多龄期桥梁斜拉索疲劳损伤演化声发射监测技术研究

斜拉索在斜拉桥体系中有着举足轻重的作用,但易遭受腐蚀和疲劳累积损伤。目前对多龄期斜拉索腐蚀疲劳损伤演化规律的研究还较少。拟采用声发射技术监测国内某大桥腐蚀斜拉索疲劳损伤演化过程。首先,通过拉伸试验,得到了斜拉索中腐蚀钢丝和未腐蚀钢丝的应力-应变关系曲线,其实验结果表明腐蚀对斜拉索力学性能有较大的影响;其次对大桥拆下来的多龄期斜拉索进行疲劳测试,运用声发射技术监测了它的动态损伤过程,获得了斜拉索整个损伤过程的声发射特征参数,根据声发射累积能量参数分析结果,得到了多龄期斜拉索疲劳损伤演化规律;最后,对斜拉索疲劳损伤演化的各个阶段声发射波形进行小波分析,提取出各自的特征波形,并运用FFT分析其频率分布范围,进一步分析了损伤的形成原因,实现了对多龄期斜拉索损伤声发射源类型的确定     

基于小波包分析的拉索损伤声发射信号特征提取

结合显式有限元和小波包分析技术开展了拉索损伤声发射信号特征提取的仿真分析。采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA模拟得到拉索损伤声发射信号的仿真信号,基于小波包能量谱对拉索声发射的有限元仿真信号进行了特征提取,从小波包分解层次、特征频带数量的选择及特征参数的噪声鲁棒性三个方面开展了讨论分析。结果表明:(1)通过选择适当的小波包分解层次,小波包能量谱可以精细地反映信号的特征;(2)选取少数特征频带就能使得小波包能量谱反映声发射信号的特征信息;(3)基于小波包能量谱的特征参数具有良好的损伤敏感性及噪声鲁棒性,能在强噪声影响下实现对拉索不同损伤类型的判别。     

光纤光栅声发射检测新技术用于轴承状态监测的研究

轴承的健康状况对旋转机械的工作状况有极大的影响。航空器中的故障轴承会间接造成事故,给飞行安全带来灾难性的后果,需要进行早期故障的有效检测判别或状态监测。与振动等传统的检测手段相比,声发射可有效检测到故障的早期状态,准确判断故障类别和严重程度。介绍了滚动轴承故障声发射检测原理以及光纤光栅声发射检测新技术。以预制外圈缺陷的轴承为例,进行了压电式声发射传感系统和光纤光栅声发射传感系统检测的对比实验,实验和分析结果表明光纤光栅声发射方法检测到的信号谱底噪声小,谱线清晰、干净,更容易分辨故障频率和分析故障的严重程度,优于振动和压电式声发射传感方法。最后介绍该技术在直升机维修保障中的应用情况。     

基于小波变换与统计分析的转子碰摩声发射特性研究

为解决转子碰摩损伤声发射信号分类及解释难题,应用PCI-2声发射系统和WS-ZHT1型多功能转子实验台组成转子碰摩声发射检测系统,采集转子局部碰摩声发射信号,通过理论分析声发射信号特征和小波基函数性质,dB8小波适合提取声发射信号特征;碰摩产生大量声发射信号,大量声发射信号的统计特性蕴涵较多碰摩信息。对不同转速条件下不同检测位置碰摩声发射信号的统计分析表明,声发射信号的功率谱密度集中在100～400 kHz。声发射信号平均幅值、平均能量可作为区分转子碰摩程度特征参数;功率谱主频可作为区分声发射相对位置特征参数,结论与碰摩类型无关。     

基于声发射的滚动轴承损伤定位方法研究

低速重载轴承故障特征频率低,受转速波动影响大,难以使用频谱分析进行故障源定位。将基于到达时间差的声发射定位方法应用于轴承故障定中,找出损伤的确切位置。针对轴承的环形结构,建立了不依赖于声发射传播速度的定位计算模型。同时提出了基于小波包分解的最优时差计算方法来提高定位精度。推力轴承座圈上的断铅实验和模拟损伤定位实验均表明该方法具有很高的定位精度。该定位方法不依赖于转速和频率分析,对变速大型轴承的故障定位具有应用潜力。     

