考虑温度影响的软黏土长期动孔压模型研究

以宁波轨道交通④层淤泥质黏土为对象,开展了不同温度、动应力、初始偏应力、围压作用下的动三轴试验,获得了不同试验条件对孔压的影响规律。在此基础上,对现有的孔压-振动次数双曲线模型进行改进,建立了考虑温度影响的动孔压-振动次数模型;其次,利用孔压试验结果对模型进行验证,并给出了不同试验工况下的模型参数;最后,基于动态平衡假设,建立了长期动荷载作用下考虑温度影响的归一化孔压预测模型,模型预测值与试验结果吻合性较好,可以为轨道交通设计和施工提供理论依据。     

混凝土单轴拉伸的应变软化行为及描述

本文将试件和试验机置于一个系统中，对混凝土单轴拉伸试验的稳定性条件进行了分析并得到了单轴拉伸应变软件条件下部分的稳定平衡路径，结果表明，软化曲线的形状不仅与材料性质有关，还与试验机刚度和试件尺寸有关，此时不应将混凝土的软化性质单纯视为材料特性，在不同的软化阶段，应采用不同的模型表达，本文还将理论曲线与试验结果进行了比较，在软化段初上降部分模型结果与实验曲线符合较好。     

基于大型动三轴试验的粗粒土累积塑性应变概率模型研究

路基填土在长期交通动荷载作用下的累积塑性变形存在离散性。通过一系列粗粒土大型动三轴试验分析其累积塑性应变随围压、动应力及含水率的发展趋势和变化规律。结果表明:累积塑性应变及其稳定值随动应力的增加而增大,随围压的增加而减小,说明增大围压能有效抑制土体累积塑性变形的发展;土体的动力稳定性随含水率的减小而增加。基于半对数预测模型,运用灰色系统关联理论探究模型参数与含水率和动静应力比的相关性特征,并通过正态性检验论证得到控制粗粒土累积塑性应变发展速率的模型参数服从正态分布。基于概率失效理论,提出预测粗粒土填料累积塑性应变的概率模型,可较好地预测粗粒土填料在循环动荷载作用下的累积塑性应变发展区间。     

考虑温度相关性的LRB隔震桥梁地震响应分析

系统的研究了铅芯橡胶隔震支座的温度相关性,以及支座温度相关性对隔震桥梁地震响应的影响。试验温度的变化范围为-40℃至50℃,通过拟静力试验的滞回曲线测定了支座在不同温度下的屈前刚度、屈后刚度和屈服剪力。根据所测得的试验数据,采用回归分析,得出了支座的温度影响相关系数函数。建立了LRB隔震桥梁的力学模型,分析了考虑支座温度相关性对隔震桥梁地震响应的影响。比较了不同温度下支座滞回的计算结果。对比分析了不同温度下,隔震梁桥墩顶剪力、梁位移和梁加速度的计算结果,得出了若不考虑支座的温度效应墩顶剪力和梁加速度会有较大的误差,而温度效应对梁位移影响较小的结论。     

考虑应变均值影响的天然橡胶隔振元件疲劳寿命预测

对橡胶试柱进行单轴疲劳试验,分析了应变幅值一定时,应变均值对疲劳寿命的影响。以哑铃型天然橡胶试柱为研究对象,通过有限元计算分析,得到了加载位移与橡胶试柱危险位置处最大主应变的关系。构建了应变均值函数,以应变比R=0时的 曲线为基准疲劳寿命曲线,建立了不同应变均值和幅值下的天然橡胶隔振元件的疲劳寿命预测模型。使用该模型预测得到的哑铃型天然橡胶试柱疲劳寿命与试验疲劳寿命具有较好相关性。文中提出的天然橡胶元件的疲劳寿命预测模型,可用于建立天然橡胶材料的疲劳寿命数据库。     

循环动荷载下泥化夹层累积变形特性研究

泥化夹层是诱发岩体工程失稳破坏的重要因素之一。为研究循环动荷载下泥化夹层的累积变形特性,深入分析主要影响因素,在黄河中游某大型水利枢纽工程勘探平硐采取试样,开展了不同工况条件下泥化夹层的动三轴试验研究。在考虑主要黏土矿物成分、黏粒含量、含水率、围压和频率等影响因素的基础上,根据试验成果,探求适合描述泥化夹层累积应变发展规律的理论模型,并基于动应力～应变关系研究了泥化夹层的动弹性模量特征。研究结果表明:(1)泥化夹层的累积应变发展规律具有破坏型特征,不符合稳定型累积应变特征,利用Monismith模型进行描述是合理的;(2)泥化夹层的动应力～应变曲线符合Hardin双曲线模型;(3)泥化夹层的累积应变随含水率、黏粒含量和频率的增大而增大,随围压的增大先减小后增大;(4)泥化夹层的动弹性模量随围压增大单调递增,随循环周次、含水率和频率的增大而单调递减;(5)主要黏土矿物成分为蒙伊混层时,泥化夹层的累积应变最大,动弹性模量随循环周次增加而衰减最快。     

