Effects of Dilution Sampling on Fine Particle Emissions from Pulverized Coal Combustion

A dilution sampler was used to examine the effects of dilution ratio and residence time on fine-particle emissions from a pilot-scale pulverized coal combustor. Measurements include the particle size distribution from 0.003 to 2.5 μm, PM_2.5 mass, and PM_2.5 composition (OC/EC, major ions, and elemental). Heated filter samples were also collected simultaneously at stack temperatures in order to compare the dilution sampler measurements with standard stack sampling methodologies. Measurements were made both before and after the bag house, the particle control device used on the coal combustor, and while firing three different coal types and one coal–biomass blend. The PM_2.5 mass emission rates measured using the dilution sampler agreed to within experimental uncertainty with those measured with the hot-filter sampler. Relative to the heated filter sample, dilution did increase the PM_2.5 mass fraction of selenium for all fuels tested, as well as ammonium and sulfate for selected fuels. However, the additional particulate mass created by gas-to-particle conversion of these species is within the uncertainty of the gravimetric analysis used to determine the overall mass emission rate. The enrichment of PM_2.5 selenium caused by dilution did not vary with dilution ratio and residence time. The enrichment of PM_2.5 sulfate and ammonium varied with fuel composition and dilution ratio but not residence time. For example, ammonium was only enriched in diluted acidic aerosol samples. A comparison of the PM_2.5 emission profiles for each of the fuels tested underscores how differences in PM_2.5 composition are related to the fuel ash composition. When sampling after the bag house, the particle size distribution and total particle number emission rate did not depend on residence time and dilution ratio because of the much lower particle number concentrations in diluted sample and the absence of nucleation. These results provide new insight into the effects of dilution sampling on measurements of fine particle emissions, providing important data for the ongoing effort of the EPA and ASTM to define a standardized dilution sampling methodology for characterizing emissions from stationary combustion sources.     

气相流化床聚乙烯颗粒粒径分布模型的研究

气相法流化床聚乙烯生产过程中,聚乙烯颗粒粒径分布影响聚合速率、脱挥速率、后处理工序生产成本和最终的聚乙烯物性。为预测流化床中聚乙烯的粒径分布,考察各操作变量和动力学参数对粒径分布的影响,运用了质量衡算的方法,在综合分析聚合过程中聚乙烯颗粒的生长、磨损和扬析等行为的基础上,建立了稳态操作时聚乙烯颗粒粒径分布预测模型。模型计算结果表明,当单一粒径催化剂进料时,随着催化剂粒径或是操作气速的增大,聚乙烯粒径分布向大粒径方向偏移,且分布变宽;相比于操作气速,催化剂粒径作用更为显著。同时发现,床层压力和温度对聚乙烯粒径分布的影响很小。在催化剂粒径有分布的情况下,不同粒径催化剂的质量比不但影响树脂的平均粒径,而且也影响树脂的粒径分布曲线,并在一定的配比下会出现双峰颗粒粒径分布曲线。最后,对某聚乙烯厂家的流化床反应器的聚乙烯颗粒粒径分布进行了模拟计算,计算结果与实验数据基本一致,说明该模型较好反映了气相流化床反应器的反应历程和规律,具有良好的工业应用前景。     

Influences on the Particle Size Distribution of Diesel Particulate Emissions

Particulates give great concern for mankind health. Especially the nano size particles are under discussion. Therefore, the particle size distribution from the combustion chamber to tail pipe emissions are of great interest. With the aim of scanning mobility particle sizer the number weighted particle size distributions were measured in the combustion chamber as well as in the exhaust gas up and downstream of aftertreatment systems. Using the identical particle measurement technique results can be compared without changing the particle size definition. The particles in the cylinder of a modern serious DI diesel engine were sampled with a time resolved fast gas sampling valve. The Soot particles formed in the cylinder during the early combustion phase are oxidized by about 99% in the late combustion/early expansion phase, whereas the soot particle sizes distribution in the cylinder at the end of the expansion phase are equal to that in the tail pipe. DI diesel engines with high pressure injection system emit less numbers of particle with in tendency greater sizes compared to IDI diesel engines. Oxidation catalysts do not influence particle size distribution but particulate traps reduce particle number by up to two orders of magnitude. Detail analysis shows that an increase of nano size particle number downstream of an aftertreatment device results from artifacts.     

