利用桨叶后缘小翼运动的旋翼桨毂振动载荷优化控制

利用桨叶后缘小翼运动是控制旋翼桨毂振动载荷的一种有效方法。采用非定常气动力和弹性力耦合的气弹分析方法,对附加了桨叶后缘小翼的直升机旋翼系统的振动载荷进行了研究。采用弹性桨叶和后缘刚性小翼的结构动力学模型、翼型剖面气动力采用Leishman-Beddoes二维非定常动态失速模型、后缘小翼剖面气动力采用Hariharan-Leishman非定常气动力模型,建立了带后缘小翼的旋翼桨毂振动载荷分析模型。采用伽辽金和数值积分相结合的方法,求解旋翼系统在前飞状态下的气弹响应。分析了后缘小翼各运动参数对桨毂振动载荷的影响。针对桨毂4阶振动载荷,采用改进的主动控制方法,优化了小翼的运动,使桨毂振动载荷得到显著降低。     

旋翼桨叶结构载荷计算方法比较研究

基于有限转角假设,建立了刚柔耦合旋翼动力学模型。该模型考虑了刚体转动与弹性变形之间的耦合效应,相较于基于小转角假设的传统有限元模型具有明显的优势。气动力以广义力形式与桨叶刚体转动及弹性变形耦合组建方程。在方程求解的单步上,分别采用力积分法、反力法以及曲率法计算桨叶剖面结构振动载荷。以BO105模型桨叶及SA349/2小铃羊直升机为仿真对象,比较研究了这三种载荷计算方法的预测精度与适用范围。对于不考虑气动力的纯结构振动载荷,三种计算方法具有相同的精度。在气弹瞬态计算中,力积分法对桨根载荷的预测精度不足。曲率法与反力法在桨叶有限元节点处得到了相近的结果。反力法预测精度取决于有限元建模精度,且只对节点处载荷有效。由于曲率法只计入弹性桨叶的弯曲曲率,该方法需要更高阶次的形函数以满足自由度二阶导数的连续性。此外,为加速收敛及减少累积误差,本文开发了基于外推法的数值积分算法。     

低振动旋翼桨尖代理优化设计

为探索直升机低振动旋翼的工程设计方法,将代理优化与旋翼气弹耦合分析相结合,开展了旋翼桨尖几何外形设计,推导了非平直桨叶气弹动力学方程,训练了旋翼功率、模态阻尼以及振动载荷预测的Kriging代理模型.以气动性能与气弹稳定性为约束,以桨毂振动载荷最小化为目标,采用自适应加点准则设计了优化流程.以某旋翼为例,计算了其气动性...     

基于旋转力发生器的旋翼桨毂振动主动控制试验研究

为验证基于旋转力发生器的旋翼桨毂振动主动控制的可行性,设计了一套旋转力发生器原理样机,通过性能测试验证了旋转力发生器的出力及控制特性。开发了一套旋翼桨毂振动主动控制试验系统,采用全局频域反馈自适应振动控制算法,开展了基于旋转力发生器的旋翼桨毂振动主动控制试验,试验结果表明：所开发的振动主动控制系统能够很好地抑制桨毂平面内的振动载荷,使旋转系下目标频率的振动水平下降了85%,且对于振动幅值和相位的变化具有良好的跟踪和自适应能力。     

基于疲劳寿命的旋翼气动弹性多目标优化研究

基于Hamilton原理基础上推导了旋翼桨叶有限元动力学模型和疲劳寿命计算模型。以动力学特性的固有频率,自转惯量为约束,以剖面特性参数的挥、摆、扭刚度及桨叶线性密度为设计变量,进行最小质量及最大疲劳寿命的多目标优化。采用满足溢出分析的优化算法（Satisficing Trade-off Analysis）。结果在满足各约束条件下,实现旋翼桨叶质量减少7.27％,疲劳寿命循环次数由3.98 108次到4.73 108次,寿命提高了18.7%,优化效果明显。     