测定混凝土应变软化曲线的J积分法

本文提供用普通材料试验机对含有不同初始裂缝深度混凝土劈裂试件进行断裂试验的结果。试验得到了稳定的荷载位移全过程曲线。求得了断裂韧度JIC、δC、断裂能GF；并由J积分法推导出了混凝土材料的拉应变软化曲线。     

考虑温度梯度的模态应变能法海洋平台损伤检测研究

针对导管架式海洋平台,研究了海水温度梯度对结构整体损伤检测方法之一的模态应变能法的影响。以一个导管架平台为模型,考虑温度对钢材弹性模量的影响,建立了该平台在模拟的海水温度梯度下的有限元模型。通过使用模态应变能法对该模型进行损伤检测,总结了温度梯度对基于模态应变能法的海洋平台损伤检测的影响规律。结果表明温度梯度会使该方法损伤定位能力变弱,对结构冗余度越大的构件影响越大;同时会使损伤程度识别精度降低,构件结构冗余度越大、损伤程度越小,影响越大。     

一种考虑应变率效应的结构非线性时程分析方法

提出了一种在非线性时程分析中考虑材料应变率效应的近似方法：首先,对结构进行不考虑应变率效应的非线性时程分析;然后,根据第一次分析的结果可以得到关键位置在与结构最大顶点位移对应的前1/4循环内的平均应变率,根据这些点的平均应变率对进入非线性构件材料的本构关系进行修正;最后,对结构进行第二次分析。文中给出了该方法的力学解释,并通过数值模拟对该方法进行了验证。结论：本文提出的方法具有较高的精度,可以作为一种在非线性时程分析中考虑应变率效应的有效方法。     

考虑杨氏模量随轴向温度分布变化的转子有限元建模方法研究

根据转子材料杨氏模量随温度的二次多项式变化函数,推导了考虑温度分布的单元刚度矩阵,给出了考虑转子轴向温度分布的有限元模型,分析了在轴向温度均匀分布、线性分布和二次多项式分布情况下转子临界转速的变化趋势。结果表明,模型可以体现转子轴向温度分布对刚度矩阵的影响,能够有效提高高温下转子临界转速的计算精度。     

初始剪应力与频率对超固结软土变形试验研究

通过GDS循环三轴试验系统,对循环荷载作用下杭州饱和软粘土的动应变变化规律进行了研究,分析了循环应力比、初始剪应力、振动频率及超固结比等因素对动应变的影响。研究结果表明:随着循环应力比的增加,动应变发展速度增快。循环荷载作用下饱和软粘土存在临界循环应力比,通过动应变与循环次数关系曲线也可以确定其值大小。在循环初期,应变率较大,随着循环时间的增加,应变率逐渐减小。随着循环应力比的增加,应变率增加。振动频率对应变-循环次数关系影响明显,随着频率的增加,动应变减小;然而,振动频率对动应变-时间与应变率-时间关系影响不明显。随着初始剪应力的增大,动应变发生较大幅度的增加。初始剪应力对应变率具有显著影响;随着初始剪应力的增加,应变率增加。在对数坐标下,应变率随时间线性减小。随着超固结比的增加,动应变及应变率均减少。在上述试验基础上建立了应变率与时间关系表达式,通过积分得到了循环荷载作用下考虑初始剪应力、振动频率及超固结比影响的杭州饱和软粘土的累积塑性应变模型。     

计及温度条件下的微穿孔板结构优化设计

微穿孔板吸声体是由穿孔直径在1 mm以下的薄板和板后空腔组成的共振吸声结构,其结构通常可利用经典的微穿孔板理论来设计。但在温度变化条件下,经典的微穿孔板理论已经不足以设计出满足要求的微穿孔板结构。文中在设计微穿孔板吸声结构时,不仅考虑了结构参数孔径d、板厚t、孔间距b及空腔深度D对微穿孔板吸声特性的影响,又计入了温度T这一参数。拟采用改进的粒子群优化算法,分别对一定温度下的单层和双层微穿孔板吸声体的结构参数进行优化设计,搜索得到最优的参数组合,使其在给定的频带范围内平均吸声系数最高。优化结果表明:利用改进的粒子群算法设计出的微穿孔板吸声结构在给定频率范围内吸声系数较大,且符合给定温度的要求。     

Boundary effect on the softening curve of concrete

The apparent fracture energy of concrete experimentally determined on the basis of the work of fracture in bending or wedge splitting tests becomes larger with increasing specimen dimensions. This experimental observation may be attributed to the varying local fracture energy along the crack path. When the crack tip approaches the specimen boundary, the size of the fracture process zone will be reduced and, consequently, only a portion of the fracture energy is activated; i.e., the local fracture energy is getting smaller. The influence of this boundary effect diminishes with increasing specimen size resulting in the size dependence of the apparent fracture energy determined by the work-of-fracture method as an average value in the ligament. With varying local fracture energy, the local softening curve will also show variations. The latter are subject of the present study. Wedge splitting tests with different specimen sizes as well as inverse analyses of these experiments were carried out. For the inverse analyses, the cohesive crack model was adopted and an evolutionary optimization algorithm has been used. The boundary effect on the local fracture properties was taken into account and, as a result, the variation of the softening curve along the crack path could be determined. It was found that the tail of the softening curve is shortened and lowered due to the boundary effect whereas the initial slope of this curve appears to be not affected.     

