acrylate phosphate), PDPHP) were synthesized and characterized. The polystyrene (PS) composites with various amounts of PDPHP were prepared by melt blending. The thermal stability of the PDPHP and PS composites was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The flame retardancy of the composites was evaluated using microscale combustion calorimeter and limiting oxygen index test. A Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with a thermogravimetric analyzer was also used to study the gas phase from the degradation of PS composites. The char residues of the PS composites containing 30 wt % PDPHP were analyzed by FTIR and scanning electron microscopy. The results suggest that the incorporation of PDPHP into PS can evidently enhance the char formation and improve the flame retardancy of virgin PS. The compact and coherent char formed during degradation was attributed to the enhancement of char quality and flame retardance. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011  相似文献   

18.
A novel, halogen‐free, phosphorus–nitrogen containing flame retardant 2[4‐(2,4,6‐Tris{4‐[(5,5‐dimethyl‐2‐oxo‐2λ5‐[1,3,2]dioxaphosphinan‐2‐yl)hydroxymethyl]phenoxy}‐(1,3,5)‐triazine (TNTP) was successfully synthesized in a three‐step process, and characterized by FTIR, NMR spectroscopy, mass spectra, and elemental analysis. A series of modified DGEBA epoxy resin with different loadings of TNTP were prepared and cured by 4,4‐diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS). Thermal gravimetric analysis and vertical burning test (UL‐94) were used to evaluate the flame retardancy of TNTP on DGEBA epoxy resin. The results showed that TNTP had a great impact on flame retardancy. All modified thermosets by using TNTP exhibited higher Tg than pure DGEBA/DDS. The loading of TNTP at only 5.0 wt % could result in satisfied flame retardancy (UL‐94, V‐0) together with high char residue (27.3%) at 700°C. The addition of TNTP could dramatically enhance the flame retardancy of DGEBA epoxy resins, which was further confirmed by the analysis of the char residues by scanning electron microscopy and FTIR. Furthermore, no obviously negative effect was found on the Izod impact strength and flexural property of DGEBA epoxy resins when TNTP loading limited in 5.0 wt %. DGEBA/DDS containing 2.5 wt % TNTP could enhance Izod impact strength from 10.47 to 10.94 kJ m?2, and showed no appreciable effect on the flexural property (85.20 MPa) comparing with pure DGEBA/DDS (87.03 MPa). Results indicated that TNTP as a phosphorus–nitrogen synergistic intumescent flame retardant could be used for DGEBA epoxy resin. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 41079.  相似文献   

19.
In this study, 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furfural (HMF) was used as a renewable resource for preparing an epoxy curing agent (furan‐based flame retardant, FBF), and a phosphorus‐containing functional group was also incorporated to enhance the flame retardancy of FBF. FBF was easily synthesized, and the total yield was 83%. 2‐Methyl imidazole was chosen as an accelerant to reduce the activation energy for the reaction of FBF with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). The DGEBA cured with FBF showed a low glass transition temperature and cross‐linking density compared with those of DGEBA cured with isophorondiamine (IPDA) and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM). However, the FBF‐cured DGEBA exhibited a comparable tensile strength with that of the DGEBA‐IPDA and DGEBA‐DDM systems (81.96 MPa) and a significantly higher tensile modulus (1721 MPa) owing to the H‐bonding via oxygens of the phosphorus group of FBF in the network structure. The DGEBA cured with FBF showed a high char yield and a high limitation of oxygen index value (29.7%) compared with those of the IPDA‐ and DDM‐cured ones. The cone calorimeter measurement also showed that the DGEBA‐FBF system had a low heat release rate, total heat release, and smoke production rate, indicating the improved flame retardancy mediated by FBF.  相似文献   

20.
Two novel triazine ring‐containing macromolecules, designated as charring‐foaming agent 1 (CFA1) and charring‐foaming agent 2 (CFA2), were synthesized by a series of polycondensation reactions. Their chemical structures were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C solid‐state NMR), and elemental analysis, and their thermal degradation properties were assessed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA data revealed that CFA1 and CFA2 show high thermal stability and have a high propensity for char formation, their initial decomposition temperatures being 300.2°C and 287.1°C, and their char residues at 800°C amounting to 32.2 wt % and 21.1 wt %, respectively. CFA1 presents higher thermal stability and more char residue than CFA2. Based on experimental results of the flame retardancy (limiting oxygen indices values and UL‐94 V‐0 rating) and the TG data of new intumescent flame retardant polypropylene (IFR‐PP) containing CFA1 and CFA2, CFA1 exhibits more outstanding intumescent flame retardance than CFA2. IFRs containing CFA1 and CFA2 enhanced Notched Izod Impact strength of IFR‐PP, and slightly lower tensile strength of IFR‐PP. IFR2 shows more advantageous effect on mechanical properties of IFR‐PP than IFR1. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010  相似文献   

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