Production of microcellular foam plastics by supercritical carbon dioxide

The production of microcellular plastic was studied in the polymethyl metacrylate (PMMA)-supercritical carbon dioxide and polycarbonate (PC)-supercritical carbon dioxide systems. The test pieces of PMMA and PC were put into a saturation vessel of which temperature and pressure were kept constant. Supercritical carbon dioxide at temperature between 303K and 393K and pressure between 100 bar and 250 bar was used as a foaming agent. After saturation of carbon dioxide, the pressure was quickly released to atmospheric pressure. The samples were immediately taken out from the vessel and heated in an oil bath. The fractured part of the sample was used for microstructure analysis with SEM. The effect of the saturation temperature, pressure of sorption and the foaming time on the cell mean size and cell density of the foam was investigated by considering the solubility of carbon dioxide in PMMA and PC. The foam morphologies of the foamed plastics were affected by solubility of carbon dioxide, which was directly related to saturation temperature and pressure. The cell density increased and, consequently, the cell size decreased with the solubility of carbon dioxide. The foaming time can be used a controlling factor to obtain the desired foam structure and the volume expansion ratio.     

The viscoelastic behavior of microcellular plastics with varying cell size

In this study, the viscoelastic behavior of a microcellular plastic was investigated with particular emphasis on the effect of cell size. A poly(ethylene terephthalate) resin containing a polyolefin nucleating agent (CPET) was selected as the test material. In order to investigate the effect of cell size, microcellular CPET samples were produced having a nearly constant density of nucleated cells and a varying cell size. The viscoelastic behavior was investigated using a dynamic mechanical analyzer in tensile mode, and the relationship between viscoelastic behavior and cell size is discussed.     

Tesile toughness of microcellular foams of polystyrene,styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer,and polycarbonate,and the effect of dissolved gas on the tensile toughness of the same polymer matrices and microcellular foams

This paper reports on the tensile properties of microcellular foams of three different thermoplastics, since there have been several reports in the literature, but with indefinite conclusions so far, that microbubbles act in a manner similar to rubber particles in toughening thermoplastics. Polystyrene (PS), styreneacrylonitrile copolymer (SAN), and polycarbonate (PC), were selected based on their different intrinsic ductilities. The gas supersaturation technique was used to generate samples with microbubbles. The effect of the presence of microbubbles inside the polymer matrix was separated from the effects of the pressure and thermal history experienced by the samples. Nitrogen gas dissolved into PS, and to a lesser extent into SAN, caused and increase of the tensile toughness, but this increased decayed with time as nitrogen gas diffused out of the samples. Furthermore, microcellularly foamed PS samples showed some limited improvement in terms of tensile toughness after all the nitrogen gas diffused out. SAN and PC showed deterioration of the tensile toughness in the presence of microbubbles.     

超临界CO2微孔发泡塑料的研究进展

利用超临界CO2发泡制备微孔发泡塑料是当前的研究热点,具有发泡效率高、绿色环保、对制品的机械性能及外观影响小等优点.综述了超临界CO2微孔发泡塑料的研究进展.介绍了超临界CO2的三种发泡机理:均相成核、非均相成核与外力场加强成核机理.概述了间歇式、半连续式和连续式发泡工艺,阐述了发泡过程中防止泡孔黏结、破裂的方法及发泡...     

超临界CO2在连续挤出微孔塑料中的应用

介绍了微孔塑料连续挤出成型的原理和设备以及在微孔聚合物制备中应用超临界CO2的优点。阐述了连续挤出设备中采用的2种成核装置(快速释压喷嘴和齿轮泵)的优缺点。综述了国内外超临界CO2辅助微孔塑料连续挤出加工技术的发展状况,提出了今后的研究方向。     

合成生物学在生物基塑料制造中的应用

合成生物学是以工程学思想为指导,对天然生物基因组进行改造和重构,合成新的生物元件,构建新的代谢途径,生产新产品或获得新表型的新兴学科。生物基塑料是以天然物质为原料在微生物作用或化学反应下生成的塑料。利用合成生物学改造工程菌株的方法制备合成生物基塑料已经成为学术界和产业界关注的热点。本文综述了合成生物学的发展和重要的合成生物学技术,重点综述了利用合成生物学技术构建聚羟基烷酸酯、尼龙、聚乳酸和丁二酸丁二醇酯等生物基塑料聚合物单体及其衍生物的代谢途径和工程优化领域的研究进展。     

Application of synthetic biology in manufacture of bio-based plastics

Synthetic biology is a new discipline that uses engineering ideas as a guide to transform and reconstruct natural biological genomes, synthesize new biological components, construct new metabolic routes, and produce novel products or obtain new phenotypes. Bio-based plastics are plastics produced under the action of microorganisms or the chemical reactions using natural materials as raw materials. The usage of synthetic biology to construct engineered strains to produce bio-based plastics has become a hot topic in academia and industry. This paper reviews the development of synthetic biology and important techniques in the field of synthetic biology, focusing on the research progress in the field of metabolic pathways and engineering optimization for the construction of bio-based plastic polymer monomers and derivatives such as polyhydroxyalkanoate, nylon, polylactic acid, and butylene glycol succinate using synthetic biological techniques.     

Mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of cell growth in injection molding of microcellular plastics

A mathematical formulation and numerical simulation for non‐isothermal cell growth during the post‐filling stage of microcellular injection molding have been developed. The numerical implementation solves the energy equation, the continuity equation, and a group of equations that describe the mass diffusion of dissolved gas and growth of micro‐cells in a microcellular injection molded part. The “unit‐cell” model employed in this study takes into account the effects of injection and packing pressures, melt and mold temperatures, and super‐critical fluid content on the material properties of the polymer‐gas solution and the cell growth. The material system studied is a microcellular injection molded polyamide 6 (PA‐6) resin. Two Arrhenius‐type equations are used to estimate the coefficients of mass diffusion and solubility for the polymer‐gas solution as functions of temperature. The dependence of the surface tension on the temperature is also included in this study. The numerical results in terms of cell size across the sprue diameter agree fairly well with the experimental observation. The predicted pressure profile at the sprue location has also been found to be in good agreement with the dynamics of the cell growth. Whereas for conventional injection molding the pressure of the system tends to decay monotonously, the pressure profile in microcellular injection molding exhibits an initial decay resulting from cooling and the absence of packing followed by an increase due to cell growth that expands the polymer‐gas solution and helps to pack out the mold uniformly. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:2274–2287, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

焦化蜡油对含聚氯乙烯混合塑料热裂解产物的影响

以含聚氯乙烯(PVC)的混合塑料和焦化蜡油为原料,在N_2流量3 mL·s~(-1)吹扫条件下进行分段热裂解,裂解温度(25～250)℃、(250～360)℃及(360～480)℃。考察油固比、PVC含量对产物组成的影响,检测裂解油的有机氯含量。结果表明,PVC含量为质量分数5%,焦化蜡油与混合塑料的油固质量比为2,FCC催化剂用量为质量分数10%时,燃料油收率达到92. 04%,气体和固体收率仅有6. 89%和1. 07%。添加焦化蜡油增加液相产物中的重组分,减少轻组分。以焦化蜡油为溶剂进行混合塑料的催化裂解的工艺不仅为"白色污染"的处理开辟了一条新途径,而且为获得较低氯含量塑料裂解油提供了工艺参考。     

Effect of die temperature on the morphology of microcellular foams

A study on the extrusion of microcellular polystyrene foams at different foaming temperatures was carried out using CO₂ as the foaming agent. The contraction flow in the extrusion die was simulated with FLUENT computational fluid dynamics code at two temperatures (150°C and 175°C) to predict pressure and temperature profiles in the die. The location of nucleation onset was determined based on the pressure profile and equilibrium solubility. The relative importance of pressure and temperature in determining the nucleation rate was compared using calculations based on classical homogeneous nucleation theory. Experimentally, the effects of die temperature (i.e., the foaming temperature) on the pressure profile in the die, cell size, cell density, and cell morphology were investigated at different screw rotation speeds (10 ～ 30 rpm). Experimental results were compared with simulations to gain insight into the foaming process. Although the foaming temperature was found to be less significant than the pressure drop or the pressure drop rate in deciding the cell size and cell density, it affects the cell morphology dramatically. Open and closed cell structures can be generated by changing the foaming temperature. Microcellular foams of PS (with cell sizes smaller than 10 μm and cell densities greater than 10 cells/cm³) are created experimentally when the die temperature is 160°C, the pressure drop through the die is greater than 16 MPa, and the pressure drop rate is higher than 10⁹ Pa/sec.     

橡胶粒子对HIPS性能的影响

低顺式橡胶乙烯基含量高,合成的HIPS橡胶相体积分数较大,所含的胶粒较大,产品柔韧性、耐热性能较好;高顺式橡胶乙烯基含量较低,合成的HIPS橡胶相体积分数较小,所含的胶粒较小,产品抗冲击性能较好。使用适当比例掺合的增韧胶,可以获得综合性能良好的HIPS。相关的工艺条件对HIPS性能有一定影响。     

Effect of liquid viscosity on gas holdups in a reversed flow jet loop reactor

The effect of draft tube diameter and liquid viscosity on overall and annulus gas holdups were studied in a reversed flow jet loop reactor. The draft tube diameter to reader diameter ratio (D_d / D) and liquid viscosity were varied in the ranges 0.34-0.67 and 1.5-43 mPa. s, respectively. The maximum gas holdup was obtained when the D_d / D value ranged btween 0.47 and 0.61. The gas holdup decreased with increasing viscosity. Empirical correlations are presented to predict the gas holdups.     