Co-Combustion of Oil Sludge Char and Brown Coal in a Continuous Fluidized-Bed Combustor

For developing technologies for innocent disposal of/energy recovery from high-ash oil sludge char (OSC), it was continuously combusted in a 10 kg h⁻¹ fluidized-bed combustor. Addition of brown coal (BC) improved its combustion, but excessive BC was prone to cause slagging. Fine coke particles in OSC and volatiles in BC led to staged temperatures along the fluidized bed through air-staging co-combustion, enabling excellent combustion performance as well as efficient NO_x reduction, especially when coupled with selective non-catalytic reduction. Thus, there is a potential to cleanly recover energy from OSC by its co-combustion with BC.     

激光粒度仪分级测定水煤浆粒度分布的研究

为确定多种磨矿产品级配制得水煤浆样品的粒度分布,文章提出了分级测定水煤浆粒度的方法,已知各磨矿产品的粒度分布,通过分级拟合的方法得到不同质量比级配样品的粒度分布。结果表明:分级计算方法得到的煤样粒度分布可以准确反映出级配样品的峰型,且粒度测试结果较为准确。     

用激光粒度分析仪检测细粒径SiO2基相变调湿复合材料的粒度分布

以SiO2为载体、棕榈醇-棕榈酸-月桂酸为相变材料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备细粒径SiO2基相变调湿复合材料,以中位径(d50)为评价指标,采用激光粒度分析仪研究了溶液溶质浓度、超声时间、超声频率及分散介质对材料粒度的影响. 结果表明,激光粒度分析仪可用于检测SiO2基相变调湿复合材料的粒度分布,水对材料的分散效果比乙醇好,以水为分散介质,材料最佳溶质浓度为5~10 g/L,最佳超声时间为15 min以上,最佳超声功率大于400 W.     

使用激光粒度分析仪快速准确测定水泥粒度分布的实例

0引言传统的细度和比表面积与水泥性能的相关性并不理想。细度只反映80μm以上颗粒的百分含量。而比表面积则是颗粒平均粒径的反映。对占总量90%以上、粒径小于80μm、对水泥性能有直接影响的颗粒来说,具体的粒度分布情况并不能确定,     

悬浮法聚苯乙烯的粒径和粒径分布

通过苯乙烯悬浮聚合,研究了搅拌转速、分散剂浓度、相比、釜径和桨型对聚苯乙烯粒径和粒径分布的影响,并确定了相应的关联式,为选择最佳操作条件和聚合反应器的设计提供依据.     

利用激光粒度仪测定城市池塘水体的悬浮物粒度分布

使用激光粒度仪测定城市池塘水体中悬浮物颗粒的粒度分布,并探索最适宜的测量参数。测定结果表明,在泵速为1800r／min,遮光度为5％,15％的测量条件下,测量结果有较好的重现性,并且与显微镜测定结果基本符合。     

Measurement of the Size of Fine Nonspherical Particles with a Light-Scattering Particle Counter

To characterize flow separation and classification processes, particle size distributions must be measured in the airborne state without affecting the state of dispersion or disturbing the flow. Light-scattering devices with an optically defined measuring volume are specially designed for this purpose. However, the light-scattering device must be calibrated using nonideal particles which are present within the multiphase flow, preferably on an equivalent diameter based on settling rate. The cyclone cut size calibration can solve this problem. By means of this aerodynamic calibration technique, it is possible to measure size distributions of nonspherical particles with a light-scattering particle counter in industrially relevant cases.     

Control of Particle Size and Porosity in Continuous Fluidized-Bed Layering Granulation Processes

Particle formulation processes such as continuous fluidized-bed layering granulation (FBLG) are widely applied in chemical, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Particle size and particle porosity are important product properties in FBLG. In this paper, a new concept is presented for the simultaneous control of both properties. The new concept allows stable process operation, automatic adjustment of the desired product properties, and rejection of unforseen disturbances.     

粒度分布对宁东羊场湾煤制水煤浆性能的影响

为了提高宁东地区煤的成浆性能,通过调整煤粉成浆的粒度分布,研究了粒度分布对水煤浆成浆性能的影响。实验证明,采用双峰级配,且小于200目煤粉占50%时,制得的水煤浆质量分数达到61.7%,比甲醇厂实际工况中水煤浆最大质量分数提高3%。     

陶瓷原料超细粉颗粒的分散与粒度分析

本首次应用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和图象分析仪对陶瓷原料超细粉颗粒进行了粒度分析，指出了选取合适的分散剂对超细粉颗粒进行有效分散是粒度分析的关键。实验结果证明，用上述方法研究陶瓷原料超细粉的颗粒形状特征和粒度分析是可行的。     

