不同深度与倾角断层破碎带对Rayleigh波传播及场地地震动反应的影响研究

采用Rayleigh波时域波动输入方法,对Rayleigh波作用下的场地地震动反应进行动力时程反应分析,重点研究了断层破碎带深度与倾角对Rayleigh波传播以及场地地震动反应的影响。结果表明:断层破碎带对Rayleigh波传播及场地地震动反应影响显著。在Rayleigh波入射一侧的断层角点以及距角点较近处,峰值位移反应随着断层深度的增大而增大并趋于稳定,而随着断层倾角的增大其峰值位移反应明显减小;在Rayleigh波入射一侧的中远场地表面,断层深度与倾角对地面峰值位移反应影响很小;在另一侧中远场地面的峰值位移反应随着断层深度的增大而减小,而断层倾角的变化对该侧地面的峰值位移反应影响很小。最后通过改变场地条件进行了适用性分析,结果表明该结论具有较好的适用性。     

层状弹性场地基岩斜入射地震动二维反演

提出了层状弹性场地基岩斜入射地震动二维反演的一个方法,方法利用土层和半空间的精确动力刚度矩阵,根据地表某一点的水平和竖向两个地震加速度记录,进行基岩地震加速度时程和入射角的反演,并以SV波二维斜入射为例对方法进行了验证。研究表明,根据水平和竖向两个地震加速度记录可以进行基岩地震加速度时程和入射角的准确反演。同时,对文献中仅根据地表水平加速度记录进行基岩面水平地震动的一维反演方法进行了误差分析,研究表明,一维反演因忽略了波型转换,在模型上存在一定的误差,且误差随着实际地震动斜入射角的增大而显著增大。     

近断层地震动斜输入下水电站厂房非线性地震响应研究

与远场地震动相比,近断层地震动往往有较大的速度和位移脉冲效应,且由于其发震断层埋深较浅,地震波垂直地表向上入射假定一般不再适用。目前关于水电站厂房抗震研究均未考虑近断层脉冲型地震动斜输入的影响。选取符合某水电站场地条件的近断层脉冲型和非脉冲地震动记录各5条,依据波动理论,采用黏弹性动力人工边界法,推导了SV波三维斜入射下的人工边界等效结点力计算公式,并进行了算例验证。建立了水电站厂房三维塑性损伤有限元分析模型,分析了水电站厂房在脉冲型和非脉冲地震动垂直和斜输入条件下的非线性地震响应。结果表明,近断层脉冲型地震动斜输入可以激起厂房结构的高阶振型,引起水电站厂房下部结构较大的损伤、位移、及应力响应,对厂房的破坏作用最强。     

不同深度与倾角断层破碎带对Rayleigh波传播

采用Rayleigh波时域波动输入方法,对Rayleigh波作用下的场地地震动反应进行动力时程反应分析,重点研究了断层破碎带深度与倾角对Rayleigh波传播以及场地地震动反应的影响。结果表明：断层破碎带对Rayleigh波传播及场地地震动反应影响显著。在Rayleigh波入射一侧的断层角点以及距角点较近处,峰值位移反应随着断层深度的增大而增大并趋于稳定,而随着断层倾角的增大其峰值位移反应明显减小;在Rayleigh波入射一侧的中远场地表面,断层深度与倾角对地面峰值位移反应影响很小;在另一侧中远场地面的峰值位移反应随着断层深度的增大而减小,而断层倾角的变化对该侧地面的峰值位移反应影响很小。最后通过改变场地条件进行了适用性分析,结果表明本文结论具有较好的适用性。     

