Ni基合金在900 ℃75%Na2SO4+25%NaCl盐膜下的热腐蚀

研究了纯Ni、Ni-10Cr和Ni-10Cr-5Al合金在900 ℃空气中涂敷Na2SO4+25%NaCl盐膜时的热腐蚀行为。结果表明,Ni-10Cr合金的腐蚀动力学曲线近似服从抛物线规律,而纯Ni和Ni-10Cr-5Al合金的腐蚀动力学曲线分段服从抛物线规律。Ni-10Cr的腐蚀增重最小,抗热腐蚀性能最好,Ni-10Cr-5Al次之,纯Ni的腐蚀增重最大。Ni-10Cr-5Al合金热腐蚀24 h后氧化产物分为3层,外层氧化产物主要是NiO,中间层氧化产物为Cr2O3和Al2O3,最内层有少量Cr2S3和Al2S3。Ni-10Cr合金热腐蚀24 h后氧化膜分为3层,外层氧化产物是NiO,中间层是不连续的Cr2O3,内腐蚀区有少量Cr2S3。由于熔盐中NaCl的存在,Ni-10Cr-5Al和Ni-10Cr合金的腐蚀产物会变得疏松多孔。     

Ni基合金在900℃75%Na_2SO_4+25%NaCl盐膜下的热腐蚀（英文）

研究了纯Ni、Ni-10Cr和Ni-10Cr-5Al合金在900℃空气中涂敷Na2SO4+25%NaCl盐膜时的热腐蚀行为。结果表明,Ni-10Cr合金的腐蚀动力学曲线近似服从抛物线规律,而纯Ni和Ni-10Cr-5Al合金的腐蚀动力学曲线分段服从抛物线规律。Ni-10Cr的腐蚀增重最小,抗热腐蚀性能最好,Ni-10Cr-5Al次之,纯Ni的腐蚀增重最大。Ni-10Cr-5Al合金热腐蚀24 h后氧化产物分为3层,外层氧化产物主要是NiO,中间层氧化产物为Cr2O3和Al2O3,最内层有少量Cr2S3和Al2S3。Ni-10Cr合金热腐蚀24 h后氧化膜分为3层,外层氧化产物是NiO,中间层是不连续的Cr2O3,内腐蚀区有少量Cr2S3。由于熔盐中NaCl的存在,Ni-10Cr-5Al和Ni-10Cr合金的腐蚀产物会变得疏松多孔。     

Ni-xCr-6.8Al基合金热腐蚀行为

研究铸态和预氧化态Ni-xCr-6.8Al基合金在Na2SO4＋25%NaCl混合盐中873K时的热腐蚀行为。结果表明：NixCr6.8Al基合金的质量损失随着Cr元素含量的增加而减少,预氧化可以明显改善材料的抗热腐蚀性能,并且与Cr含量无关。Ni12Cr6.8Al基和Ni16Cr6.8Al基合金的热腐蚀动力学遵循抛物线规律,Ni-20Cr-6.8Al基合金遵循指数规律,所有的预氧化试样的热腐蚀动力学都符合对数规律。铸态合金热腐蚀的机理可以用酸碱熔融模型解释,而预氧化合金的热腐蚀机理在很大程度上由预氧化过程中形成的氧化层的性质决定。     

含硫气氛中镍基合金上渗铝层的退化

研究了纯Ni,Ni-20％Cr和K3合金上渗铝层在含硫气氛中的退化机理。采用燃烧装置热腐蚀实验和改进的坩埚法实验。实验温度为900℃。同时,还进行了同样温度下的氧化实验。对热腐蚀试样和氧化试样分别进行了表面形貌观察。X射线衍射分析和电子探针成份分析。结果表明,在燃烧装置热腐蚀实验中,试样表面首先出现须状氧化铝,然后成为热腐蚀小孔的诱发点。随着小孔尺寸和数量的增加,渗层整体出现局部的剥落和破坏。在改进的坩埚法实验中,试样首先出现氧化物保护膜的大量剥落,使渗层表面出现铝的贫化,继尔β-NiAl相蜕变为γ′-Ni_3Al相,最终导致渗层局部点蚀剥落和破坏。 实验结果还表明,基体中的Cr可以提高渗铝层的抗热腐蚀性能。但在改进的坩埚法实验中。由于气氛中存在高浓度的NaCl,从而严重削弱了Cr的有益作用。     

Co基合金在Na2SO4盐膜下的热腐蚀行为

研究了Co-10Cr、Co-25Cr和Co-10Cr-5Al合金涂敷Na2SO4盐膜后在900℃空气中的热腐蚀行为.结果显示,Co-10Cr合金的腐蚀增重最大,Co-10Cr-5Al的腐蚀增重其次,Co-25Cr合金腐蚀增重最少,抗热腐蚀性能最好.Co-10Cr合金腐蚀膜可分为3层,外层是CoO,中间层是Cr2O3,内层有少量的Cr2S3.Co-10Cr-5Al合金腐蚀膜可分为3层,外层是CoO,中间层是Cr2O3和Al2O3,内腐蚀区有Cr和Al的硫化物.Co-25Cr合金外层是CoO和Cr2O3,内层是单一的Cr2O3,无明显的内硫化现象.     

