基于声发射信号模式识别的UHMWPE/LDPE复合材料损伤机制分析

测定了 U HMWPE/ LDPE复合材料在准静态拉伸作用下的声发射 (AE) 信号 , 用无监督模式识别方法对预处理后的 AE信号进行分类 , 据此分析了几种试样 (0° 、90° 和 [ + 45° / - 45° ]) 的损伤机制。研究表明 ,模式识别 (PR) 方法能识别出试样中基体开裂、 纤维2基体界面脱粘、 纤维抽拔和纤维断裂等损伤模式 , 识别结果与利用扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 对破坏断面观察得到的结果一致。U HMWPE/ LDPE复合材料的 AE信号特征只受损伤模式的影响而与试样类型无关 , PR方法能有效地区分不同损伤模式的 AE信号 , 每种损伤模式的 AE信号累计数对应变的关系曲线能清楚地反映复合材料的损伤进程。AE信号的 PR分析为复合材料的损伤机制分析提供了准确依据。      

基于声发射信号的三维针刺C/SiC复合材料拉伸损伤演化研究

本研究对三维针刺C/SiC(3-dimension needled C/SiC, 3D-N C/SiC)复合材料进行室温单调拉伸和拉伸加载-卸载试验, 利用声发射技术对试样损伤演化进行动态监测。采用K-均值聚类分析方法对小波降噪后的声发射信号进行了损伤模式识别, 结合试样断口扫描电镜观测, 发现3D-N C/SiC复合材料在拉伸载荷作用下主要存在五类损伤模式: 基体开裂、界面脱粘、界面滑移、纤维断裂和纤维束断裂。通过快速傅里叶变换(FFT)方法对小波降噪后的信号进行频谱分析得出: 3D-N C/SiC复合材料在拉伸载荷作用下主要存在240、370和455 kHz三种频率的损伤信号, 分别对应于界面损伤、基体损伤和纤维损伤。结合单调拉伸试验过程声发射信号能量柱分布和加卸载过程累积能量曲线特征, 分析了试样损伤演化机理。     

基于声发射检测技术的PE/PE自增强复合材料破损机理分析

用声发射(AE)技术研究了聚乙烯自增强复合材料的拉伸损伤与断裂行为.宽带传感器记录了不同角度纤维铺层的复合材料试样在拉伸破坏过程中的声发射信号,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了试样的几种典型的损伤破坏断面,对比分析了不同类型的损伤机制.实验分析表明,拉伸过程中破坏机制对声发射信号的特征具有显著影响,不同损伤模式的信号频谱特征存在明显的差异.声发射检测能有效提取热塑性复合材料损伤破坏信息,在材料的结构损伤主动监测中有良好的应用潜力.     

风电叶片复合材料拉伸损伤破坏声发射行为

通过风电叶片单向和多向复合材料拉伸力学性能实验, 结合声发射技术, 研究复合材料损伤演化特性及纤维预断缺陷对复合材料力学性能的影响。复合材料单向和加卸载拉伸实验时, 采用声发射实时监测整个损伤破坏过程, 获取复合材料试件的拉伸力学性能、 损伤破坏特征及相应的声发射响应特征。结果表明: 由于纤维预断缺陷的存在, 单向复合材料加载到约30％破坏载荷时, 缺陷位置及相邻区域的基体和界面开始出现明显损伤; 加载到约60％破坏载荷时, 含缺陷层和相邻的层出现明显的层间剪切破坏, 导致刚度的急剧缩减, 声发射撞击累积数明显高于无缺陷试件。含纤维预断多向复合材料加载到约60％破坏载荷时, 纤维预断处树脂基体出现明显损伤; 随相对应力水平的提高, 多向复合材料的Felicity比下降较为平缓。     

风电叶片复合材料拉伸损伤破坏声发射行为

通过风电叶片单向和多向复合材料拉伸力学性能实验,结合声发射技术,研究复合材料损伤演化特性及纤维预断缺陷对复合材料力学性能的影响.复合材料单向和加卸载拉伸实验时,采用声发射实时监测整个损伤破坏过程,获取复合材料试件的拉伸力学性能、损伤破坏特征及相应的声发射响应特征.结果表明:由于纤维预断缺陷的存在,单向复合材料加载到约30％破坏载荷时,缺陷位置及相邻区域的基体和界面开始出现明显损伤;加载到约60％破坏载荷时,含缺陷层和相邻的层出现明显的层间剪切破坏,导致刚度的急剧缩减,声发射撞击累积数明显高于无缺陷试件.含纤维预断多向复合材料加载到约60％破坏载荷时,纤维预断处树脂基体出现明显损伤;随相对应力水平的提高,多向复合材料的Felicity比下降较为平缓.     