基于分布式襟翼风力机桨叶的模型预测振动控制

大展弦比风力机桨叶是一个细长的柔性体,在气动弹性耦合下其受力和变形十分复杂。如何通过主动控制技术实现在复杂作用下达到减振降载的目的是一个关键问题。针对此问题,将风力机桨叶简化为在其展向分布尾缘襟翼的复合材料悬臂梁叠层板。通过Rayleigh-Ritz法得到桨叶的弹性变形模型,结合Theodorsen片条理论气动力,建立了桨叶的气弹模型。采用模型预测控制(MPC)技术设计了主动控制器,实现了桨叶的振动控制。仿真结果表明:分布式尾缘襟翼在预测控制器的调节下能有效减小桨叶挥舞和扭转振动。其中展长方向上桨叶中部和叶尖处挥舞振动位移分别减小约15%、30%,80%展长处的扭转振动位移减小约70%;系统响应收敛时间缩短约50%。     

结构参数对无轴承旋翼悬停气弹稳定性的影响

为了准确分析结构参数在悬停状态下对无轴承旋翼气动弹性稳定性的影响,建立一种基于有限状态入流的直升机气弹稳定性分析的新模型。采用Green-Lagrange应变张量推导无轴承旋翼桨叶的非线性应变-位移关系,把桨叶作为多路传力系统进行处理并根据Hamilton原理建立桨叶运动的有限元方程,非定常气动力采用有限状态状态入流模型,旋翼的气弹稳定性根据桨叶摄动方程的特征值进行判断,研究结构参数对无轴承旋翼在悬停状态下气弹稳定性的影响。结果表明：（1）无轴承旋翼气弹稳定性分析采用模型比以往的动力入流模型或均匀入流模型与实验结果吻合更好;（2）桨毂预锥角、桨叶的摆振刚度及挥舞刚度对无轴承旋翼气弹稳定性的影响很大。     

基于拓扑优化的直升机旋翼桨叶剖面设计

提出了一种基于拓扑优化的直升机旋翼桨叶剖面设计方法。采用了有限元方法计算直升机旋翼桨叶剖面刚度特性, 截面考虑了剪切和翘曲变形, 并消除了翘曲位移和刚体位移之间的耦合作用。基于SIMP拓扑优化算法, 以旋翼桨叶平均柔度或者剖面刚度为设计目标, 桨叶重量为约束函数, 建立了旋翼桨叶拓扑优化模型。提出的敏度求解算法具有较高的计算精度, 采用序列线性规划算法对旋翼桨叶剖面进行优化设计。结果表明在展长较小并且承受均布升力载荷情况下, Ⅱ型截面梁的柔度最小, 而当展长增大时, 工字梁截面具有最小的柔度。此外, 旋翼桨叶外载荷等对优化结果也有较大的影响。提出的拓扑优化方法适合于概念设计阶段的直升机旋翼桨叶剖面设计。     

具有在线训练功能的智能旋翼频域神经控制

直升机旋翼所处的复杂气动环境使它遭受复杂的振动，引起桨毂交变载荷，进而激起机体振动，智能旋翼是目前国际直升机界的一个研究热点，本文以减小桨毂交变载荷为控制目的，提出了在线训练神经模拟器的智能旋翼频域神经控制，进行了计算机仿真，表明提出的方法具有较好的稳定性和鲁棒性。     

风电机组塔筒模态的环境脉动实测与数值模拟研究

摘 要：基于随机振动及系统识别理论,对内蒙古京能乌兰伊利更风电场中三座风电机组塔筒进行了环境脉动实测,提出了 “桨叶—轮毂—机舱—塔筒”耦合的整体建模的方法,数值模拟与实测结果表明,风电机组塔筒可以有效地避免共振,满足GL规范的设计要求;塔筒主要振动形式为侧向弯曲振动、前后弯曲振动和扭转振动;塔筒一阶平动阻尼比为1.78%左右,一阶扭转阻尼比为0.6%左右。采用整体建模方法建立的模型与实测结果有较好的一致性,可以指导风力发电塔系统的风致动力响应分析和振动控制分析。     