激光粒度仪法测定HDPE粉末粒度及粒度分布的研究

将HDPE粉末分散在乙醇-水介质中,用激光粒度仪动态测定其粒度及粒度分布。     

氧化锆催化剂粉末粒度及粒度分布测定的研究

以水作分散介质,用激光粒度测定仪测定了氧化锆催化剂粉末粒度及粒度分布,测试方法快速、准确,测试结果令人满意。     

Particle Size, Particle Size Distribution, and Related Measurements of Supported Metal Catalysts

It should be apparent from the contents of this review that no single method provides a full characterization of particle size and/or particle size distribution in supported metal catalysts without some inherent theoretical shortcoming, experimental difficulty, or ambiguities in interpretation of results. The message is clearly to use more than one technique whenever possible in order to obtain intercomparisons both of size/size distribution number themselves and internal consistency of the data. However, to be avoided are incorrect comparisons, such as sizes obtained from the Scherrer formula and chemisorption experiments, for example, which measure different things. We believe that high-resolution TEM has a bright future in catalyst characterization, but perhaps the most accessible and convenient combination at present is that of Fourier line profile x-ray analysis and chemisorption, albeit at the expense of some analysis in the former case.     

分子印迹聚合物微球的粒径尺寸及分布

印迹技术是近年来发展起来的基于模拟抗体-抗原相互作用原理的新技术,广泛应用于手性物质拆分、仿生传感器、固相萃取、抗体模拟等领域。悬浮聚合法是制备分子印迹聚合物微球最常用的方法,本文就影响悬浮聚合法制备分子印迹聚合物微球粒径尺寸及分布的因素进行了探讨。     

Design and Evaluation of a Portable Dilution Sampling System for Measuring Fine Particle Emissions

The size and complexity of current dilution samplers is a mrajor barrier to more wide-spread application of these systems for source characterization. A new, more portable dilution sampler has been designed to provide masurements consistent with the widely cited Caltech di1ution sampler. Intercomparison experiments were performed using a diesel engine and wood stove to evaluate the comparability of the new design with a sampler based on the Caltech design. These experiments involved simultaneouos operation of mutiple dilution sampies from the same source. Filter based measurements included PM_2.5 mass, organic Carbon and elemeanta1 carbon emissions. Particle size distributions in the range from 10–480 nm were measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer. The filter based and integrated-total volume measurements made with the two designs are in good agreement. FOr example, the average relative bias between the two sampler of PM_2.5 mass emission rate measured with Teflon filters is 1%. Nucleation. was intermittently observed in the sampler based on the Caltech design, but rarely observed in the new design. Significant discrepancies in total number emissions between the two samplers occurred during periods of nucleation. Ewperiments were also conducted to examine the effects of residence time on the diluted emissions. No changes in the filter based or integrated colame measurements were observed with an additional 40-s residence time, indicating that phase equilibrium is established in the 2.5 s of residence time provided by the dilution tunnel, This conclusion is consistent with theoretical analysis. These results provide new insight into the effects of dilution sampling on measurements of fine particle emissions, providing important data for the ongoing effort of the EPA and ASTM to define a standardized dilution sampling methodology for characterizing emissions from stationary combustion sources.     

粒度级配对神华煤成浆特性影响的试验研究

为了研究粒度级配对神华煤成浆特性的影响,通过筛分和干法调浆,探讨了不同粒度分布煤粉的成浆性,结果表明:在添加剂用量为0.3%(干基/干煤)时,具有连续级配特征的原始煤粉可制备出质量分数为61%的煤浆;利用筛分法,分别去除原始煤粉中0.045 mm以下、0.045 mm^0.15 mm、0.15 mm^0.3 mm和0.045 mm^0.3 mm部分,得到4种具有不连续级配特征的样品,其所制煤浆流变性发生了较大变化,其中去除0.045 mm^0.3 mm部分的样品的成浆质量分数提高了3个百分点,在黏度符合要求的前提下流动性大幅提高;连续级配和非连续级配的煤浆均存在黏度与流动性不统一的现象,当级配中粗细颗粒粒径差较大且细颗粒含量达到一定值时,这种现象更加明显。采用粒度级配技术制浆,其细颗粒含量存在一个合理的区间。     

基于阿达玛近红外光谱技术的火电厂煤炭粒径识别方法

针对电力行业煤质分析的需求,基于近红外光谱煤质分析技术设计HNIS-1G阿达玛近红外光谱煤质分析平台。利用层次聚类算法对煤炭粒径进行了无管理模式识别,结果表明:系统聚类准确率达95.54%,粒径识别准确率达94.64%。