基于时序分析的拉深件成型裂纹的特征参数提取

研究金属拉深制件声发射信号特征参数的提取对判断成型制件的质量尤为重要。研究采用时序分析和MATLAB对经过小波包分解的声发射信号进行特征参数的提取。在此过程中利用时间序列的自相关系数和偏相关系数的拖尾性及截尾性来判断模型的类型;采用FPE (final prediction error,最终预测误差0029准则对模型进行定阶;以最小二乘估计法对模型的参数进行估计。最后,根据所建立的自回归谱模型提取声发射信号的特征参数。研究结果是通过此方法成功提取到了金属拉深制件声发射信号的特征参数及其分布图,为成型制件质量的判断提供了有利的依据。     

局域波法在海洋平台结构声发射信号监测中的应用

摘要：将局域波用于分析导管架海洋平台模型的声发射信号,以获得声发射信号的时频特征和频率能量分布。通过局域波分解将声发射信号分解为一组基本模式分量（IMF）,对每一个IMF分量进行希尔伯特变换获得信号能量随时间频率的变化;由局域波时频谱得到边际谱,反映声发射信号的能量频率分布特征。通过分析导管架海洋平台模型模拟声发射信号,获得了特征,运用局域波分析方法监测到导管架海洋平台预制裂纹声发射信号的出现。因此,局域波法可以用于分析导管架海洋平台的声发射信号,在声发射信号处理领域将会有广阔的应用前景。     

碎片云撞击声发射信号能量特征小波包分析

利用小波包分析技术对碎片云撞击载荷作用下铝合金板声发射信号的能量分布特征进行了研究。首先,介绍了碎片云撞击信号的获取方案及撞击引起的损伤情况;其次,对获取的声发射信号进行小波包分析,得到了信号在频率带上能量分布特征图。最后,讨论了碎片云撞击损伤特征与声发射信号能量分布的关系。分析结果发现,对于相同质量的弹丸,随着其破碎程度的提高,形成的碎片云对后板的损伤程度减少;弹丸具有的初始速度越大,弹丸破碎越完全,碎片云撞击声发射信号中的能量越小;当弹丸破碎程度低时,碎片云撞击引起的声发射信号能量集中在约488kHz以下;弹丸破碎程度越高,信号中488kHz以上的能量所占总能量的比例越大。     

基于损伤存在概率成像方法的复合材料结构损伤识别

基于小波分析理论和概率统计原理,提出一种损伤存在概率成像方法,对复合材料结构进行在线的健康监测。首先对结构损伤前后Lamb信号进行比较,提取信号的能量特征差异系数,作为损伤指标;然后用概率统计方法判断该损伤指标是由损伤引起的还是因环境变化造成的;最后用成像算法给出存在概率图像识别损伤。对复合材料板结构进行实验验证该方法的可行性,具有一定的实际工程应用价值。     

不同拉伸速率下钢材损伤的声发射监测评价

钢材已成为生产的基本材料,被广泛应用于各行业,目前还没有对其进行损伤动态监测的有效方法。采用声发射技术对钢材Q235在不同的拉伸速率下进行损伤动态监测试验研究,首先通过试验获取了不同拉伸速率时材料的弹性、屈服、强化、颈缩和断裂各个力学行为阶段声发射信号并提取各个特征参数;然后通过各个特征参数累积量历程图归一化曲线对钢材拉伸损伤过程进行评价,发现特征参数累积量历程图归一化曲线可以明显反映出钢材拉伸整体演变过程及各个力学行为阶段特征,并且随着拉伸速率的减小,在屈服阶段的结束端点出现更为明显的突增量,可作为表征屈服阶段和强化阶段的重要转折点。结合拉伸力学,对各个力学行为阶段声发射信号的产生机制和特征进行总结,可为钢材后期声发射信号源的产生机制以及后期损伤定量、寿命预测的研究提供参考了依据。     

共沉淀法合成La_(0.9)Sr_(0.1)Ga_(0.8)Mg_(0.2)O_(3-δ)及其性质的研究

采用共沉淀法合成了具有钙钛矿结构的中温固体电解质La_(0.9)Sr_(0.1)Ga_(0.8)Mg_(0.2)O_(3-δ)(LSGM),并用DTA-TGA和X射线衍射仪分析了LSGM材料中钙钛矿相的形成过程,采用SEM、交流阻抗谱等检测技术对LSGM电解质的结构及性能进行了表征.XRD分析结果表明,1200℃烧结后,粉体开始形成钙钛矿结构,随温度的升高粉体中杂相含量越来越少,于1450℃时形成了单一的钙钛矿相结构.     

