利用冷凝热再生低浓度除湿溶液的实验研究

为了获得系统重要运行参数对利用冷凝热实现低浓度除湿溶液再生性能的影响,本文在热泵驱动溶液除湿空调系统实验平台上,以低浓度的Li Cl水溶液作为再生盐溶液,再生量和冷凝热利用率作为再生性能的评价指标,对利用冷凝热实现溶液再生过程进行了实验研究。结果表明:空气流量、温度和溶液流量、温度的增加都有利于提高再生量。在夏季典型工况下,当溶液浓度为21.20%~24.91%时,冷凝热利用率在0.416~0.507波动,降低溶液浓度有利于提高冷凝热利用率。并根据实验数据拟合出了利用冷凝热再生除湿溶液过程中的耦合传热传质系数关联式,为后续如何在溶液再生过程中充分利用冷凝热提供了实验依据。     

Influence of cooling conditions on the local parameters of heat and mass transfer in condensation heat-utilization units

Based on the earlier developed model of calculation of the local parameters of heat and mass transfer in deep cooling of flue gases (a vapor-gas mixture) in a bundle of tubes of a condensation heat-utilization unit, the distribution of the parameters of a condensing vapor-gas mixture both along the length of the tubes and in the depth of the tube bundle in a crossflow under various cooling conditions corresponding to the working parameters of heat-utilization units at industrial thermoelectric plants (TEP) and in boiler houses has been obtained. A comparison of the calculated values of the heating efficiency of the indicated heat-utilization unit with the results of tests of the condensation heat-utilization unit at the Ul’yanovsk TEP-3 (Russia) has demonstrated their satisfactory agreement.     

R410A和R22在小管径水平管内冷凝换热特性研究

本文搭建了冷凝换热实验台,对R410A和R22管内冷凝换热系数性能进行对比研究,实验工况为质量流速200~800kg/(m^2·s)、饱和温度40℃、干度0~1、5 mm外径水平光滑铜管,分析了质量流速和干度对管内冷凝换热的影响,并将应用于传统管道的关联式与实验所得数据进行对比。结果表明:冷凝换热表面传热系数与质量流速和干度呈正相关,高干度区域时的冷凝换热表面传热系数增幅显著;M. M. Shah[4]关联式来预测实验数据的效果并不理想,与实际值相比偏差最大可达60%,但是预测低质量流速和低干度区的数据较为理想;当质量流速较小(G=200 kg/(m^2·s))时,R410A的冷凝换热表面传热系数要低于R22;随着质量流速的增大(G=400 kg/(m^2·s)),二者冷凝换热表面传热系数的差距减小;当达到中高质量流速(G=600kg/(m^2·s))时,R410A的冷凝换热表面传热系数与R22的相似;当质量流速继续增大(G=800 kg/(m^2·s))时,R410A的冷凝换热表面传热系数随着干度的增大开始高于R22的。     

Discontinuous solutions of gas-dynamics equations taking into account the relaxation of a heat flow with a heat transfer

The gas-dynamics equations in Lagrangian mass coordinates for a heat flow with a relaxation and a hyperbolic heat transfer have been considered in the plane-symmetry approximation. The characteristics of the system of these equations were determined. Relations for the front of a strong discontinuity of its solution were obtained. With the theory of generalized solutions of quasi-linear equations, the stability of the discontinuities of gas-dynamic and heat quantities characteristic of the indicated flow was demonstrated. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 350–357, March–April, 2009.     

Condensation of R407C in a horizontal microfin tube

This paper describes experimental results that show the effects of mass velocity and condensation temperature difference on the local heat transfer characteristics during condensation of R407C in a horizontal microfin tube. The experiments were performed at the saturation temperature of 40 °C, the refrigerant mass velocity of 50, 100, 200 and 300 kg m⁻² s⁻¹, and the condensation temperature difference of 1.5, 2.5 and 4.5 K. A superficial heat transfer coefficient for the vapor phase was obtained by subtracting the heat transfer resistance of condensate film estimated by using a previously developed theoretical model of film condensation of pure vapor from the overall heat transfer resistance. On the basis of the analogy between heat and mass transfer, an empirical equation for the superficial vapor phase heat transfer coefficient was developed. The heat transfer coefficient predicted by the combination of the previously developed theoretical model of film condensation of pure vapor and the empirical equation of the superficial vapor phase heat transfer coefficient agreed with the measured values with the r.m.s. error of 9.2%.     

Heat and mass transfer in condensation of water vapor from moist air

Results of an analysis of heat and mass transfer in condensation of vapor from moist air are presented. The computational model is based on the solution of integral relations of boundary-layer energy and diffusion using the analogy of heat- and mass-transfer processes. The effect of the temperature and concentration boundary conditions on the relation of the components of the heat flux on the wall is analyzed. Results of calculations are compared to available experimental data. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 71, No. 5, pp. 788–794, September–October, 1998.     

