岩石声发射信号能量分布特征的EMD分析

冲击荷载作用下岩石声发射信号具有瞬态性和多样性的特点,属于典型的非平稳信号。利用EMD方法对岩石声发射信号进行分解,得到一系列具有不同特征时间尺度的IMF分量,对每一个平稳的IMF分量提取能量特征。分析结果表明：冲击荷载作用下岩石声发射信号能量主要分布在前4个IMF分量内,且分布不均匀;岩石声发射信号各IMF分量的频谱与原始信号的频谱基本一致;随着岩石的密度、纵波波速、弹性模量的降低,冲击荷载作用下岩石声发射信号的优势频率越来越集中,且其优势频率有往低频发展的趋势;相比小波包分析,EMD分析法对于非平稳信号而言更具适应性。     

基于声发射信号的滚动轴承外圈疲劳剥落故障双冲击特征提取

疲劳剥落是引起滚动轴承失效的主要原因。跟振动信号一样,当滚道出现疲劳剥落故障时滚动体在进入和退出剥落区时的声发射信号也存在对应的两类不同冲击特征,称为双冲击现象。对双冲击特征的提取可实现双冲击间隔的有效测量。声发射信号具有对早期故障敏感、不易受噪声干扰等优点。采用将两类特征分离处理的方法,将声发射信号中两类冲击特征分为两部分,通过AR模型和最小熵解卷积滤波增强故障特征信号,和基于复Morlet小波的谱峭度图算法提取优化解调频带对应的包络信号,对包络信号相加并进行双冲击间隔测量。实验研究表明,该方法能够有效地分离出滚动轴承外圈疲劳剥落故障声发射信号中的双冲击特征。     

SPCC钢滑动摩擦与拉伸声发射信号比较分析

为了将声发射技术应用在金属塑性加工中的摩擦监测中,以SPCC钢在拉伸过程与相对运动速度为100mm/min、正压力为7.5kg的摩擦过程产生的声发射信号特征为研究对象,分别用数据统计、平均值等方法对比分析了两种声发射信号的能量、振铃计数、幅度等参数。实验结果表明:SPCC钢拉伸的声发射能量值要远小于摩擦声发射能量值;拉伸的声发射振铃计数分布范围要略大于摩擦声发射振铃计数分布范围;拉伸的声发射幅度要小于摩擦声发射的幅度。最后对出现该现象的原因进行了探讨。     

基于模拟加载系统油压信号的自动测试与识别技术研究

在液压系统模拟加载与自动测试、识别过程中,工作装置油压波动信号是一种典型的非平稳信号。针对其影响因素多、不具备明显频域特征以及任何单一特征参量都无法对信号进行准确识别的难题,提出了对信号先进行状态分割,在分割基础上计算不同工作状态下的特征参量,并进行基于主成分分析(PCA)的特征提取方法,最后采用最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)构建多分类器,实现对工作装置6种不同工作状态的准确识别。实验结果验证了该方法的有效性,为同类液压系统的信号特征分析及模式识别提供了参考。     

基于频域盲解卷积的机械设备状态监测与故障诊断

在介绍频域盲解卷积（FDBD）模型的基础上,重点论述了其在工程信号特征提取中的关键技术：抑制循环—部分卷积误差的方法、次序不确定性的消除方法以及复数域盲分离算法的原理和应用。针对复杂环境或复杂机械设备结构中声、振信号的特征提取,全面综述了频域盲解卷积技术在机械设备状态监测和故障诊断中的研究现状,利用声学实验验证了其实际应用价值。论文最后指出了未来需要进一步研究的主要问题。     

基于滑动峰态算法的信号弱冲击特征提取及应用

机械故障振动信号中往往含有故障引起的弱冲击成分,冲击信号具有显著的非高斯特性,而零时滞四阶累积量即峰态能够描述信号偏离高斯分布的程度;基于峰态这一特性,本文提取一种基于滑动峰态算法的弱冲击特征提取方法,首先对原信号进行滑动峰态计算,获得一个新的峰态时间序列,然后对该峰态时间序列进行傅立叶变换,提取出信号中冲击成分的频率特征。通过强背景信号及噪声环境下弱冲击特征提取的仿真研究,证明了该方法具有很好的冲击特征提取能力。以实测齿轮断齿信号分析结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