典型地震动作用下长周期单自由度体系地震反应分析

通过单自由度体系典型地震反应分析探讨长周期结构的类共振及瞬态效应问题。远场类谐和地震动与近断层脉冲型地震动是导致长周期结构发生类共振的两类长周期地震动,而目前对此两类地震动特性以及地震反应的对比分析尚不多见。首先,通过卓越频率与能量时间分布系数对比分析,研究了长周期地震动能量时频分布特性,结果表明：两类长周期地震动的能量均集中在较低频段,且远场类谐和地震动的能量集中频段略低于近断层脉冲型地震动;近断层脉冲型地震动与普通地震动的能量在时域内分布较远场类谐和地震动集中。然后,进行了弹性反应谱对比分析,结果表明：在长周期段,远场类谐和地震动与近断层脉冲型地震动的加速度反应、速度反应、位移反应和输入能量均大于普通地震动,且速度反应、位移反应与输入能量的放大程度明显高于加速度反应;远场类谐和地震动的各反应明显大于近断层脉冲型地震动,且衰减更为缓慢。最后,提出瞬态效应的概念,并进行了实际地震动作用下的瞬态效应分析,结果表明：瞬态效应是地震动高频成分的固有属性,但不足以引起长周期结构的瞬态位移破坏。建议在对长周期结构进行抗震设计时,需要重点考虑两类长周期地震动引起的类共振问题,而不需要考虑瞬态效应。     

古建筑木构架长周期地震响应分析

在目前古建筑研究领域中,对木构架的抗震分析绝大多数都是在普通地震动作用下,而对长周期地震动作用下的木构架动力研究相对较少。因此,本文主要选择了两条典型的长周期地震波和两条普通的地震波,对古建筑木构架整体结构在两类地震波作用下的动力响应进行比较研究。研究表明,台湾集集地震波和Loma-Prieta 地震波的长周期成分要比El-Centro地震波和兰州波的长周期成分丰富的多;两条长周期地震波的高频成分远远少于两条普通地震波;在小震时,古建筑木构架对长周期地震动的动力响应值与普通地震动相差不大,而在中震和大震时,对长周期地震动的动力响应值要远远高于普通地震动;大震（400gal）时木构架的减震效果比中震（220gal）、小震（110gal）时的减震效果要好。     

隧道断层破碎带施工技术

本文对鹤顶山隧道断层破碎带段采用小管棚预支护、锚喷初期支护施工技术作了详细叙述,并对开挖方法作了简要介绍。     

隧道通过断层破碎带处理措施的探讨

本文在重庆至长沙公路彭水至武隆段的中兴隧道过断层破碎带的设计方案和施工所揭露情况来探讨隧道遇到断层破碎带时动态设计的必要性，并对施工方案进行分析。通过该隧道破碎带的安全贯通，对隧道穿过断层破碎带的处理方法进行了总结。     

断层破碎带化学注浆加固技术

东北大巷煤柱地区巷道在过断层破碎带时,顶板破碎严重,空顶大,通过采取化学注浆技术对巷道经行加固,改变了巷道围岩的力学性质,为巷道的安全快速掘进提供了有力条件。     

断层破碎带隧道施工技术分析

断层破碎带是我国隧道工程施工中常常遇到的地质情况,针对这样的地质情况,施工人员需要进行特别的施工技术处理,从而更好地保证隧道的施工质量。为此该文就对断层破碎带隧道施工要点以及施工技术进行以下的分析。     

Dynamic dip-slip fault rupture in a layered geological medium: Broken symmetry of seismic motion