Numerical and experimental investigation of axial fan with trailing edge self-induced blowing

Axial fans often show adverse flow conditions at the fan hub and at the tip of the blades. In the present paper, a modification of conventional axial fan blades with numerical and experimental investigation is presented. Hollow blades were manufactured from the hub to the trailing edge at the tip of the blades. They enable the formation of self-induced internal flow through internal passages. The internal flow enters the internal radial flow passages of the hollow blades through the openings near the fan hub and exits through the trailing edge slots at the tip of the blade. The study of the influence of internal flow on the flow field of axial fan and the modifications of aerodynamic characteristics of the axial fan have been made. The numerical and experimental results show a comparison of integral and local characteristics of the axial fan with the internal flow, compared to characteristics of a geometrically equivalent fan without internal flow. The experimental results of local characteristics were performed with a five-hole probe and computer-aided visualization. A reduction of adverse flow conditions near the trailing edge at the tip of the blade was achieved, as well as boundary layer reduction on the blade suction side and the reduction of flow separation. The introduction of self-induced blowing led to the preservation of the direction of external flow, defined by blade geometry, and enabled maximal local energy conversion. The integral characteristic reached higher degree of efficiency.     

穿孔损伤大小和方向对复合材料桨叶振动特性的影响

通过建立的全桨叶有限元模型, 研究了穿孔损伤的大小和方向对桨叶振动特性的影响。以桨叶根部z=50mm处矩形剖面和中部z=835mm处翼型剖面为研究对象, 分别在前缘、 翼盒和后缘模拟不同口径的穿孔损伤, 得到振动特性与穿孔损伤大小的关系, 并通过改变前缘的穿孔损伤方向, 得到振动特性与穿孔损伤方向的关系。结果表明, 穿孔损伤一般不会引起各阶振动模态的改变, 但会使各阶振动频率发生变化。随着损伤口径的增大, 各阶振动频率都降低。损伤发生在前缘和后缘, 摆振频率降低最多, 发生在翼盒, 扭转频率降低最多。穿孔方向对各阶振动频率的影响不仅与损伤的位置和结构有关, 还与损伤剖面的几何形状有关。对于根部矩形剖面, 穿孔方向与剖面弦向夹角为75°和105°对摆振频率影响最大, 对于中部翼型剖面, 夹角接近0°(180°)对摆振频率影响最大。      

Experimental-Calculation Determination of Dynamic Stability of Blade Assemblies of GTE Compressor Rotor Wheels

We discuss approaches to airfoil-cascade-based simulation of unsteady aerodynamic loads that act on the blades during their vibration in a gas flow. This paper describes the main concepts of the proposed procedure for experimental determination of unsteady aerodynamic loads and its validity limits. We summarize the results of calculation of the dynamic stability limits for blade assemblies of compressor rotor wheels of a modern gas-turbine engine.     

Modeling Smart Structure of Wind Turbine Blade

With the increasing size of wind turbine blades, the need for more sophisticated load control techniques has induced the interest for aerodynamic control systems with build-in intelligence on the blades. The paper aims to provide a way for modeling the adaptive wind turbine blades and analyze its ability for vibration suppress. It consists of the modeling of the adaptive wind turbine blades with the wire of piezoelectric material embedded in blade matrix, and smart sandwich structure of wind turbine blade. By using this model, an active vibration method which effectively suppresses the vibrations of the smart blade is designed.     