应力波作用下岩石声发射实验研究

在霍普金森（SHPB）冲击系统上进行了应力波作用下岩石声发射实验,获得了该加载条件下岩石破裂的声发射规律。实验结果表明,应力波下,声发射峰值能量之前所出现的声发射信号相当匮乏;而且其能量规律呈现出两种明显不同的特征：I型,声发射峰值能量之后,能量迅速衰减,到了加载的末期,能量出现了一定的回升,产生了“拐点”;II型,声发射峰值能量之后,能量衰减相对I型较慢,且不出现“拐点”。研究结果表明,声发射的能量特征与岩石破碎的程度密切相关;冲击载荷作用下岩石的声发射不仅仅是裂纹信息的反映,其中也包含了对应力波信号的反映。     

光纤光栅声发射检测新技术用于轴承状态监测的研究

轴承的健康状况对旋转机械的工作状况有极大的影响。航空器中的故障轴承会间接造成事故,给飞行安全带来灾难性的后果,需要进行早期故障的有效检测判别或状态监测。与振动等传统的检测手段相比,声发射可有效检测到故障的早期状态,准确判断故障类别和严重程度。介绍了滚动轴承故障声发射检测原理以及光纤光栅声发射检测新技术。以预制外圈缺陷的轴承为例,进行了压电式声发射传感系统和光纤光栅声发射传感系统检测的对比实验,实验和分析结果表明光纤光栅声发射方法检测到的信号谱底噪声小,谱线清晰、干净,更容易分辨故障频率和分析故障的严重程度,优于振动和压电式声发射传感方法。最后介绍该技术在直升机维修保障中的应用情况。     

混凝土静态轴拉声发射试验相关参数研究

摘要：对声发射采集系统的硬件参数设置、滤噪参数设置以及声发射信号特征参数及其相关性进行了系统的试验研究。共进行了11组断铅人工激发源试验和13个混凝土试件的单轴静态拉伸试验,采用全数字化的参数-波形式声发射采集系统和三种不同型号的传感器同步采集并存储了试验过程中的声发射特征参数和波形,应用参数和波形分析相结合的方法以及波形事后提取分析等技术手段对数据进行分析。结果表明：前置放大器增益、阈值、波形采样率和采样长度、带通滤波器等有一合理参数取值;幅度、振铃、持续时间、声发射信号能量、绝对能量、信号强度这6个参数能够较好地体现混凝土轴拉损伤过程的阶段性特征;声发射幅度、振铃数、持续时间、上升时间和信号强度5个参数之间存在显著的相关性。研究成果可为采用声发射技术研究混凝土的损伤破坏过程提供参考依据。     

双自适应小波局部极大模方法及其在信号特征提取中的应用

将小波分析中的局部极大模方法采用双自适应提升算法进行改进,用于机械故障冲击信号特征的提取,获取了信号时域和频域冲击特征。将该方法应用于滚动轴承微弱冲击特征的提取,并将原始信号直接进行包络分析、原始信号极大模包络分析、经典小波分析方法、第二代小波的细节信号方法进行了对比。结果表明,双自适应局部极大模方法可以更有效的提取信号中的冲击特征,对小波分解层数极不敏感,表现出了很好的鲁棒性。新方法为进一步实施冲击型故障的诊断工作提供新的思路。     

On the application of laser shock peening for retardation of surface fatigue cracks in laser beam‐welded AA6056

The present study aims to investigate the extent to which the fatigue behaviour of laser beam‐welded AA6056‐T6 butt joints with an already existing crack can be improved through the application of laser shock peening. Ultrasonic testing was utilized for in situ (nondestructive) measurement of fatigue crack growth during the fatigue test. This procedure allowed the preparation of welded specimens with surface fatigue cracks with a depth of approximately 1.2 mm. The precracked specimens showed a 20% reduction in the fatigue limit compared with specimens without cracks in the as‐welded condition. Through the application of laser shock peening on the surfaces of the precracked specimens, it was possible to recover the fatigue life to the level of the specimens tested in the as‐welded condition. The results of this study show that laser shock peening is a very promising technique to recover the fatigue life of welded joints with surface cracks, which can be detected by nondestructive testing.     