Ni-16Cr-xAl合金在600℃Na2SO4-NaCl混合盐中的热腐蚀行为（英文）

研究Ni-16Cr-xAl(x=4.5%,6.8%,9.0%)合金在600°CNa2SO4-NaCl混合盐中的热腐蚀行为,分析预氧化及铝含量对合金抗热腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,随着铝含量由4.5%增加到9.0%(质量分数),Ni-16Cr-xAl(x=4.5%,6.8%,9.0%)合金在Na2SO4-NaCl混合盐中的抗热腐蚀性能提高。因为β-NiAl相的存在能修复热腐蚀中被破坏的Al2O3膜,所以Ni-16Cr-9.0Al合金表现出最优异的抗热腐蚀性能。在预氧化后的样品表面形成了一层具有保护性的氧化膜,其抗热腐蚀性能优于原始态样品的。     

溅射Ni-16Co-26Cr-10Al纳米晶涂层的熔盐热腐蚀性能

利用磁控溅射技术在铸造Ni-16Co-26Cr-10Al合金上溅射了相同成分的纳米晶涂层,并进行900℃热腐蚀实验,结果表明:溅射Ni-16Co-26Cr-10Al纳米晶涂层由于晶粒尺寸细小,促进了保护性氧化物形成元素Al沿原"短路扩散通道-晶界"向氧化前沿的扩散,从而促进了保护性Al2O3的快速形成,使得溅射Ni-16Co-26Cr-10Al纳米晶涂层表现出比M38合金更优异的抗热腐蚀性能。     

Pt-Al涂层对一种镍基单晶高温合金抗热腐蚀行为的影响

采用电镀Pt和化学气相沉积渗铝法在一种镍基单晶高温合金表面制备Pt-Al涂层,该涂层为单一β-(Ni,Pt)Al相结构.选用涂盐法分别在无涂层和Pt-Al涂层试样表面涂覆Na2SO4盐,并在900℃常压炉中进行热腐蚀实验.通过热腐蚀动力学、热腐蚀产物、热腐蚀宏观表面形貌和微观结构的对比,分析Pt-Al涂层对镍基单晶高温合金热腐蚀行为的影响.采用XRD、SEM、EDS和EPMA等检测方法进行分析.实验结果表明:经900℃热腐蚀后,Pt-Al涂层可以提高基体合金的抗热腐蚀性能,Pt-Al涂层试样的热腐蚀速率小于无涂层试样;β-(Ni,Pt)Al相中的Pt原子能够抑制S原子向β-(Ni,Pt)Al相中扩散,将S原子阻隔在氧化物-金属界面处,从而降低基体合金的热腐蚀速率;Pt原子也能够将大量难熔的Ta原子阻隔在互扩散区内,仅有少量的Ta原子扩散到氧化物中,减少了Ta2O5的形成;此外,Pt-Al涂层能够在一定程度上抑制氧化膜-金属界面处孔洞的形成.     

Al/Cr复合涂层对Ti2AlNb合金抗热腐蚀性能的影响

目的改善Ti2AlNb合金在高温腐蚀盐环境中的耐热腐蚀性能。方法在Ti2AlNb合金表面通过双层辉光等离子渗铬及磁控溅射镀铝技术制备Al/Cr复合涂层,分析涂层热腐蚀前后的微观形貌和物相组成,并探究涂覆Na2SO4盐膜的试样在不同温度下(750、850、950℃)的热腐蚀行为。结果Al/Cr复合涂层组织均匀致密,且与基体结合良好,厚度约73μm,由表及里依次由Al沉积层、Al/Cr合金层、Cr沉积层、Cr扩散层四部分组成。经不同温度Na2SO4盐热腐蚀后,Al/Cr复合涂层腐蚀程度均显著小于合金基体。涂层试样经750~850℃Na2SO4盐热腐蚀后质量变化较小,850℃腐蚀增重仅0.525 mg/cm^2,而经历950℃、40 h熔盐热腐蚀后失重达到73.571 mg/cm^2,且试样截面出现剥离、脱落现象,Al/Cr复合涂层抵抗热腐蚀能力减弱。结论具有涂层保护的试样抗热腐蚀性能明显优于合金基体。Al/Cr复合涂层在750~850℃Na2SO4盐环境中具有良好的热腐蚀抗力,而更高温度段(850~950℃)的热腐蚀抗力下降。Al/Cr复合涂层在Na2SO4盐环境中良好的抗热腐蚀性得益于涂层中Al、Cr元素氧化形成以Al2O3、Cr2O3为主的混合氧化膜,有效阻碍外界氧气及腐蚀性介质侵入基体。     