含孔CFRP正交层合板的双轴拉伸力学行为

采用加载臂开槽的中心开孔等厚度十字形试样,实验研究了正交对称铺层碳纤维增强聚合物基复合材料（CFRP）层合板在双轴拉伸载荷作用下的力学行为,分析了3种双轴加载比对其拉伸强度和破坏行为的影响。研究表明:纤维被切断的铺层部分在拉伸作用下容易与其相邻铺层脱粘,导致层合板承载力下降;等双轴加载时,在孔边的被切断纤维与连续纤维间基体在横向拉伸和纵向剪切组合作用下首先开裂;非等双轴加载时,在垂直于快速拉伸方向的铺层中沿孔边应力集中处先出现基体裂纹;随着加载比的增大,快速拉伸方向的细观结构损伤随载荷的增大发展更快,刚度下降更快,破坏时主裂纹的扩展方向更趋于垂直于快速拉伸方向;强度包络线的分析表明快速拉伸方向的拉伸强度随加载比的增大呈缓慢增大的趋势。      

纤维增强复合材料层合板缺口尺寸及形状效应数值模拟

通过考虑基体裂纹、纤维断裂、层内劈裂和层间脱层等破坏形式,建立三维有限元模型研究含中心圆孔和中心裂缝的准各向同性复合材料层合板([45/0/-45/90]_(2S))在拉伸载荷下的缺口尺寸效应及缺口形状效应。模拟结果显示:随着缺口尺寸的增大,层合板的破坏强度逐渐降低,然而,在本文研究范围内含中心裂缝的层合板破坏强度始终高于对应的含中心圆孔的层合板破坏强度。进一步分析有限元模拟结果表明,含中心裂缝的层合板亚临界损伤发生得更早,并且亚临界损伤范围更大,亚临界损伤会大大缓解缺口尖端的应力集中,从而使含中心裂缝层合板表现出更高的破坏强度。     

碳纤维复合材料损伤声发射信号模式识别方法

针对碳纤维复合材料层合板剪切过程中所产生的纤维断裂及基体开裂声发射信号的数据样本数量多、分布随机、变化形式较为离散等问题,提出一种可用于识别纤维断裂及基体开裂两种损伤类型的方法。首先,利用经验模态分解(EMD)对纤维断裂及基体开裂的声发射信号进行时频变换;然后,对分解后信号进行快速傅里叶变换(FFT)以获得特征频率集,再利用主成分分析法(PCA)对特征频率集进行降维处理;最后,利用支持向量机(SVM)实现纤维断裂及基体开裂信号进行损伤模式识别。结果表明,此方法可较为准确地识别纤维断裂及基体开裂两种信号。针对碳纤维复合材料层合板剪切过程所产生的声发射信号,模型的总识别率达85.8%。     

燃气环境中碳/碳复合材料循环载荷下的损伤机理

将覆有SiC涂层的C/C材料置于甲烷燃气风洞中进行了循环载荷试验.应力-应变迟滞回环面积和棘轮应变的变化同时表明材料受到的损伤大部分发生在前50次循环,之后随着循环次数的增加,损伤的积累逐渐趋于稳定状态.材料在风洞环境下受到氧化,呈现出层状氧化形貌,这是由于碳纤维和碳基体之间不同的氧化速率所致.经过循环加载而未断裂的试样的残余强度比原始强度降低了19%,仅遭受氧化而未循环加载的试样强度相对原始值降低了38%.对试样的横截面微结构进行观察发现材料受到循环载荷后纤维/基体界面发生脱粘现象.拉伸实验中的实时声发射信号表明,只有当拉伸应力大于材料遭受的最大历史载荷时,试样才会发生明显的损伤.     

碳纤维复合材料拉伸损伤声发射信号MC-ApEn分析

采用滑动移除近似熵(MC-ApEn)分析碳纤维环氧树脂复合材料拉伸损伤过程中产生的声发射信号。从信号的无序性、复杂性及动力学平衡角度描述基体开裂、纤维/基体脱胶及纤维断裂三种典型声发射信号的近似熵谱特征并给出相应解释。用MC-ApEn分析载荷、计数、声发射能量与时间的相关曲线。由不同趋势间过渡引起的近似熵突变发现,拉伸断裂过程被两结构突变时间点划分为三个不同阶段,并据其演进特点推荐复合材料拉伸失效的临界载荷。     

Investigation of damage mechanisms in self-reinforced polyethylene composites by acoustic emission

The objective of this study is to investigate the damage mechanisms in self-reinforced polyethylene composite laminates (UHMWPE/HDPE) under monotonic tensile loading by the acoustic emission (AE) technique. Fracture surface examinations were conducted using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Using model specimens exhibiting a dominant failure mechanism, correlations were established between the observed damage growth mechanisms and the AE results in terms of the events amplitude. These correlations can be used to monitor the damage growth process in the UHMWPE/HDPE composite laminates exhibiting multiple modes of damage. Results from this study revealed that the AE technique is a viable and effective tool for identifying damage mechanisms such as fiber–matrix debonding, matrix cracking, fiber pull-out, fiber breakage and delamination in the UHMWPE/HDPE composite materials.     