基于相控阵激光超声的裂纹衍射增强试验研究

针对超声衍射时差法(TOFD)存在检测精度较差、区域检测可靠性不够和信号信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio, SNR)低等问题,提出了一种基于光纤皮秒激光器和高速旋转镜的相控阵激光超声裂纹检测方法。利用有限元方法模拟热弹机制,建立二维瞬态激光超声力-固耦合模型产生横波与纵波在缺陷处发生的衍射现象,分析了裂纹尖端不同奇异点、声波不同中心频率和相控阵激励源不同位置对声波衍射的影响,通过衍射信号的信噪比和位移幅值两个计算指标来分析变化规律,并进行了试验验证。结果表明:数值模拟与试验结果有较好的一致性,相控阵激光源较传统单束激光源对衍射信号幅值和信噪比有明显的增强作用,纵波衍射信号信噪比较理想;衍射信号幅值随裂纹尖端奇异点增加和声波中心频率减小而增大;信噪比随尖端奇异点增加而增大,随声波中心频率一定范围增加无明显变化,随激光源距离的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势;缺陷定量分析时计算出的裂纹长度与实际裂纹的误差均不超过6.8%。     

The effect of residual stresses arising from laser shock peening on fatigue crack growth

Residual stresses have in the past been introduced to manipulate growth rates and shapes of cracks under cyclic loads. Previously, the effectiveness of shot peening in retarding the rate of fatigue crack growth was experimentally studied. It was shown that the compressive residual stresses arising from the shot peening process can affect the rate of crack growth. Laser shock peening can produce a deeper compressive stress field near the surface than shot peening. This advantage makes this technique desirable for the manipulation of crack growth rates. This paper describes an experimental program that was carried out to establish this effect in which steel specimens were partially laser peened and subsequently subjected to cyclic loading to grow fatigue cracks. The residual stress fields generated by the laser shock peening process were measured using the neutron diffraction technique. A state of compressive stress was found near the surface and tensile stresses were measured in the mid-thickness of the specimens. Growth rates of the cracks were observed to be more affected by the tensile core than by the compressive surface stresses.     

爆炸冲击波信号处理方法比较

空中爆炸冲击波的实测信号中,常有幅值很大的瞬时干扰信号,冲击波超压峰值的获取往往需要采用后期信号处理的方法。针对模爆器产生的爆炸冲击波超压的特点,采用"经验拟合"和"数字滤波"2种不同的处理方法进行信号的消噪处理,通过对试验测试结果的比较研究,肯定了传统的经验公式拟合方法在爆炸冲击波信号处理中的适用性。     

A new effective method to estimate the effect of laser shock peening

The paper focuses on the influencing parameters to the plastically affected depth and maximum residual stress of the metallic target after laser shock peening. Firstly, by using a new coupling analysis method, the shock pressure characteristics including peak pressure and pressure duration are given. Secondly, based on the deduced pressure profile, dimensional analysis method is employed to find the controlling parameters, and the relationships of plastically affected depth, maximum residual stress versus peak pressure, pressure duration and laser spot size are given. Thirdly, a two dimension axisymmetric finite element model based on LS-DYNA package is built, and the dynamic responses of metallic target subject to laser shock processing are computed with different input parameters. The result shows that the plastically affected depth is proportional to pressure duration, whereas the maximum residual stress is independent with it; the plastically affected depth and the maximum residual stress are not affected by laser spot size within a certain range, whereas have approximate linear relationships with peak pressure after reaching to a certain level; maximum residual stress and plastically affected depth increase significantly for a thin target configuration in laser shock peening system.     