氧化石墨对HIPS阻燃性能的影响

采用熔融插层法制备了高抗冲聚苯乙烯/氧化石墨(HIPS/OGO)复合材料,利用锥形量热仪对HIPS/OGO复合材料的阻燃性能进行了表征,讨论了OGO用量对阻燃性能的影响。结果表明:与纯HIPS相比,HIPS/OGO复合材料的热释放速率、质量损失速率等均显著降低,且随OGO用量增加降低愈明显。     

Effect of microcellular foaming on the fracture behavior of ABS polymer

In this work, the properties of microcellular ABS were studied. Foamed samples exhibited a solid skin/foamed core structure, with some elongated cells in the flow direction, while spherical cells were mostly observed in the transversal direction. The flexural modulus, flexural strength, and fracture toughness K_Ic decreased with the density. However, the Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) was found to increase with the foaming ratio. The evolution of the mechanical properties and fracture toughness was well described by prediction models considering the skin/core morphology of these microcellular materials. Foaming increased the anisotropic behavior of the material, due to the cell elongation caused by the fountain flow during injection. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43010.     

全程动态注塑对HIPS制品力学性能影响研究

在振频0-12 Hz,振幅0-0．28 mm的范围内,使用自主发明的电磁动态注塑机研究了振动参数的变化对 HIPS制品力学性能和冲击断面形态结构的影响。结果表明:制品的力学性能对振动参数的响应不完全是一个单调趋势,而是存在一个最佳的响应范围。电磁动态注塑机引入的全程动态注塑过程能够同时提高制品的拉伸性能和冲击性能,冲击强度和拉伸强度最大提高幅度分别为20％和14．4％。而制品的冲击断面微观结构也表明,全程动态注塑过程能有效改善HIPS制品的微观结构。     

抗氧剂GM对HIPS热氧稳定性能的影响

抗氧剂GM是一种新型双酚单丙烯酸酯类抗氧剂,在聚合物加工过程中有着优良的热稳定性能。本文测定了添加不同含量的抗氧剂1010和抗氧剂GM的高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)树脂的氧化诱导参数及其经热氧老化后的力学性能以及色差值AE,分析了抗氧剂1010和抗氧剂GM在抗热氧老化方面的性能差异。结果表明,相较于常见的多元受阻酚类抗氧剂1010,GM由于独特的双官能稳定机理,能够有效提高HIPS的氧化诱导时间,并能在HIPS长期热氧老化的过程中体现出同抗氧剂1010一样优异的热氧稳定性能和抗氧化着色性能。     

酯类气体粘度的拓扑学研究

根据分子的图形特征,以邻接矩阵为基础,建构新的基团染色指数mR,以表征酯分子的大小和分支的情况。并研究了基团染色指数mR与酯类气体粘度之间的定量关系,发现该指数与酯类气体粘度有良好的相关性,估算了酯分子在5种不同温度下的粘度值,各样本总体所建模型的相关系数均在0.96以上。对酯类化合物气体粘度的计算结果表明,预测值与实验值的一致性令人满意,平均相对误差小于2.30%。并采用留一法对模型稳健性进行了检验。     

Effect of compatibilization on the properties of HIPS/PA1010 blends

Blends consisting of high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS) as the matrix and polyamide 1010 (PA1010) as the dispersed phase were prepared by mixing. The grafting copolymers of HIPS and maleic anhydride (MA), the compatibilizer precursors of the blends, were synthesized. The contents of the MA in the grafting copolymers are 4.7 wt % and 1.6 wt %, and were assigned as HAM and LMA, respectively. Different blend morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); the domain size of the PA1010 dispersed phase in the HIPS matrix of compatibilized blends decreased comparing with that of uncompatibilized blends. For the blend with 25 wt % HIPS‐g‐MA component, the T_c of PA1010 shifts towards lower temperature, from 178 to 83°C. It is found that HIPS‐g‐MA used as the third component has profound effect on the mechanical properties of the resulting blends. This behavior has been attributed to the chemical reaction taking place in situ during the mixing between the two components of PA1010 and HIPS‐g‐MA. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 76: 799–806, 2000     

减压释放水中溶解气对水装置流量稳定性的影响

针对水流量标准装置分析了水中溶解气对流量稳定性和计量精度的影响,并安装了微泡排气阀进行对比实验。经理论分析和实验测试表明,水中溶解气在经历减压过程后会由于前后端压差而分离析出,然后形成游离的微小气泡,这些微小气泡在水中继续流动,这会影响水流量标准装置的流量稳定性和计量精度,当水流经微泡排气阀后,微泡排气阀可以捕捉从水中分离析出的微小气泡,从而提高了水流量装置的流量稳定性和计量精度,可使流量稳定性达到0.1%～0.2%的水平,为水流量标准装置的设计和流量稳定性的研究分析了一种新的影响因素并就此提供了解决方案。     

发泡量对HIPS及其复合材料微发泡行为的影响

采用化学发泡法制备出高冲击强度聚苯乙烯(HIPS)微发泡材料及HIPS/纳米有机蒙脱土(nano-OMMT)复合微发泡材料。研究了发泡量对HIPS及其复合材料微发泡行为的影响。结果表明:随着发泡量的增加,发泡材料呈现欠发泡、均衡发泡、过发泡状态。发泡量取10%时,复合材料的发泡效果最好。nano-OMMT在发泡过程中起到成核剂的作用,促进泡孔成核,有效地改善了发泡质量。