As recorded recently on 22 November 2014 during the Nagano-ken Hokubu (Kamishiro Fault), Japan, earthquake, one important observation in dynamic rupture (fracture) related to a shallow dip-slip earthquake (usually assumed as mode-II shear crack propagation from depth towards a free surface) is the broken symmetry of seismic motion in the vicinity of the fracturing fault plane. Generally, the strong motion (particle motion) on the hanging wall is much larger than that on the footwall, but the physical mechanisms causing this asymmetry have not been fully clarified yet. Here, utilising the techniques of finite difference calculations and dynamic photoelasticity in conjunction with high speed cinematography, we investigate the fracture dynamics of a dip-slip fault plane situated near a free surface and try to explain the mechanics behind the asymmetry, numerically as well as experimentally. In our two-dimensional crack-like rupture models, we prepare a flat fault plane, which dips either vertically or at an angle, in a monolithic (scenario (1)) or layered (scenario (2)) linear elastic medium (representing rocks). In the basic scenario (1), when the primary fault rupture initiated at some depth approaches the free surface, four Rayleigh-type waves may be induced: two of them propagate along the free surface as Rayleigh surface waves into the opposite directions to the far field, and the other two travel back downwards along the fractured fault plane as interface waves into depth. If the fault plane is inclined, in the hanging wall, the interface and Rayleigh waves may interact with each other and a shear wave carrying concentrated energy (corner wave) can be produced to cause stronger disturbances. The corner waves, generated by primary fault rupture, may exist only when the fault plane is inclined, i.e. only when the geometry considered is asymmetric. In the scenario (2), however, we indicate that (anti-)symmetry of mode-II seismic motion can be easily broken even in geometrically symmetric models if the secondary fracture is allowed at an interface between layers. If primary vertical dip-slip fault rupture in an (anti-)symmetric model moves from depth and interacts with a horizontal interface that follows, for example, a tensile fracture criterion, basically only the interface segments where the primary rupture induces dynamic tension (in the relatively subsiding footwall) may be fractured and the segments in compression (in the rising hanging wall) may remain unbroken. In this case, in the hanging wall, the dynamic stresses in the upper layer above the interface become relatively large because the compressive parts of the primary rupture-induced wave (rupture front wave) can propagate from the lower layer across the still bonded interface into the upper layer, with less reflection back to the lower one. On the contrary, in the footwall, much of the energy carried by the rupture front wave in the lower layer is reflected at the broken interface and dynamic disturbances in the upper layer tend to become smaller. Thus, the strong motion on the hanging wall is expected to become larger than that on the footwall not only in geometrically asymmetric cases but also in symmetric ones.     

基于瞬时故障特征频率趋势线和故障特征阶比模板的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断

针对难以从滚动轴承的时频分布中提取瞬时转频分量的问题,本文利用由轴承包络时频谱中提取的瞬时故障特征频率替代传统瞬时转频实现重采样,进而基于故障特征因子与转频阶比边带构造故障特征阶比模板以实现变转速运行模式下滚动轴承故障诊断。其具体算法由以下四个部分组成：首先,联合应用谱峭度滤波算法与短时傅里叶变换得到能够突出瞬时故障特征频率的包络时频谱;其次,提出基于幅值重调的峰值搜索算法对瞬时故障特征趋势线进行提取;再次,以瞬时故障特征频率趋势线为基础对原信号进行故障相角域重采样并得到故障特征阶比谱;最后,根据被监测轴承的故障特征因子构造故障特征阶比模板对滚动轴承的运行状态与故障类别进行判断。仿真算例和应用实例将对该算法的有效性予以证明。     

海底隧道断层破碎带信息化施工

海底隧道开挖支护施工难度很大、安全风险极高,结合国内第二条海底隧道断层破碎带施工。采用地质调查、隧道地震勘探法(TSP法)、隧道内超前钻孔等方法,通过数据分析处理,预测了掌子面前方45 m范围内的基本地质条件,如岩性、规模、位置的长期超前地质预报,以及精度较高的短期超前地质预报,据此综合超前地质预报结果,采取上半断面全断面超前预注浆加固地层、台阶法开挖、加强支护。同时,对施工中水平收敛、拱顶下沉等监控量测数据进行分析,动态反馈于施工过程中,此即海底隧道断层破碎带信息化施工。该方法在施工中取得令人满意的结果。     

全矢小波包-包络分析方法及其在齿轮故障诊断中的应用

在旋转机械故障诊断中,针对传统单源信息采集的不全面性,提出了一种基于全矢谱技术的小波包-包络分析方法。首先对同源双通道信息分别采用小波包分解,根据需要选择频段的信息,并对提取的信号进行重构。然后采用全矢Hilbert解调分析方法对重构信号实现包络解调,并与两单源信息的包络解调相比较,说明了仅以单源信息为诊断依据的不足。利用全矢谱技术进行融合的全矢小波包-包络解调技术,不仅继承了小波包-包络分析方法的优势,而且更加全面地反映出了信号的真实性。最后通过仿真信号对其算法的可行性进行了验证,同时又以齿轮的故障振动信号为例,进一步表明了该方法在故障诊断中的有效性。     