Degradation behaviour of sputtered Co–Al coatings on superalloy

Degradation behaviour of sputtered Co–Al coatings on Superni-718 substrate has been investigated. Cyclic high temperature oxidation tests were conducted on uncoated and coated samples at peak temperatures of 900 °C for up to 100 thermal cycles between the peak and room temperatures. The results showed that a dense scale formed on the coated samples during thermal cycling at the peak temperature of 900 °C. The external scale exhibited good spallation resistance during cyclic oxidation testing at both temperatures. The improvement in oxide scale spallation resistance is believed to be related to the fine-grained structure of the coating. Nanostructured Co–Al coatings on Superni-718 substrate were deposited by DC/RF magnetron sputtering. FE-SEM/EDS, AFM, and XRD were used to characterize the morphology and formation of different phases in the coatings, respectively. The Co–Al coating on superalloy substrate showed better performance of cyclic high temperature oxidation resistance due to its possession of β-CoAl phase as Al reservoir and the formation of Al₂O₃ and spinel phases such as CoCr₂O₄ and CoAl₂O₄ in scale. The oxidation results confirmed an improved oxidation resistance of the Co–Al coating on superalloy as compare to bare substrate in air at 900 °C temperature up to 100 cycles.     

Study of the interface behaviour between MABS/TPU bi-layer structures obtained through over moulding

The strength of adhesion between two over-moulded polymers, methylmethacrylate–butadiene–styrene copolymer (MABS) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) that constitute a bi-component laminar system has been the subject of study. Results showed that at the bi-layer interface the adhesive fracture toughness increases as temperature and surface roughness are increased. Roughness has been demonstrated to be the most important parameter defining adhesion strength and failure. With the increase of roughness the failure was observed to change from adhesive towards cohesive type. An increase in either the temperature or the pressure applied to the samples caused a rise in adhesion energy. However, pressure seemed to have a minor effect in comparison to temperature. Significant increments in adhesion were obtained after applying the corona discharge treatment (CDT) to the attaching surfaces resulting in adhesion strengths almost double those of non-treated systems.     

非晶Sm5Fe74.3Nb1.5Si11.7B4.5C2.5Cu0.5合金经预退火后的晶化动力学的DTA研究

研究了非晶Sm5Fe74.3Nb1.5Si11.7B4.5C2.5Cu0.5合金经400℃，保温10min预退火后的晶化动力学。结果表明；该合金的晶化相为α-Fe固溶体和Sm2Fe17Cx金属间化合物，两相的晶化表观激活能分别为557KJ/mol和514KJ/mol，当晶化体积分数为60%时，α-Fe相的晶化激活能达极大值；Sm2Fe17Cx相晶化激活能则随其晶化体积分数的增加而逐渐减小。     

Thermal design and performance of the SCUBA-2 instrument 1-K and mK systems

Various research fields require large and complex instruments containing detectors operating at millikelvin temperatures. The materials and techniques traditionally used in cryogenics are often unsuitable for the demanding requirements of such instruments. We describe the thermal design and performance of the 1-K and millikelvin systems of the SCUBA-2 instrument. This is an astronomical “camera” operating at wavelengths of 450 and 850 μm. It is the largest and most complex instrument ever built for sub-mm astronomy, and the first to use a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator. The design consists of a mix of traditional techniques (but used in demanding situations) as well as novel elements. The thermal performance has been stable and very successful, and we hope that the details described here will be useful to the designers of future large instruments.     

