Deterioration mechanism of sulfate attack on concrete under freeze-thaw cycles

The experiments of concrete attacked by sulfate solution under freeze-thaw cycles were investigated. The sulfate solution includes two types of 5% Na2SO4 and 5% MgSO4. Through the experiment, microstructural analyses such as SEM, XRD and TGA measurements were performed on the selected samples after freeze-thaw cycles. The corrosion products of the concrete were distinguished and quantitatively compared by the thermal analysis. Besides, the damage mechanism considering the dynamic modulus of elastically of concrete under the coupling effect was also investigated. The experimental results show that, under the action of freeze-thaw cycles and sulfate attack, the main attack products in concrete are ettringite and gypsum. The corrosion products exposed to MgSO4 solution are more than those to Na2SO4 solution. Furthermore, the content of gypsum in concrete is less than that of ettringite in test, and some of gypsum can be observed only after a certain corrosion extent. It is also shown that MgSO4 solution has a promoting effect to the damage of concrete under freeze-thaw cycles. Whereas for Na：SO4 solution, the damage of concrete has restrained before 300 freeze-thaw cycles, but the sulfate attack accelerates the deterioration process in its further test period.     

Deterioration of concrete in railway tunnel suffering from sulfate attack

For the sake of understanding the deterioration behavior of concrete in actual railway tunnel structures subjected to aggressive sulfate medium in practice,detailed field investigations and tested analysis on sprayed concrete linings of approximately 40-year-old railway tunnels in environments containing sulfate ion were carried out,respectively.The results show that the deterioration of concretes in the investigated area is serious,which involves complicated physicochemical process between the sulfate salt...     

Ultrasonic testing and microscopic analysis on concrete under sulfate attack and cyclic environment

The damage process of concrete exposed to sodium sulfate attack and drying-wetting cycles was investigated. The water to binder（W/B） ratio and the concentration of sulfate solution were taken as variable parameters. Through the experiment, visual change, relative dynamic modulus of elasticity（RDME） and the surface damage layer thickness of concrete were measured.Furthermore, SEM and thermal analysis were used to investigate the changing of microstructure and corrosion products of concrete.The test results show that the ultrasonic velocity is related to the damage layer of concrete. It approves that an increase in damage layer thickness reduces the compactness and the ultrasonic velocity. The deterioration degree of concrete could be estimated effectively by measuring the surface damage layer and the RDME of concrete. It is also found that the content of gypsum in concrete is less than that of ettringite in test, and some gypsum is checked only after a certain corrosion extent. When the concrete is with high W/B ratio or exposed to high concentration of sulfate solution, the content of ettringite first increases and then decreases with corrosion time. However, the content of gypsum increases at a steady rate. The content of corrosion products does not correspond well with the observations of RDME change, and extensive amount of corrosion products can be formed before obvious damage occurs.     

Evaluating Deterioration of Concrete by Sulfate Attack

Effects of factors such as water to cement ratio, fly ash and silica fume on the resistance of concrete to sulfate attack were investigated by dry-wet cycles and immersion method. The index of the resistance to sulfate attack was used to evaluate the deterioration degree of concrete damaged by sulfate. The relationship between the resistance of concrete to sulfate attack and its permeability/porosity were analyzed as well as its responding mechanism. Results show that the depth of sulfate crystal attack from surface to inner of concrete can be reduced by decreasing w/c and addition of combining fly ash with silica fume. The variation of relative elastic modulus ratio and relative flexural strength ratio of various specimens before and after being subjected to sulfate attack was compared.     

