K8型单层球面网壳顶点竖向冲击下的冲击荷载特征及荷载简化模型

为简化网壳结构遭受冲击作用时复杂的接触分析过程,基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立了单层K8型球面网壳模型,并模拟其在不同冲击作用下的失效过程,辨别网壳的失效模式,并获取了冲击过程中的冲击力曲线。通过对网壳遭受竖向冲击荷载下的这些冲击力曲线特征进行分析,提出了简化的冲击荷载模型,并应用能量守恒定律和动量定理确定了模型相关参数。利用此冲击力模型对网壳结构在冲击荷载下的响应进行分析并与实体冲击物作用下的响应进行了对比,验证了该模型的准确性,应用该模型可以实现对网壳抗冲击性能的简单有效评估。     

凯威特型单层球面网壳在强震下的失效研究

动力强度破坏是网壳结构在遭受地震时的主要失效形式,准确的失效判别需要以基于材料损伤理论的分析为基础。为在动力时程分析中考虑材料损伤累积的因素,编制了基于有限元软件ABAQUS的用户材料子程序,具有较高的计算精度和较好的收敛性,实现了网壳结构考虑材料损伤的动力有限元分析。对单层球面网壳在强震下的失效特点进行了系统的参数研究,探讨了考虑材料损伤因素对网壳失效特征的影响;综合网壳失效时刻的多项特征响应,拟合了能够评估网壳动力损伤程度的损伤模型;基于损伤模型表示的网壳极限状态的物理意义,建立了适用于跨度40m的凯威特单层球面网壳强震失效判别准则,可用之判定网壳在强震作用下的失效极限荷载。     

基于杆件破坏形式的冲击荷载下单层球面网壳失效机理分析

摘 要：应用有限元软件ANSYS LS/DYNA建立60m跨度K8型单层球面网壳与圆柱形冲击物的模型并进行数值分析,得到网壳竖向变形、主要杆件受力及塑性发展三方面的结构动力响应。归纳出顶点竖向冲击荷载下网壳结构的四种失效模式：杆件损伤,杆件破坏,局部凹陷,整体凹陷。通过考察网壳杆件受力与破坏形式,得出杆件按时间顺序可能出现的三种受力状态：剪切、弯曲、拉伸,以及四种破坏形式：剪切、弯曲、拉弯、拉伸。研究发现：破坏的杆件起到将冲击物的能量传递给网壳主体的重要作用,杆件破坏形式预示其传递能量的能力,而传递的能量是决定的网壳动力响应的主要因素,更重要的是网壳的失效模式是依据最大动力响应定义的。由此,以能量传递为媒介,建立了杆件破坏形式与网壳失效模式间的对应关系。     

单层球面网壳结构的性能研究

本文应用ＳｕｐｅｒＳＡＰ９３计算程序,对单层方型球面结构做了静力,动力及稳定分析;研究了不同矢跨比,支承条件对结构性能的影响及其结构力选取的影响,得出了一些较有价值的结论。     

单层球面网壳的优化设计

本文以网壳的矢高，网格数，杆件截面积，球节点的体积为设计变量，以总造价最低为目标函数，采用直接搜索法与准则法有机结合的综合优化设计方法，按规范要求对网壳结构的外形及杆件的截面积进行优设计，并考虑了竖向和水平地震作用。     

风荷载下单层柱面网壳的动力稳定

以一单层柱面网壳为例,利用Budiansky-Roth准则研究空间结构在风荷载下的动力稳定性。介绍了Budiansky-Roth准则,通过风洞试验获得单层柱面网壳上的风荷载并研究其动力稳定性,讨论了初始几何缺陷、风向角和风压系数的影响,并将动力失稳分析结果与我国规范和阵风响应因子法（GRF法）计算动力响应导致结构破坏的方法作了比较。研究结果表明,空间结构进行风荷载下的稳定性设计时有必要研究其在风荷载下的动力稳定性。     

冲击荷载下单层凯威特型球面网壳的防护方法及建议

避免结构在冲击荷载下出现整体倒塌为防护目标,对单层凯威特型球面网壳的抗冲击防护方法进行研究。应用有限元软件ANSYS LS/DYNA建立凯威特型单层球面网壳与圆柱形冲击物的模型,并展开大量参数分析工作。在此基础上,依据网壳结构的冲击失效规律及连续倒塌的特点,提出可供实际应用的冲击荷载下网壳结构的3种防护方法（轻屋面,整体加强法,临界位置加强法）;并分别对防护效果进行验证。然后综合考虑防护效果与结构成本,提出冲击荷载下网壳结构的防护建议。     