Continuum coupled cohesive zone elements for analysis of fracture in solid bodies

Embedding cohesive surfaces into finite element models is a widely used technique for the numerical simulation of material separation (i.e. crack propagation). Typically, a traction-separation law is specified that relates the magnitude of the cohesive traction to the distance between the separating surfaces. Thus the characterization of fracture in such models is not directly coupled to the bulk constitutive response, in the sense that the cohesive traction does not explicitly depend on material stretching in the plane of the fracture surface. In this work, an initially-rigid cohesive-traction formulation that is coupled to the surrounding continuum is introduced as a further development of the cohesive zone idea. In this model, the traction-separation law - and therefore the fracture phenomenology - derives directly from the bulk constitutive law. The immediate goal is an improved cohesive zone framework that naturally and logically initiates cohesive separation behavior, and couples its evolution to the material state in the region of the crack tip. A cohesive element based on this model is implemented in an explicit three-dimensional finite element code. Proof-of-concept analyses using both linear elastic and Gurson void growth constitutive relations are presented. A three-point bend simulation is found to give good agreement with experimental results.     

基于高阶累积量的柴油发动机曲轴轴承故障特征提取

利用基于高阶累积量降维处理的1.5维谱、2.5维谱分析曲轴轴承不同磨损间隙下的发动机振动信号,提取曲轴轴承磨损故障的特征参数,有效地解决了高阶累积量计算量巨大,难以实现在线应用的缺点。试验时将振动加速度传感器放置在发动机缸体的5个不同的位置测取振动信号并分析,提取高阶谱降维处理后的特定频段内的频带能量作为特征值。结果表明,本文提出的方法能够有效地抑制噪声的干扰,提取出的特征参数能够较好地反映曲轴轴承的技术状态,且当发动机转速达1300r/min以上,振动加速度传感器置于油底壳与缸体接缝处的左右两侧时,采集的振动信号最能反映曲轴轴承的技术状况。     

Cohesive zone modeling of interface fracture in elastic bi-materials

Some basic issues regarding the cohesive zone modeling of interface fracture between two dissimilar elastic materials are studied. The dependence of the cohesive energy density on the phase angle is first discussed under small scale cohesive zone conditions. It is then shown that in general the stress singularities in tension and shear cannot be simultaneously removed at the cohesive zone tip if a single cohesive zone length is adopted for both tensile and shear fracture modes. Finally, the energy dissipation at the tip of a prescribed cohesive zone is examined using a bilinear cohesive zone model under the uncoupled tension/shear conditions.     

面向事务处理的容错计算机系统结构设计与实现

提出了一种面向事务处理的容错计算机体系结构,设计了基于三模冗余的仲裁器和仲裁算法。在集群中,利用中心结点故障检测机制,采用仲裁器得到了一个逻辑上高可靠的管理态结点,通过该结点可以实现系统快速故障诊断和故障恢复。实验结果表明：节点间故障检测时间小于2s,故障节点切换时间小于5s,该系统的故障检测、故障节点切换可以满足事务处理系统对可靠性的要求。     

Significance of K-dominance zone size and nonsingular stress field in brittle fracture

Stress intensity factor has been used to characterize the fracture toughness of a brittle material. This practice is apparently based on the assumption that the singular stress alone at the crack tip is responsible for fracture and that the nonsingular part of the near tip stress has no effect on fracture. In this study, mode I fracture experiments were conducted on a brittle material (PMMA) with four different specimen configurations. The result indicated that fracture toughness cannot be described by stress intensity alone and that a second parameter representing the influence of the nonsingular stress is needed. A two-parameter fracture model was proposed and validated with the experimental result. This two-parameter model was shown to be able to account for various effects created by specimen configurations, crack sizes, and loading conditions, on the fracture behavior of brittle materials.