硫酸盐腐蚀混凝土构件损伤检测研究

采用化学分析、微观结构观察及超声检测等技术对混凝土腐蚀厚度进行测定,结合连续损伤原理对混凝土均匀腐蚀的损伤度进行了初步定义.提出了以化学分析结果为基准对超声检测混凝土腐蚀厚度结果进行修正的思路,研究了不同腐蚀厚度混凝土的超声检测与化学分析结果之间的关系.结果表明:超声平测法检测腐蚀厚度较小时误差较大(L0＜75 mm时),对声速突变测距L0＞75 mm时检测结果与化学分析结果相近,表明超声平测法可以用来检测不同介质分界面位置;通过对超声波在不同腐蚀厚度混凝土中的传播速率变化,发现超声声速与混凝土腐蚀层厚度有关,表明随着混凝土腐蚀厚度增加其内部结构密实性降低.     

胶凝材料组成对混凝土TSA硫酸盐侵蚀的影响

研究不同水泥品种、矿物掺合料对混凝土抗TSA侵蚀性能的影响规律,采用掺30%石灰石粉填料的胶砂件,测试各砂浆在5±1℃的2%MgSO4溶液中浸泡1年后的外观破损与强度损失情况,通过X-射线衍射仪分析各砂浆的矿物成分.结果表明:不同品种水泥的抗TSA侵蚀能力由高到低依次为:硫铝酸盐水泥 硅酸盐水泥复合>硫铝酸盐水泥>抗硫酸盐水泥>普硅水泥.掺硅灰和矿渣细粉均能明显改善混凝土抗TSA侵蚀性能,且矿渣粉掺量越大效果越明显.由于粉煤灰活性低,掺量较少时可在一定程度上减缓TSA侵蚀过程,但掺量过多时反而产生不利影响.     

Durability of Concrete under Multi-damage Action

Several different experiments, including freezing-thawing,freezing-thawmg drying-wetting,and drying-wetting, in salt solution and in water respectiwely, were designed to determine the durability of concrete. The durability damage features of concrete in the above experiments were studied. It is demonstrated that the demage extent of concrete under.freezing-tluacing and freezing-thawing doing-wetting in salt solution is larger than that in water. Thus,freezing-thawing and freezing-thawing doing-wetting in salt solution are stricter and more effeetive methods to evaluate the durhility of concrete in salt-existing envirorunent in cold regions. The damage extent of concrete under freezing-thawing drying-wetting shows an ultra-superposition effect. The order of concrete durability deterioration degree in these experiments is determined. It shows that effects of multi-demulge factors are greater than those of single-damage factor.     

成型压力和浸泡时间对混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响

在不同的试验条件下对抗硫酸盐侵蚀进行试验,研究了成型压力和浸泡时间对混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响.结果表明:按现有规范规定的成型压力取得的试验结果偏大,对评价侵蚀性能不利,采用振动成型更接近实际情况;随着浸泡时间的延长,混凝土的耐腐蚀性均有所下降,建议延长浸泡时间评价混凝土的抗腐性能.     

成型压力和浸泡时间对混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响

在不同的试验条件下对抗硫酸盐侵蚀进行试验,研究了成型压力和浸泡时间对混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响．结果表明：按现有规范规定的成型压力取得的试验结果偏大,对评价侵蚀性能不利,采用振动成型更接近实际情况;随着浸泡时间的延长,混凝土的耐腐蚀性均有所下降,建议延长浸泡时间评价混凝土的抗腐性能．     

海水侵蚀环境下混凝土强度的研究

采用普通硅酸盐水泥和矿渣硅酸盐水泥,分别配制了水灰比在0.45～0.60范围内的混凝土试件,采用加速腐蚀试验,研究了在海水腐蚀后,其强度随时间变化的规律及原因,并为试件损伤状态定量化解析提供了试验数据.研究结果表明,在相同的试验条件下,矿渣硅酸盐水泥混凝土抗海水侵蚀性优于普通硅酸盐水泥混凝土;混凝土试件的抗蚀系数为0.8时与美国ASTM标准规定的强度损失25%的界限值相吻合.     