冲击荷载下单层球面网壳动力响应分析与试验研究

为分析带下部支承结构的Kiewitt-6型单层球面网壳在冲击荷载下动力响应,在ANSYS/LS-DYNA中建立钢管柱支承的单层球面网壳数值分析模型,据冲击响应特点,总结四种响应模式,研究冲击能量、冲击位置、环梁刚度对上部网壳动力响应影响。进行钢管柱支承的单层球壳模型冲击试验,测量、分析结构的动应力、动位移及加速度,研究冲击柱破坏模式。结果表明,四种响应模式以冲击柱破坏模式(轻微损伤、局部凹陷、压弯破坏、剪切破坏)为典型特征;除响应模式4,网壳动力响应随冲击能量增大而增大;柱中为最不利冲击位置;环梁刚度增大,网壳动力响应减小;有限元分析结果与实测结果吻合较好,验证数值计算方法的正确性。     

铝合金单层球面网壳的非线性稳定分析

以K8型单层球面网壳结构为例,采用有限元分析软件ANSYS进行建模和计算,对铝合金网壳进行了几何非线性稳定分析,讨论了矢跨比、荷载分布形式、初始缺陷和支承条件对网壳稳定性承载力的影响。通过与钢网壳比较,得到了一些关于铝合金单层球面网壳稳定性的结论,可为相关的工程设计提供参考。     

单层球面网壳动力失效全过程试验研究

为了更加深入研究单层球面网壳的动力失效。结合一个K6型单层球面网壳振动台试验,设计出一套描述单层球面网壳强振倒塌全过程的测试方法,包括:冲击法测试结构自振特性、低频调幅加载评估损伤程度和基频简谐加载监测结构失效过程。结合数据测量结果,描绘出结构倒塌过程的变形时程,分析结构的基频、阻尼及振型,记录杆件进入塑性的顺序,探索结构损伤演化的规律及倒塌破坏的机理。最后考虑材料的损伤,进行有限元模拟,验证了模拟方法的正确性。     

单层球面网壳结构风致响应计算的块里兹向量法

单层球面网壳结构自振频率密集，且高阶模态可能对结构的风致响应有较大贡献。利用传统模态叠加法计算结构风致响应时需截取较多的模态，导致计算效率较低。本文提出的块里兹向量法所生成的向量都是被荷载所激发的，因此仅使用少数向量即可获得准确的响应结果。块里兹向量迭代所需的多荷载模式可以利用本征正交分解（POD）技术获得，这种技术将脉动风压场分解为与时间无关的协方差模态以及与空间位置无关的主坐标。根据风洞实验同步测量的风压数据，利用本文计算了0．1和0．2矢跨比的单层球面网壳的风致响应。通过与传统模态叠加法计算结果的对比分析说明了本文方法的有效性。     

小比例柱面网壳振动台试验及动力响应概率模型

针对单层网壳实验费用高、周期长及地震变异性大等问题,开展了一小比例单层柱网壳振动台试验模型试验,并基于该模型试验统计了考虑地震动变异性时单层柱面网壳的动力响应概率模型。参考孔洞胶接节点装配式单层球面网壳模型制作方法制作了一小比例单层柱面网壳模型;在此基础上,分别选用TAFT波、人工地震波和简谐波对该单层柱面网壳模型开展一系列振动台试验研究,包括弹性阶段的动力特性测试和弹塑性状态下的动力倒塌测试;立足于现场实测数据,基于通用有限元分析软件ABAQUS建模、并开展相应数值仿真分析,总结分析单层柱面网壳模型动力特性与破坏特征;基于40组动力实测数据研究地震变异性对单层柱面网壳动力特性的影响,并初步拟合出地震动变异性与该结构动力响应的概率模型。该研究对开展系列单层网壳振动台试验定性研究及空间网壳结构抗震规范的修订提供参考。     

基于有限质点法的单层球面网壳强震作用下连续倒塌破坏研究

有限质点法是以向量式结构力学为基础的崭新的结构分析方法。该文以该方法为基础,综合考虑结构的几何非线性、材料非线性和构件断裂,研究单层球面网壳结构在地震作用下的连续倒塌破坏全过程。该文介绍了有限质点法的基本理论,提出了该方法分析结构非线性问题和断裂问题的具体思路。采用直接输入法输入地震波,利用自编程序实现了单层球面网壳结构倒塌全过程模拟。研究了矢跨比对球面网壳强震作用下倒塌性能的影响,讨论了结构的倒塌时间和倒塌模式,并基于结构的倒塌模式通过局部加强法对单层球面网壳结构进行了抗倒塌设计。     

桥梁节段模型实验的组合正弦激励方法

针对实验环境下桥梁节段模型的气动导数辨识,本文提出了组合正弦激励方法。该方法以倍频激励为主要手段,步进激励为辅助补充,分析桥梁节段模型在均匀流场中的频响特性,进而通过阻抗分析或者传递函数分析得到不同流场作用下的气动导数。该激励方法独立于初条件响应法和脉冲激励法,具有抗噪能力强的优势。同时,本文利用三角函数的正交性对激励及响应进行积分变换,可以简单而精确的提取各激励频率下的频响特性数据,无需数据拟合,从而优化了传统的信号处理方式。本文通过数值仿真,对该实验方法的精度及稳定性进行了考察。结果表明,不论气动导数如何变化,由组合激励方法得到的频响特性数据都能保持很高的精度,也说明了该实验方法具有较高的应用价值和推广意义。     