Enhanced delamination initiation stress and monitoring sensitivity of quasi-isotropic laminates under in-plane tension by interleaving with CNT buckypaper

Delamination initiation and the corresponding in-situ monitoring method have been investigated for a T300/epoxy quasi-isotropic laminate. Interfaces of the laminate, in which the delamination tends to occur under in-plane tensile load, have been interleaved with porous carbon nanotube (CNT) buckypapers. Both sectional loading to the delamination initiation and full tension to the fracture of specimens were performed to evaluate the reinforced effect and self-sensing properties of the CNT buckypapers on the laminates. As expected, enhanced delamination initiation stress level was obtained, improved by 7.7% compared with that of the base laminate. Simultaneously, electrical resistance and acoustic emission (AE) responses of the laminates were also measured and used to determine the initiation of delamination. The tests have exhibited that the CNT buckypapers have significant influence on the resistance change of the laminate, showing potential to be used as a detector. This study has preliminarily demonstrated that the CNT buckypapers can serve as both sensing and strengthening constituent.     

The influence of hygrothermal conditions on the damage processes in quasi-isotropic carbon/epoxy laminates

The effects of hygrothermal conditions on damage development in quasi-isotropic carbon-fiber/epoxy laminates are described. First, monotonic and loading/unloading tensile tests were conducted on dry and wet specimens at ambient and high temperatures to compare the stress/strain response and damage development. The changes in the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio were obtained experimentally from the monotonic tensile tests. The critical stresses for transverse cracking and delamination for the above three conditions are compared. The delamination area is measured by using scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) at various loads to discuss the effects of delamination on the nonlinear stress/strain behavior. Next, the stress distributions under tensile load including hygrothermal residual stresses are computed by a finite-element code and their effects on damage initiation are discussed. Finally, a simple model for the prediction of the Young's modulus of a delaminated specimen is proposed. It is found that moisture increases the critical stresses for transverse cracking and delamination by reducing the residual stresses while high temperature decreases the critical stresses in spite of relaxation of the residual stresses. The results of the finite-element analysis provide some explanations for the onset of transverse cracking and delamination. The Young's modulus predicted by the present model agrees with experimental results better than that predicted by conventional models.     

Acoustic emission characterization of a notched aluminum plate repaired with a fiber composite patch

Edge-notched, aluminum-alloy (Al6061-T6) plate specimens were repaired with glass fiber composite patches as a function of the number of fiber ply stackings. Damage progress of the specimens under tensile loads, which was monitored by acoustic emission (AE) measurements, was divided into stages I, II and III. Stage I gave rise to only co-cured resin cracking while stage III generated only Al cracking. Stage II, where the fiber patches were actually fractured, were focused on to clarify AE characteristic differences. The behaviors of AE parameters were analyzed based on various fracture processes of Al cracking, resin cracking, fiber breakage, and delamination between fiber patches and aluminum plates. The fracture of the patch-repaired regions was differentiated in accordance with different peak frequency contents and amplitude distributions of the various fracture processes. These AE characteristics were ascertained using various thicknesses of the fiber ply stacks in a patch.     

Monitoring of impact damages in composite laminates using wavelet transform

Low-velocity impact damage is a major concern in the design of structures made of advanced laminated composites, because such damage is mostly hidden inside and cannot be detected by visual inspection. It is found that the acoustic emission (AE) waves generated by impact loads are undistinguishable from each mode and amount of damage by the conventional analysis methods in time or frequency domain. The wavelet transform (WT) can decompose the AE signals in time and wavelet scale domains, and catch the differences in these waves. It enables to distinguish the damage modes and size. This paper presents the application of the WT to detect the impact damage. As a fundamental approach, the characteristics of the AE signals due to matrix cracks and the evolution of free-edge delamination in [±45₂/0₂/90₂]_S Gr/Ep laminates under tensile load were analyzed by the WT. Then the characteristics of impact damages of quasi-isotropic laminates were studied using the WT.     