The influence of coatings on subsurface mechanical properties of laser peened 2011-T3 aluminum

High power Q-switched laser systems are currently being developed for use in a process known as laser shock processing or laser peening which results in significantly improved fatigue properties in aluminum components. An ablative, sacrificial coating such as paint or metal foil is used to protect the aluminum component from surface melting by the laser pulse, which adversely affects fatigue life. This paper, using nano-indentation, analyzes the effect of the paint and foil coatings on the shock wave propagation into the aluminum specimen and the resulting change in mechanical properties versus depth. Near the surface, hardness was found to be increased by the laser peening, however this process decreased the measured elastic modulus. The laser pulse energy density and properties of the foil including its adhesion to the aluminum alloy were found to influence the change in surface mechanical properties.     

激光冲击2024 铝合金诱导动态应力应变实验研究

为了研究激光冲击波动态加载过程中金属材料的动态应力应变特性,采用高功率激光器单次冲击2024 铝合金薄板,利     

16MnR钢激光冲击工艺及对焊接结构应力腐蚀性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

对16MnR母材进行激光冲击工艺实验,获得优化的激光冲击工艺参数。对激光-MAG复合焊焊接接头进行表面处理,分析接头激光冲击前后状态的残余应力分布及抗应力腐蚀性能变化。结果表明:对16MnR钢平板经激光冲击处理后,在材料表面最大可引入475μm厚度的塑性变形层,并同时引入-593 MPa的压应力分布。采用优化激光冲击工艺对16MnR钢焊接接头进行表面处理后,可有效减小焊接接头表面的残余拉应力分布。在3.5%NaCl(质量分数)条件下对激光冲击处理前后的接头试样进行慢应变速率应力腐蚀实验,发现激光冲击处理前后16MnR钢焊接接头的应力腐蚀敏感指数I_(SSRT)分别为0.106和0.104,表明激光冲击可以提高接头的抗应力腐蚀能力。     

Full-circular surface acoustic wave excitation for high resolution acoustic microscopy using spherical lens and time gate technology

With a fixed gate width under the condition where the focus of an acoustic lens was set inside the sample, we varied signal taking-in time. Discrimination was made between differences in time required for an ultrasonic signal reflected from the sample to reach the acoustic lens. This process also enabled three types of images to be obtained separately: the surface reflection wave image, a combination of images based on the interference of the surface reflection wave with surface acoustic waves, and the surface acoustic wave image. Thus it was presumed that this process also would reveal the causes of image contrast and allow an easy interpretation of images. Furthermore, the image resolution was improved, because the surface acoustic wave image was drawn by an ultrasonic beam produced by full-circular surface acoustic wave excitation propagating toward the center converging concentrically; the theoretical resolution was 0.4 times the value of the surface acoustic wave wavelength lambda(R) and independent of the defocus value of the acoustic lens. Several kinds of samples were observed with this method. The results showed that the new method permitted observation of the internal structures of samples while offering new knowledge through the data reflecting the ultrasonic wave damping and scatter drawn on the display.     

基于小波分解的水中电爆炸冲击波波形重建方法研究

水中金属丝电爆炸产生的冲击波,上升时间仅有数十纳秒,脉冲宽度仅为十几微秒,远小于化学炸药产生的冲击波,采用现有传感器对其进行精确测量非常困难。分析了冲击波波形形成过程,基于帕塞瓦尔时频域能量守恒定律,采用多尺度小波分解的方法,给出了一种冲击波波形重建方法。采用该方法对PCB138传感器实测的压力信号进行了重建,并与Müller-plate针式压力传感器得到的波形进行了比对。结果表明:重建后的信号更加接近真实波形,基于多尺度小波分解的波形重建算法,较基于傅立叶变换的重建算法,稳定性更好,准确度更高。