微肋表面强化液氮温区冷凝传热特性的数值模拟研究

开展了微肋表面强化氮蒸气凝结传热的机理研究,基于CFD数值方法建立了竖直方向平板和微肋板上氮蒸气冷凝的三维数值模型,对比分析了平板表面和微肋表面的冷凝换热效果,通过表面冷凝的液膜分布和速度分布等内在参数揭示平板和微肋表面的冷凝换热机理。结果表明,氮的冷凝传热性能在微肋表面上得到显著提升,在1.5 K的冷凝传热温差下,其平均传热系数提高1.6倍,初步揭示了微肋表面(肋高H=0.6 mm、节距p=1 mm)对强化氮冷凝的有效性。分析显示,微肋的弯曲结构改变了液膜的空间分布,通过减薄局部液膜厚度实现了冷凝的强化。     

Condensation of pure and near-azeotropic refrigerants in microfin tubes: A new computational procedure

Microfin tubes are widely used in air cooled and water cooled heat exchangers for heat pump and refrigeration applications during condensation or evaporation of refrigerants. In order to design heat exchangers and to optimize heat transfer surfaces, accurate procedures for computing pressure drops and heat transfer coefficients are necessary. This paper presents a new simple model for the prediction of the heat transfer coefficient to be applied to condensation in horizontal microfin tubes of halogenated and natural refrigerants, pure fluids or nearly azeotropic mixtures. The updated model accounts for refrigerant physical properties, two-phase flow patterns in microfin tubes and geometrical characteristics of the tubes. It is validated against a data bank of 3115 experimental heat transfer coefficients measured in different independent laboratories all over the world including diverse inside tube geometries and different condensing refrigerants among which R22, R134a, R123, R410A and CO₂.     

Evaporating heat transfer of R22 and R410A in horizontal smooth and microfin tubes

An experimental investigation of condensation heat transfer in 9.52 mm O.D. horizontal copper tubes was conducted using R22 and R410A. The test rig had a straight, horizontal test section with an active length of 0.92 m and was cooled by the heat transfer fluid (cold water) circulated in a surrounding annulus. Constant heat flux of 11.0 kW/m² was maintained throughout the experiment and refrigerant quality varied from 0.9 to 0.1. The condensation test results at 45 °C were reported for 40–80 kg/h mass flow rate. The local and average condensation coefficients for seven microfin tubes were presented compared to those for a smooth tube. The average condensation coefficients of R22 and R410A for the microfin tubes were 1.7–3.19 and 1.7–2.94 times larger than those in smooth tube, respectively.     

水平细管管内凝结换热系数的数值模拟

对3种管径（2mm,4mm和6mm）的水平细圆管管内流动凝结换热特性进行研究。采用通用CFD软件Fluent6．3中的Mixture模型,结合UDF编程对物理模型进行数值求解。数值计算结果表明,小尺寸条件下管内凝结换热的规律不同于常规尺寸管道。随着管径的逐渐减小,重力对凝结的影响逐渐减小,气液面切应力、液体表面张力的作用加强。细管凝结过程的局部换热系数远远大于Nusselt的理论解。     

Analysis of the working process in a reciprocating expander in the region of wet vapor

By means of a numerical experiment with the example of methane, we analyze the features of the working process of a reciprocating expander with heat release associated with condensation, friction, and external heat exchange. The influence of the technical characteristics of expanders and inlet gas parameters is also considered. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 81, No. 3, pp. 524–529, May–June, 2008.     

Wave motion of porous particles in a pulsating gas flow in the presence of heat and mass transfer with deepening of the evaporation zone

Based on numerical solution of the dynamics equations of a monodisperse gas suspension with allowance for the interphase forces of aerodynamic drag, virtual masses, and the forces caused by nonstationary effects around particles, the influence of different forms of low-frequency harmonic and anharmonic oscillations of the gas on the motion of porous particles in the presence of heat and mass transfer accompanied by deepening of the evaporation zone has been investigated. The dependences of the solid-phase motion, kinetics of evaporation-zone deepening, and heat and mass transfer on the parameters of gas oscillations have been established. It is shown that on removal of free moisture, oscillations at certain parameters lead to enhancement of interphase heat and mass transfer. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 70, No. 5, pp. 11–19, September–October 2006.     

Influence of phase transformations and heat and mass exchange on the course of the processes of pyrolysis of single high-ash-coal particles at elevated pressures

A comparative analysis of equilibrium and nonequilibrium models for calculation of the rates of phase transitions (evaporation and condensation) of pyrolysis products and the influence of convective heat and mass exchange with inert ash particles and the gas flow in pyrolysis of single particles of high-ash coals in the operation of technological units with a circulating fluidized bed under pressure is made. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 80, No. 2, pp. 127–138, March–April, 2007.     