基于二次特征值法的矩形薄板的动力稳定性研究

对于面内对边周期荷载作用下携带集中质量的矩形薄板,当周期荷载的激振频率在板的两倍自振频率附近时,板发生面外参数共振失稳。该文基于薄板大挠度理论,运用伽辽金法推导出携带集中质量的矩形薄板非线性动力失稳的Mathieu-Hill方程,进而求解得到板发生面外参数共振失稳时周期荷载的临界激振频率域以及非线性动力失稳曲线。运用有限元软件进行瞬态分析得到不同激振幅值作用下板发生面外参数共振失稳时周期荷载的最小与最大临界激振频率值,通过与解析解进行对比,验证了计算结果的正确性。研究结果表明：随着集中质量的增加,参数共振失稳的临界激振频率及其不稳定域的宽度逐渐减小,不稳定域的位置逐渐向低激振频率的方向移动;随着集中质量的增加,面外参数共振失稳域的临界激励幅值逐渐增加;随着集中质量所处位置的模态位移增加,不稳定域的宽度减小。     

Simulations of instability in dynamic fracture by the cracking particles method

Crack instabilities and the phenomenon of crack speed saturation in a brittle material (PMMA) are studied with a meshfree cracking particle method. We reproduce the experimental observation that the computed terminal crack speeds attained in PMMA specimens are substantially lower than the Rayleigh wave speed; the computed crack speeds agree quite well with the reported experimental results. We also replicate repetitive microcrack branching along with the increased rate of energy dissipation after attainment of a critical crack speed, even in the absence of microstructural defects. We show that the presence of microdefects changes the response only a little. The computations reproduce many of the salient features of experimental observations.     

A data-driven fuzzy approach for predicting the remaining useful life in dynamic failure scenarios of a nuclear system

This paper presents a similarity-based approach for prognostics of the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of a system, i.e. the lifetime remaining between the present and the instance when the system can no longer perform its function. Data from failure dynamic scenarios of the system are used to create a library of reference trajectory patterns to failure. Given a failure scenario developing in the system, the remaining time before failure is predicted by comparing by fuzzy similarity analysis its evolution data to the reference trajectory patterns and aggregating their times to failure in a weighted sum which accounts for their similarity to the developing pattern. The prediction on the failure time is dynamically updated as time goes by and measurements of signals representative of the system state are collected. The approach allows for the on-line estimation of the RUL. For illustration, a case study is considered regarding the estimation of RUL in failure scenarios of the Lead Bismuth Eutectic eXperimental Accelerator Driven System (LBE-XADS).     

Modes of dynamic shear failure in solids

The technique of loading edge cracks by edge impact (LECEI) for generating high rates of crack tip shear (mode-II) loading is presented. The LECEI-technique in combination with a gas gun for accelerating the impactor is used to study the high rate shear failure behaviour of three types of materials. Epoxy resin (Araldite B) shows failure by tensile cracks up to the highest experimentally achievable loading rate; steel (high strength maraging steel X2 NiCoMo 18 9 5) shows a failure mode transition: at low rates failure occurs by tensile cracks, at higher rates, above a certain limit velocity, failure by adiabatic shear bands is observed; aluminum alloy (Al 7075) shows failure due to shear band processes in the high rate regime, but this failure mode is observed over the entire range of lower loading rates, even down to quasi-static conditions. Characteristics of the failure modes are presented. When transitions are observed in the failure process from tensile cracks to shear bands the limit velocity for failure mode transition depends on the bluntness of the starter crack the failure is initiated from: The larger the bluntness of the starter crack the higher the critical limit velocity for failure mode transition. The data indicate that adiabatic shear bands require and absorb more energy for propagation than tensile cracks. Aspects of the energy balance controlling mode-II instability processes in general are considered. Effects very different than for the mode-I instability process are observed: When failure by a tensile crack occurs under mode-II initiation conditions, a notch is formed between the initiated kinked crack and the original starter crack, and, at this notch a compressive stress concentration builds up. The energy for building up this stress concentration field is not available for propagation of the initiated kinked crack. The energy density of a mode-II crack tip stress field, however, when compared to an equivalent mode-I crack tip field, is considerably larger, and, consequently, the remaining driving energy for any mode-II initiated failure process, nevertheless, is higher than for the case of equivalent mode-I initiation conditions. Furthermore, mode-II crack tip plastic zones are considerably larger than equivalent mode-I crack tip plastic zones. Consequently, validity conditions for linear-elastic or small scale yielding failure behaviour are harder to fulfill and possibilities for the activation of nonlinear high energy ductile type failure processes are enhanced. Speculations on how these effects might favour failure by high energy processes in general and by shear bands processes in particular for conditions of high rate shear mode-II loading are presented. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.