基于坐标变换方法的风力机偏航轴承载荷分布的分析与计算

针对风力机偏航轴承尺寸大, 承载状况复杂, 普通轴承分析方法在此不再适用等问题, 提出一种采用坐标变换原理对各滚球处接触载荷分布进行分析计算的方法。通过在风力机上建立坐标系, 将作用在风机上的外载荷从叶根部位开始传递到偏航轴承的外圈上, 将作用在外圈上的载荷表示为风机各运动参数(风轮旋转、叶片安装角、轴倾角)的函数。在偏航轴承内圈和外圈上各建立一个坐标系, 通过将接触区域的变形表示为两坐标系之间相对运动参数的函数, 建立了整体静力平衡方程。以三种载荷状况为例进行了接触载荷分布求解, 结果表明:倾覆力矩对接触载荷的大小及分布影响最大, 接触载荷基本以正弦规律分布。     

Aerodynamic effects of flexibility in flapping wings

Recent work on the aerodynamics of flapping flight reveals fundamental differences in the mechanisms of aerodynamic force generation between fixed and flapping wings. When fixed wings translate at high angles of attack, they periodically generate and shed leading and trailing edge vortices as reflected in their fluctuating aerodynamic force traces and associated flow visualization. In contrast, wings flapping at high angles of attack generate stable leading edge vorticity, which persists throughout the duration of the stroke and enhances mean aerodynamic forces. Here, we show that aerodynamic forces can be controlled by altering the trailing edge flexibility of a flapping wing. We used a dynamically scaled mechanical model of flapping flight (Re ≈ 2000) to measure the aerodynamic forces on flapping wings of variable flexural stiffness (EI). For low to medium angles of attack, as flexibility of the wing increases, its ability to generate aerodynamic forces decreases monotonically but its lift-to-drag ratios remain approximately constant. The instantaneous force traces reveal no major differences in the underlying modes of force generation for flexible and rigid wings, but the magnitude of force, the angle of net force vector and centre of pressure all vary systematically with wing flexibility. Even a rudimentary framework of wing veins is sufficient to restore the ability of flexible wings to generate forces at near-rigid values. Thus, the magnitude of force generation can be controlled by modulating the trailing edge flexibility and thereby controlling the magnitude of the leading edge vorticity. To characterize this, we have generated a detailed database of aerodynamic forces as a function of several variables including material properties, kinematics, aerodynamic forces and centre of pressure, which can also be used to help validate computational models of aeroelastic flapping wings. These experiments will also be useful for wing design for small robotic insects and, to a limited extent, in understanding the aerodynamics of flapping insect wings.     

风力机复合材料柔性叶片的颤振分析

将风力机叶片简化为薄壁复合材料封闭截面弯扭耦合变形梁,基于Hamilton原理并结合变分渐进法（VAM）,建立风力机叶片的气动弹性力学模型。结构模型包括材料各向异性,截面翘曲,离心载荷,科里奥利加速度,以及预锥角和预扭转角的影响。气动载荷采用叶素动量理论和准定常气动力理论进行描述。将位移按广义坐标进行模态展开,采用Galerkin法导出系统的质量、刚度和阻尼矩阵,采用特征值技术进行叶片颤振性能的数值求解。针对周向反对称刚度配置（CAS）叶片进行数值近似计算,揭示了入流比、预扭转角和纤维铺层角等参数对风力机叶片颤振性能的影响。     

Free transverse vibration of rotating blades in a bladed disk assembly

This paper investigates the natural frequency of free transverse vibration of blades in rotating disks to examine the relationship of natural frequencies, blade stiffness and nodal diameters to study how neighboring blades react upon each other and affect blade natural frequency. With the use of elastic hinge theory and a cantilever beam model subjected to either a transverse concentrated force or a bending moment at the free end, the force-deflection stiffness/moment-rotation stiffness of the beam have been developed. Thereafter, the reaction forces and moments from the neighboring blades have been determined without the need for an exact solution of large deformation of cantilever beams including geometrical nonlinearity effects. With the use of the energy conservation principle and modal theory, the natural frequency of free transverse vibration of blades in rotating disks has been determined for any nodal diameter. A comparison of the analytical and finite element solutions for a bladed disk with uniform aerofoils shows that the analytical method presented in this paper is accurate.