Effects of fiber orientation on the acoustic emission and fracture characteristics of composite laminates

The effects of fiber orientation on acoustic emission (AE) characteristics have been studied for various composite laminates. Reflection and transmission optical microscopy were used to investigate the damage zone of specimens. AE signals were classified through short time Fourier transform (STFT) as different types: AE signals with a high intensity and high frequency band were due to fiber fracture, while weak AE signals with a low frequency band were due to matrix cracking and/or interfacial cracking. Characteristic feature in the rate of hit-events having high amplitudes showed a procedure of fiber breakages, which expressed the characteristic fracture processes of notched fiber-reinforced plastics with different fiber orientations. As a consequence, the behavior of fracture in the continuous composite laminates could be monitored through nondestructive evaluation (NDE) using the AE technique.     

Detection of fibre fracture and ply fragmentation in thin-ply UD carbon/glass hybrid laminates using acoustic emission

This paper investigates the link between acoustic emission (AE) events and the corresponding damage modes in thin-ply UD carbon/glass hybrid laminates under tensile loading. A novel configuration was investigated which has not previously been studied by AE, where the laminates were fabricated by embedding thin carbon plies between standard thickness translucent glass plies to produce progressive fragmentation of the carbon layer and delamination of the carbon/glass interface. A criterion based on amplitude and energy of the AE event values was established to identify the fragmentation failure mode. Since the glass layer was translucent, it was possible to quantitatively correlate the observed fragmentation during the tests and the AE events with high amplitude and energy values. This new method can be used as a simple and advanced tool to identify fibre fracture as well as estimate the number and sequence of damage events that are not visible e.g. in hybrid laminates with thick or non-transparent layers as well as when the damage is too small to be visually detected.     

Impact damage characterisation of carbon fibre/epoxy composites with multi-layer reinforcement

Low-velocity impact tests were performed to investigate the impact behaviour of carbon fibre/epoxy composite laminates reinforced by short fibres and other interleaving materials. Characterisation techniques, such as cross-sectional fractography and scanning acoustic microscopy, were employed quantitatively to assess the internal damage of some composite laminates at the sub-surface under impact. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe impact fractures and damage modes at the fracture surfaces of the laminate specimens. The results show that composite laminates experience various types of fracture; delamination, intra-ply cracking, matrix cracking, fibre breakage and damage depending on the interlayer materials. The trade-off between impact resistance and residual strength is minimised for composites reinforced by Zylon fibres, while that for composites interleaved by poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) (PEEA) film is substantial because of deteriorating residual strength, even though the damaged area is significantly reduced. Damages produced on the front and back surfaces of impact were also observed and compared for some laminates.     

ESEM investigations for assessment of damage kinetics of short glass fibre reinforced thermoplastics - Results of in situ tensile tests coupled with acoustic emission analysis

The damage mechanisms of short glass fibre reinforced polypropylene (PP) and polybutene-1 (PB-1) materials were investigated. For this purpose, in situ tensile tests were conducted in the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) while simultaneously recording the acoustic emission (AE). To be able to observe damage mechanisms directly during loading, notched specimens were used. This method allows the direct correlation of the recorded load - elongation data with observed damage mechanisms, as well as correlations with acoustic emission data. Hence, it is possible to describe the damage kinetics of short glass fibre composite.It was found that different bonding conditions of the two investigated materials result in different damage mechanisms as well as in different AE behaviour. For fibre reinforced PP with excellent bonding conditions of the fibres in the polymeric matrix, fibre fracture, slipping of fibres in the delamination area, debonding and pull-out with matrix yielding was observed. The determined AE parameter amplitude A_p and energy E_AE for the PB-1 material are lower because of the weak bonding of the fibres to the PB-1-matrix. Hence, energy dissipative damage mechanisms like pull-out with matrix yielding can occur only in a limited part of such materials.     

碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料螺栓连接结构在拉伸载荷下损伤过程的声发射分析

采用声发射技术对不同几何尺寸的碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料（CFRP）螺栓连接结构在静力载荷下破坏行为进行了试验研究,比较了不同几何构型下的连接结构的破坏行为与声发射信号之间的映射关系。采用声发射技术对结构损伤过程中的声发射信号进行全程采集与转换,结合CFRP螺栓结构的载荷-位移曲线和宏/细观破坏形貌,分析了幅值、熵曲线和Andrews曲线与破坏行为之间的关系。结果表明:挤压与剪切破坏试件的载荷-位移曲线均呈现出较明显的塑性特征。结构发生挤压和剪切破坏时,声发射信号以中幅值信号为主,并伴随少量高幅值信号;结构发生拉伸破坏时对应的幅值为中幅值信号。根据熵曲线特征将CFRP连接结构破坏过程分为四个阶段,在损伤演化阶段发生纤维断裂、分层等失效模式,在结构失效阶段以分层失效为主。基于Andrews曲线分析得到挤压和拉伸失效模式在损伤演化阶段会出现多种损伤类型,剪切失效模式在结构失效阶段会出现多种损伤类型。