A modified model of solar collector/regenerator considering effect of the glazing temperature

Solar liquid collector/regenerator (C/R), combining the functions of solar collector and regenerator of absorbent solution together, can be effectively utilized in solar energy-driven liquid desiccant cooling systems. Based on thermal balance of the glazing of solar C/R, a group of modified heat and mass transfer models, validated by experimental results to reflect solution regeneration process more truly, were put forward in this paper. Numerical simulation showed only preheating air stream, keeping an equal humidity ratio, did raise the performance of solar C/R, but preheating solution increased the regeneration efficiencies to reach twice that of preheating air stream. There occurred optimum mass flow rates for both air stream and solution film reaching 36–48 kg m⁻¹ h⁻¹ and 4∼6 kg m⁻¹ h⁻¹ respectively for solar C/Rs of 3∼6 m long. As for effect of the length of solar C/Rs, the regeneration efficiency η_r reached a maximum value at about 4 m and shorter or longer solar C/Rs failed to increase solution regeneration efficiencies.     

Investigation of oscillating flow friction factor for cryocooler regenerator considering cryogenic temperature effect

In this paper, experimental results and correlations on the friction factor of screen regenerators are presented, being focused on the effect of cryogenic temperature. Cryogenic environment of helium gas is simulated by performing a simple room-temperature experiment using a higher density gas. Based on the experimental results, the proper correlations are proposed with several non-dimensional parameters. Numerical simulation results from the model with the proposed friction factor are compared to the experimental data under actual operating condition of cryocoolers. The experimental data confirm the accuracy and the availability of the proposed friction factor.     

Static and cyclic properties of clay subgrade stabilised with rice husk ash and Portland slag cement

In the present study, clay soil collected from new Banda, Uttar Pradesh, India has been treated with rice husk ash (RHA) and Portland slag cement (PSC). Based on unconfined compressive strength test results, the optimum mix obtained is of 82.5%Soil+7.5%PSC+10%RHA. The increase in strength of the optimum mix is about 29.8%, 37.2% and 48.55% for a curing period of 7, 14 and 30 days, respectively. The soaked California bearing ratio (CBR) test gives about 91.75% higher values as compared to unsoaked CBR test for a curing period of 30 days. Strain-controlled cyclic triaxial tests were conducted to study the variation of degradation index, shear modulus and damping ratio of the optimum mix with number of cycles for strain amplitudes of 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% and 1% and for frequencies of 0.2 and 1 Hz at an effective confining pressure of 100 kPa. It is observed that the degradation index decreases at a fast rate for the first 25–50 cycles. From the study, it is concluded that the aforementioned mix may be suitable for pavement subgrade material.     

Analysis of safety factors for urban expressways considering the effect of congestion in Shanghai,China

Urban expressways are the key components of the urban traffic network. The traffic safety situation on expressways directly influences the efficiency of the whole network. A total of 48,325 crashes were recorded by Shanghai Expressway Surveillance System in a three-year period. Considering the different crash mechanisms under different congestion levels, models for the total crashes, non-congested-flow crashes and congested-flow crashes were respectively formulated based on the real-time traffic condition corresponding to each crash. Moreover, considering the potential spatial correlation among segments, the adjacent-correlated spatial and distance-correlated spatial models were formulated and compared to the traditional non-spatial-correlated model. A Bayesian approach was employed to estimate the parameters. The results showed that the congestion index, merging ratio, ramp density, and average daily traffic significantly affect the crash frequency. The safety factors in non-congested flow and congested flow are different; diverging behavior is more risky in non-congested flow, more lanes tend to increase the risk of crashes in congested flow, and horizontal curves tend to decrease the crash risk in congested flow but cause high risk in non-congested flow. In addition, the distance-correlated spatial model is found to be the best-fitting model. The results of this study suggested that dedicated safety countermeasures can be designed for different traffic situations on urban expressways.     

Experimental investigation of the dynamic behavior of frozen clay from the Beiluhe subgrade along the QTR

The dynamic behavior of frozen clay obtained from the Beiluhe permafrost subgrade along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway (QTR) was investigated through cryo-dynamic triaxial experiments. The effects of several key factors, including temperature, moisture content, frequency and confining pressure on the dynamic behavior, were analyzed. It was found that a hyperbolic model could describe the dynamic behavior of the frozen clay well. The maximum dynamic shear modulus of the frozen soil decreases as the temperature rises and as the confining pressure decreases; the reference shear strain magnitude decreases as the temperature and confining pressure increase and as the moisture content decreases; the maximum damping ratio increases as the temperature, frequency and confining pressure increase and as the moisture content decreases. There exists a critical moisture content (around 18%) that maximizes the dynamic shear modulus; at the critical frequency (about 6 Hz), the dynamic shear modulus is at its maximum, and the reference shear strain magnitude and the damping ratio attenuation exponent are at their respective minima. Moreover, functions were proposed to quantitatively describe the relationship between frozen clay dynamic parameters and various influencing factors.