Influence of mould design on the solidification of heavy forging ingots of low alloy steels by numerical simulation

Ingot casting of a 6-ton, heat-treatable Cr–Mo low alloy steel was simulated using finite element method in three dimensions. Effects of casting parameters including bottom pouring rate, mould slenderness ratio, mould slope, and height and shape of the hot top isolate on solidification behaviour and crack susceptibility during subsequent hot forging of the ingot were investigated. The simulation model was validated against experimental data of two different ingot mould designs. Influences of the casting parameters on the riser efficiency and possible crack formation in the intersection of hot top and ingot body during subsequent open-die forging of the cast steel ingots were discussed. Results showed that pouring the melt under a constant rate, reducing the mould slenderness ratio, and using a proper design for the hot top isolate would all improve the riser efficiency and thereby possibly reduce crack susceptibility during subsequent hot forging.     

Thermal Stability of Amorphous Hydride Mg_(50)Ni_(50)H_(54) and Mg_(30)Ni_(70)H_(45)

The thermal stability of amorphous ternary hydrides Mg_(50)Ni_(50)H_(54) and Mg_(30)Ni_(70)H_(45) and their corre-sponding amorphous binary alloys Mg_(50)Ni_(50) and Mg_(30)Ni_(70) were studied with X-ray diffraction(XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). Samples of the amorphous alloys were preparedby mechanical alloying and the amorphous hydrides were obtained by charging the alloys with gas-eous hydrogen at 3.0 MPa and 423 K. It was found that the amorphous hydrides released most oftheir hydrogen before the crystallization of the essentially hydrogen depleted amorphous alloy. Thecrystallization temperature of amorphous Mg_(50)Ni_(50)H_(54) elevated and that of amorphousMg_(30)Ni_(70)H_(45) did not change in relation to the original binary amorphous alloy. This is very excep-tional for amorphous hydrides. The reason for the effects of hydrogen absorption/desorption on thecrystallization of amorphous alloys was discussed.     

Materials’ tactile testing and characterisation for consumer products’ affective packaging design

Touch is one sense through which people judge consumer products. How materials’ properties influence these judgments is the topic of this paper. People’s sensorial or psycho-physical judgments (by touch) of the roughness, softness, slipperiness and warmth of 37 material samples are reported as well as their affective judgments, such as how pleasurable, exciting, indulgent, the samples felt. Physical measurements are also reported of the samples’ coarse and fine surface finishes, compliance, sliding friction and thermal contact properties. Relationships between the affective and sensorial judgments and the physical measurements are explored. A relational hierarchy is established from the physical measurements to the sensorial to the affective judgements. By following the dependencies in reverse, from the affective to the sensorial to the physical level, the required material surface properties to transmit intended affective messages to consumers might be determined. However, further work is needed on how to quantify some aspects of surface properties, particularly of roughness and sliding friction, in a manner useful for relating to affect. The methods described currently support communication and decision taking during the product development process.     

PMMA单分子膜成膜特性研究

研究了ＰＭＭＡ单分子膜的成膜特性及其结构．结果表明，ＰＭＭＡ能够在较大的表面压范围内形成稳定的单分子膜，并且具有不可重复压缩性、表面压力的各向异性和松驰特性．ＴＥＭ照片显示，ＰＭＭＡ分子链在单分子膜中是有序平行排列的     

Fabrication of NiCr alloy parts by selective laser melting: Columnar microstructure and anisotropic mechanical behavior

NiCr alloy, because of its wide applications in electrical elements and dental field was widely studied in the past. In this work, NiCr cubes and tensile specimens were fabricated by using a new processing technique-selective laser melting (SLM). Microstructural and mechanical behavior characterization of SLM-processed NiCr components was performed. An unusual columnar microstructural architecture composed of 〈1 0 0〉 texture (corresponding to (2 0 0) plane) oriented the building direction was observed. Moreover, it was found that the columnar grain growth across the melt pools occurred during the SLM process and the growth trend became stronger with the decrease of the laser scanning speed. Associated with the microstructural characteristic, an anisotropic mechanical behavior at different reference planes (i.e., at the horizontal and vertical surfaces) was demonstrated for the samples fabricated using different processing parameters. The results showed that with increasing the laser scanning speed, the microhardness at the horizontal surface decreased, while at the vertical surface it increased; an increase of the yield strength (YS) and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) was observed.