海水侵蚀环境下混凝土强度的研究

采用普通硅酸盐水泥和矿渣硅酸盐水泥 ,分别配制了水灰比在 0 .4 5～ 0 .6 0范围内的混凝土试件 ,采用加速腐蚀试验 ,研究了在海水腐蚀后 ,其强度随时间变化的规律及原因 ,并为试件损伤状态定量化解析提供了试验数据。研究结果表明 ,在相同的试验条件下 ,矿渣硅酸盐水泥混凝土抗海水侵蚀性优于普通硅酸盐水泥混凝土 ;混凝土试件的抗蚀系数为 0 .8时与美国ASTM标准规定的强度损失 2 5 %的界限值相吻合     

Effect of Al in slag blended cement paste under sulfate attack

Unilateral sulfate attack of cementitious materials containing 40% slag with different water to binder ratios was investigated. The results showed that the degradation of slag blended cement pastes was nearly from the corners of paste surface with cracking and spallings, water-to-binder(w/b) ratio made a significant sense to the damage that low w/b ratio led to little weight loss, less cracking and spalling damage and vice versa. Microstructural experimental results demonstrated that in the three different stages of sulfate attack, degradation of pastes was primarily associated with the migration behavior and bonding configuration of aluminum, in the early ages Al was mostly present in C-(A)-S-H, and thus, the damage of pastes hardly appeared while at later ones Al had been largely transferred from C-(A)-S-H into AFt, leading to expansive damage.     

硫酸盐腐蚀后混凝土单轴受压本构关系

为了研究硫酸盐侵蚀环境下混凝土力学性能的变化,对受硫酸盐腐蚀的普通混凝土进行单轴受压实验.通过实验室加速腐蚀的实验方法,测定不同腐蚀时期的混凝土的应力应变全曲线,研究受腐蚀混凝土应力-应变曲线上的几个特征值(峰值应力及应变、弹性模量、割线模量、拐点应力及应变、收敛点应力及应变)随腐蚀程度变化的规律,对腐蚀后混凝土的应力应变全曲线进行拟合.结果表明:随腐蚀的进行,混凝土峰值应力、弹性模量先增加后减小,而峰值应变是先稍微有所减小,而后急剧增大;该实验条件下获得了受腐蚀后混凝土应力应变曲线上各特征值与峰值应力fc′的关系式,建立了曲线上升段参数αa的数学表达式.可以以受腐蚀混凝土的强度为基本参数,分别求解受腐蚀混凝土峰值应变、弹性模量,上升段曲线拟合参数、拐点应力以及收敛点应力.从而得到受腐蚀混凝土一系列的力学参数和本构关系.     

Deterioration of dynamic mechanical property of concrete with mineral admixtures under fatigue loading

The dynamic mechanical property of concrete is one of the key parameters, which greatly influences durability of infrastructures subjected to continuous heavy loading, such as girder and track slab of high-speed railway foundation structure. This paper reports serials of experiments designed to investigate the deterioration of dynamic mechanical properties of different concretes under fatigue loading condition. Four parameters including relative dynamic elastic modulus (RDEM), relative dynamic shear modulus (RDSM), relative compressive strength (RCS) and water absorption (WA) of concrete were evaluated to assess the dynamic properties and microstructures of concretes. Results show that the fatigue stress levels and fatigue cycle durations significantly influence the dynamic mechanical properties of concrete including dynamic elastic modulus and dynamic shear modulus. Addition of proper mineral admixture can improve the dynamic mechanical characteristics of concrete and increase its resistance against the fatigue loading effect. Keeping the amount of mineral admixture in concrete constant, its dynamic mechanical property with fly ash is lower than that with fly ash and silica fume. The water absorption in concrete, which is an indirect parameter reflecting capillary porosity, increases evidently after bearing fatigue-loading. There is a close correlation between the deterioration of dynamic mechanical property and the increasing of water absorption of concrete. This indicates that the damage of microstructure of concrete subjected to fatigue loading is the indispensable reason for the decay of its dynamic mechanical performance.     