高温合金渗铝涂层抗高温氧化性能的研究

采用固体粉末包埋渗铝法，在K438高温合金表面制备渗铝涂层。对渗铝试样做了1000℃、500h高温氧化实验。实验结果表明：在氧化过程中，K438高温合金表面的涂层已转变成连续致密的α—Al2O3氧化膜、富Al的β-NiAl和富Ni的β—NiAl化合物层，氧化膜与基体合金粘附良好，在高温氧化过程中无明显剥落现象。随着氧化时间的增加，β相分解较慢，到500h时涂层仍具有良好的抗高温氧化性能。     

纳米晶化对Ni-25Cr-5Al-1S合金热生长氧化膜粘附性的影响

比较研究了高S铸态合金Ni-25Cr-5Al-1S(mass%)及其溅射纳米涂层在1000℃的氧化行为,结果表明:铸态合金在20小时恒温氧化中生长的氧化膜在冷却时发生严重剥落,氧化膜/基体界面局部区域S含量较高;而溅射纳米涂层没有发生氧化膜剥落现象,涂层/氧化膜界面上明显无S的存在.这说明Ni-25Cr-5Al-1S合金纳米化可以有效抑制S对氧化膜/合金界面结合的"毒化效应",提高了氧化膜的粘附性.     

The hot corrosion of Ni-based ternary alloys and superalloys for application in gas turbines employing residual fuels

Hot corrosion was studied in melts of Na₂SO₄, NaVO₃ and mixtures thereof at temperatures ranging from 680 to 900°C. The specimens tested were Ni, Ni-10Cr, Ni-22Cr, Ni-30Cr, Ni-20Cr-3Al, Ni-21Cr-0.3Si, Ni-20Cr-5V and IN738 superalloy. The effect of adding Cr to Ni was found to be beneficial in the Na₂SO₄ melt; however, on increasing the VO₃⁻ concentration in the melt, this effect diminished, becoming harmful in pure NaVO₃ due to the formation of the non-protective CrVO₄. Al was found harmful in Na₂SO₄ + NaVO₃ melts. Cr depletion was found in rich VO₃⁻ melts but internal corrosion was more obvious in the SO₄²-rich melts. Corrosion in rich VO₃⁻ melts was aggressive due to the fluxing action of the salt which takes place along internally sulphidized areas. Higher temperatures in NaVO₃ melts increased the corrosion rate of the studied alloys. IN738 superalloy, in comparison with the NiCr-based alloys, suffered tremendous internal attack due to its γ′ precipitates which became sulphidation-prone areas, which in turn were fluxed by the VO₃⁻ melt. Cyclic polarization measurements of the last five mentioned alloys were carried out in Na₂SO₄/10 mole % NaVO₃ melt at 900°C. I_corr was calculated by regression analysis and the results correlated with the other two techniques.     

A TEM study of the oxide scale development in Ni-Cr-Al alloys

In the present study the isothermal oxidation behaviours of Ni-10Cr-5Al, Ni-20Cr-5Al and Ni-30Cr-5Al alloys were investigated. The alloys were oxidised in air for 50 h at 1000 °C. Analytical transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize the morphology, structure and composition of the oxide scale. The oxide formed adjacent to the alloy was α-Al₂O₃ such that the higher was the Cr content of the alloy the easier was its formation. The Ni-30Cr-5Al alloy formed a complete layer of α-Al₂O₃ in the initial stages of oxidation through ‘oxygen gettering’ by Cr. A decrease in scale thickness and an increase in scale adherence were observed with an increase in Cr content from 10 to 30 wt.%.     

Improved corrosion resistance of cast carbon steel in sulphur oxides by alonizing

The results of studies on the Alonizing of cast carbon steel and of testing the corrosion resistance of this cast steel in an atmosphere containing 5 to 6% SO₂ + 50% SO₃ at 853 K are described and compared with the results obtained with unalonized cast carbon steel and high-alloy 23Cr-8Ni-2Mo cast steel. The duration of the corrosion tests was 336 hours. The aluminium diffusion layer on cast carbon steel was obtained by holding the specimens in a mixture containing 99% of powdered Fe-Al and 1% of NH₄Cl at 1323 ± 20 K. The holding time was 10 and 20 hours, respectively. The aluminium layer formed on the cast carbon steel was examined by optical microscopy and an X-ray microanalysis. After Alonizing for 10 h the layer had reached a thickness of 950 μm, and contained up to 35% Al. In a mixture of sulphur oxides corrosion rate of the alonized cast carbon steel was by about 600 times lower than that of the unalonized cast carbon steel, and by about 50 times lower than that of the 23Cr-8Ni-2Mo cast steel.     