压缩式制冷空调机组壳管式换热器的传热强化研究进展

冷凝器和蒸发器是压缩式制冷空调机组中的重要设备,其传热系数的高低直接影响机组的效率和成本。采用强化传热技术是提高冷凝器与蒸发器传热性能的关键。对于管外冷凝传热强化,在Turbo-C管的基础上,将翅片从翅顶到翅根完全割裂,形成断裂的三维翅片管,以减少表面张力作用下冷凝液在传热管表面粘滞特性对传热的影响。采用螺旋隔板替代冷凝器和干式蒸发器的弓型隔板,能改善壳程流体的流动与传热性能;针对降膜蒸发器的降膜蒸发区与满液蒸发区的不同特点,应分别采用不同类型的强化管,以提高蒸发器传热系数。     

Structure of pulse dispersed jet upon change in its frequency characteristics

Intensities of heat and mass transfer for continuous and pulse spray in interaction with the vertical surface of a heat exchanger differ considerably from one another when the time-averaged spraying rate [1–6] is kept constant. This difference is determined by characteristic properties of gas-drop flows of continuous and pulse sprays and their interaction with the heat-exchanging surface. Results of experimental studies of basic hydrodynamic parameters of pulse drop flow are presented: velocity and drop size dispersions, spectral characteristics of the kinetic energy of the spray at various distances from the source, and influence of the gas concurrent flow on these parameters. A difference in the heat transfer is shown upon variation of the pulse drop flow parameters from the heat transfer at the stationary supply of spray.     

Characteristic features of the process of mixture formation upon fuel injection into a high-temperature air flow

Physical models of the processes of interphase heat and mass transfer and computational techniques based on them are suggested. The problem of the interaction of fuel droplets with a high-temperature air flow is solved numerically. It is shown that injection of a fuel by a spray atomizer may cause a substantial change in the gas temperature. With pneumatic spraying of a fuel by a cold air jet the influence of interphase exchange on the characteristics of the main flow is insignificant. Upon injection of a hot spraying air the influence of fuel injection on the formation of temperature fields is more appreciable. However, here the gas is cooled less than in the case of spraying by a jet. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 81, No. 2, pp. 250–258, March–April, 2008.     

双效溴化锂吸收式热泵余热回收系统数值模拟研究

溴化锂吸收式热泵机组可以有效回收利用工业和建筑中的各种形式低温余热,提高余热资源回收率,但设备参数对热泵性能影响很大.因此本文基于温度对口和梯级利用的原则,对蒸汽型双效溴化锂吸收式热泵机组内传热部件进行热力及传热分析,通过质量和能量守恒建立热泵机组数学模型,分析热网供水温度、蒸发器进口低温余热水温度和驱动热源温度这三个...     

An experimental comparison of evaporation and condensation heat transfer coefficients for HFC-134a and CFC-12

Experimental heat transfer coefficients are reported for HFC-134a and CFC-12 during in-tube single-phase flow, evaporation and condensation. These heat transfer coefficients were measured in a horizontal, smooth tube with an inner diameter of 8.0 mm and a length of 3.67 m. The refrigerant in the test-tube was heated or cooled by using water flowing through an annulus surrounding the tube. Evaporation tests were performed for a refrigerant temperature range of 5–15°C with inlet and exit qualities of 10 and 90%, respectively. For condensation tests, the refrigerant temperature ranged from 30 to 50°C, with et and exit qualities of 90 and 10%, respectively. The mass flux was varied from 125 to 400 kg m⁻² s⁻¹ for all tests. For similar mass fluxes, the evaporation and condensation heat transfer coefficients for HFC-134a were significantly higher than those of CFC-12. Specifically, HFC-134a showed a 35–45% increase over CFC-12 for evaporation and a 25–35% increase over CFC-12 for condensation.     

水平内螺纹管内R410A流动凝结换热的实验研究

本文实验研究了R410A在水平内螺纹管内的流动凝结换热特性,分析了水力工况、测试管结构参数对管内制冷剂侧表面传热系数、压降的影响。结果表明:表面传热系数、压降均随着质量流速的增加、冷凝温度的降低而增大;虽然表面传热系数随着测试水Re的增加而减小,但测试水Re对压降的影响很小。利用单位压降表面传热系数对换热进行综合性能评价时发现,单位压降表面传热系数随着质量流速的增加而减小,随着冷凝温度的增大而增大。将实验数据与经典关联式的预测值进行对比,对于光滑管,除了Akers et al.关联式低估了实验数据,Shah关联式与Thome et al.关联式均高估了实验数据,并且Thome et al.关联式表现出最高的预测精度。而对于内螺纹强化管,Cavallini et al.关联式展现出最高的预测精度,而Koyama et al.关联式与Miyara et al.关联式均低估了实验数据。     

Influence of stefan flow on the characteristics of heterogeneous combustion of a carbon particle in air

The influence of Stefan flow and radiation-induced heat losses on the characteristics of stationary high-and low-temperature stable and critical regimes of heat and mass transfer of a carbon particle in air is analyzed. The investigations are sponsored by the International Fund “Vidrodzhennya” within the framework of the program ISSEP (contract No. K6V100). Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 70, No. 1, pp. 146–152, January–February, 1997.