Application of image analysis based on SEM and chemical mapping on PC mortars under sulfate attack

The degradation mechanisms of cementitious materials exposed to sulfate solutions have been controversial, despite considerable research. In this paper, two methodologies of image analysis based on scanning electron microscope and chemical mapping are used to analyse Portland cement mortars exposed to sodium sulfate solution. The effects of sulfate concentration in solution and water to cement ratio of mortar, which are considered as the most sensitive factors to sulfate attack, are investigated respectively by comparing the macro expansion with microstructure analysis. It is found that the sulfate concentration in pore solution, expressed as sulfate content in C-S-H, plays a critical role on the supersaturation with respect to ettringite and so on the expansion force generated.     

Deterioration Mechanisms of Sulfate Attack on Concrete under Alternate Action

By micro- and macro-observations, the deterioration mechanisms of concrete under alternate action between repeated sub-high temperature/cooling by water and sodium sulfate solution attack (TW-SA) were studied; meanwhile, the single sodium sulfate solution attack (SA) was also done as comparison. Micro-observations included the analysis of attack products by thermal analysis method and the determination of sulfate-ion content from surface to interior by chemical titrating method (modified barium sulfate grav...     

薄壁离心钢管混凝土扭转全过程简化计算研究

通过对22根薄壁离心钢管混凝土构件抗扭性能试验数据的研究，提出了该结构受扭破坏的三个阶段的概念；在钢管和混凝土现有规范计算方法的基础上，建立了组合构件弹性扭矩、塑性扭矩的简化公式；以钢管的空心率、含钢率、长细比为参数，提出了构件组合模量表达式，并且采用与国际有关研究、国内相关规范相一致的直接双直线法，建立了组合刚度及组合构件抗扭各阶段的变形计算方法，并进行了扭转全过程简化计算，结果与试验结果吻合良好。     

浅析空袭下钢筋混凝土结构防裂

现代战争空袭情况下防空隐蔽工程与一般工程有不同的特点;介绍了钢纤维混凝土的破坏机理,认为采用钢纤维混凝土是混凝土防裂效果较好的一种措施,应在设计和施工中给以重视。     

Effect of silica fume on the thaumasite form of sulfate attack on cement-based materials

Thaumasite form of sulfate attack(TSA) can be observed in cement containing limestone under sulfate condition at low temperature. Mixing with suitable mineral admixture could be a good choice to improve the TSA resistance performance of cement-based materials. We investigated the durability performance of limestone-cement mortars reinforced with silica fume(SF) in 5% MgSO_4 solution at 5 ℃. The mortars, which were immersed in aggressive condition, were prepared with 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% cement replacement by SF at a fixed water-to-binder ratio. Appearance, compressive strength, change of length and mass and corrosion products were investigated to evaluate the TSA resistance performance of SF based specimens. The results showed that specimens in the absence of SF almost disintegrated. Increasing SF dosage can reduce the degree of deterioration of SF mortars in TSA environment. Mortar mixtures with more than 6% SF merely show slight degeneration in relation to macroscopic and microscopic tests and characterizations.     

Form and mechanism of sulfate attack on cement-based material made of limestone powder at low water-binder ratio under low temperature conditions

The development of strength and the form of attack of cement-based material made of limestone powder at low water-binder ratio under low-temperature sulfate environment were studied. The results indicate that when water-binder ratio is lower than 0.40, the cement-based material with limestone powder has insignificant change in appearance after being soaked in 10% magnesium sulfate solution at low temperature for 120 d, and has significant change in appearance after being soaked at the age of 200 d. Expansion damage and exfoliation occur on the surface of concrete test cube at different levels. When limestone powder accounts for about 28 percent of cementitious material, with the decrease of water-binder ratio, the compressive strength loss has gradually decreased after the material is soaked in the magnesium sulfate solution at low temperature at the age of 200 d. After the specimen with the water-binder ratio of less than 0.4 and the limestone powder volume of greater than 20% is soaked in 10% magnesium sulfate solution at low temperature at the age of 200 d, gypsum attack-led destruction is caused to the concrete test cube, without thaumasite sulfate attack.