Effect of yttrium on the sulfidation behavior of Ni-Cr-Al alloys at 700°C

The sulfidation of Ni-10Cr-5Al, Ni-20Cr-5Al, and Ni-50Cr-5Al, and of the same alloys containing 1% Y, was studied in 0.1 atm sulfur vapor at 700°C. The sulfidation process followed linear kinetics for all the alloys except Ni-50Cr-5Al-1Y, and possibly Ni-50Cr-5Al, which followed the parabolic law. The reaction rates decreased with increasing chromium content in alloys without yttrium, and the addition of yttrium reduced the rates by at least a factor of two for the alloys containing 10 and 20% Cr and by an order of magnitude for Ni-50Cr-5Al. Alloys containing 10 and 20% Cr (with and without yttrium) formed duplex scales consisting of an outer layer of NiS_1.03 and an inner lamellar layer of a very fine mixture of Cr₂S₃ and A1₂O₃ in a matrix of NiS_1.03. The two alloys containing 50% Cr formed only a compact layer of Cr₂S₃, which was brittle and spalled during cooling. The lamellae in the duplex scales were parallel to the specimen surface and bent around corners. The lamellae were thicker than those on Ni-Al binary alloys. The lamellae were also thicker in scales on the 20% Cr alloy than on the 10% Cr alloy. The presence of yttrium refined the lamellae and increased the lamellae density near the scale/metal interface in the 10% alloy, but in the 20% Cr alloy the lammellae were thicker and more closely spaced. Platinum markers were found in the inner portion of the exterior NiS_1.03 layer close to the lamellar zone. A counter-current diffusion mechanism is proposed involving outward cation diffusion and inward sulfur diffusion, although diffusion was not rate controlling for alloys containing 10 and 20% Cr. Auger analysis of scales formed on Ni-50Cr-1Y showed an even distribution of yttrium throughout the layer of Cr₂S₃, suggesting that some yttrium dissolved in the sulfide. The reduced sulfidation rate of samples containing yttrium is explained by the possible dissolution of yttrium as a donor. The presence of Y⁴⁺ would then decrease the concentration of interstitial chromium ions in the N-type layer of Cr₂S₃, which would decrease the reaction rate.     

Compositional effects on the Type I hot corrosion of β-NiAl alloys

Cast alloys of nominal compositions Ni-36Al, Ni-36Al-5Co, Ni-36Al-5Pt, Ni-36Al-5Co-5Pt, and Ni-36Al-5Cr (at.%) were tested under Type I (900 °C) hot corrosion conditions in order to determine the influence of various elements commonly found in diffusion aluminide coatings on the resistance to this mode of attack. Chromium was found to be the most effective element in conferring hot corrosion resistance, but improvements in performance were also found with the addition of Co and/or Pt. Experimental evidence is presented which suggests that each of these elements increase the hot corrosion resistance of β-NiAl alloys primarily by increasing their ability to rapidly form a thermally grown Al₂O₃ scale and to heal this scale in the event of damage. Potential explanations for this enhanced scale formation and healing capability are discussed.     

热处理对22Cr双相不锈钢组织和点蚀性能的影响

    研究了热处理工艺对22Cr双相不锈钢显微组织及耐点蚀性能的影响.结果表明：析出相的存在明显降低钢的耐点蚀性能.经950℃固溶处理后,材料的临界点蚀温度(CPT)由原始状态的39℃下降到23℃;在850℃时效处理,材料的临界点蚀温度(CPT) 由1050℃固溶处理后的46℃下降到23℃;随着时效时间的延长,材料的腐蚀速率急剧增加,钝化膜的稳定性下降,材料的耐蚀性能下降.在此基础上,分析了点蚀的产生机理和发展趋势.     

40Cr钢激光表面加Ni60B合金化及其磨蚀性能研究

     对40Cr钢进行了表面加Ni60B粉末激光合金化处理.金相、扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析,硬度测试和磨损与盐雾腐蚀实验的结果表明：合金化层的结构为熔化区、过渡区及热影响区;熔化区显微组织为胞状一树枝状晶,热影响区为极细的隐晶马氏体;激光合金化处理后的试样产生了新相Cr₂₃C₆和Cr₃C2,显微硬度Hk可达到8.6 GPa,比基体提高了近3倍;耐磨性与耐蚀性都比基体有明显提高.