变转速下基于广义解调算法的滚动轴承故障诊断

变转速条件下故障轴承的冲击间隔会相应的发生改变,导致以包络分析为代表以恒转速为前提的故障诊断方法失效。阶比分析因其在消除频谱模糊方面的有效性,成为处理变转速故障轴承信号最为常规的方法。然而,上述方法在对信号重采样的过程中存在幅值误差、包络畸变以及计算效率低等问题。为此,从滚动轴承的振动特性出发,提出了无需角域重采样的基于广义解调算法的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。整个算法主要包括五部分:(1)利用快速谱峭度算法确定最优带通滤波参数,并对原始振动信号进行滤波;(2)根据转速脉冲信号计算并拟合转速曲线;(3)通过转频方程以及滚动轴承的故障特征系数确定广义解调算法所需要的相位函数;(4)根据相位函数对滤波信号进行广义解调,对解调信号进行快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier Transform,FFT)获取解调信号的频谱图;(5)观察频谱图中的峰值,更改故障特征系数重复步骤(3)-(4),最终确定轴承故障类型。仿真及实测的故障轴承信号分析证明了新算法对变转速下滚动轴承故障诊断的有效性。     

基于线调频小波路径追踪的滚动轴承故障特征提取

针对齿轮噪源以及变转速的工作条件双重干扰下的滚动轴承的故障诊断,提出了一种基于线调频小波路径追踪的滚动轴承故障特征提取方法。对混合信号进行Hilbert变换得到包络信号,并在满足采样定理的条件下对包络信号进行降采样;对降采样包络信号应用线调频小波路径追踪算法提取轴承的瞬时故障特征频率趋势线,再对轴承的瞬时故障特征频率趋势线和转速曲线进行等时间重采样,并求各时间点的计算瞬时故障特征系数;根据计算瞬时故障特征系数与轴承的外圈、内圈和滚动体的故障特征系数进行比较,完成故障诊断。通过处理仿真信号和实测信号证明了该方法在不对混合信号进行滤波和使用阶比分析的情况下,不仅能检测滚动轴承是否出现故障,而且能确定故障的发生位置。     

基于瞬时故障特征频率趋势线和故障特征阶比模板的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断

针对难以从滚动轴承的时频分布中提取瞬时转频分量的问题,本文利用由轴承包络时频谱中提取的瞬时故障特征频率替代传统瞬时转频实现重采样,进而基于故障特征因子与转频阶比边带构造故障特征阶比模板以实现变转速运行模式下滚动轴承故障诊断。其具体算法由以下四个部分组成：首先,联合应用谱峭度滤波算法与短时傅里叶变换得到能够突出瞬时故障特征频率的包络时频谱;其次,提出基于幅值重调的峰值搜索算法对瞬时故障特征趋势线进行提取;再次,以瞬时故障特征频率趋势线为基础对原信号进行故障相角域重采样并得到故障特征阶比谱;最后,根据被监测轴承的故障特征因子构造故障特征阶比模板对滚动轴承的运行状态与故障类别进行判断。仿真算例和应用实例将对该算法的有效性予以证明。     

基于多时频曲线提取广义特征的变转速轴承故障诊断

变转速工况下的滚动轴承故障振动信号呈现时变非平稳、故障特征信息微弱、被噪声淹没的特点,使其故障诊断变得困难。广义解调算法作为典型的非平稳信号处理方法,可有效处理时变非平稳故障信号。由于广义解调变换中相位函数的确定需要额外安装转速计,且迭代解调变换过程导致频谱混叠,容易造成故障的漏诊或误诊。为此提出了一种新的基于多时频曲线提取广义特征的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先,利用快速谱峭度算法计算最优带通滤波参数,并对原始振动信号进行滤波。对滤波后的共振带信号进行短时傅立叶变换(short-time Fourier transform, STFT)获取时频图,采用多时频曲线提取算法(multiple time-frequency curve extraction, MTFCE)提取瞬时故障特征频率(instantaneous fault characteristic frequency, IFCF)和瞬时转频(instantaneous shaft rotational frequency, ISRF),拟合IFCFs和ISRF曲线的多项式方程。其次,基于假设思想,利用广义解调理论定义了变转速...     

基于迭代广义解调算法的变转速滚动轴承复合故障特征的提取

变转速工作模式使得本来就互相干扰、彼此联系的滚动轴承复合故障特征的提取更加困难。为此提出了基于迭代广义解调算法的变转速滚动轴承复合故障特征提取方法。该方法根据复合故障轴承信号包络时频谱中代表故障特征频率的时频曲线的突出性,结合迭代广义解调算法可以将特定时频曲线转换成平行于时间轴的直线这一特点,直接对滚动轴承振动信号中的特定成分进行分析和提取。整个算法由以下四部分组成:对同步测取的故障轴承转速脉冲信号进行处理得到转频曲线,根据转频曲线以及目标轴承的故障特征系数确定迭代广义解调算法需要的相位函数;其次,对故障轴承信号进行包络分析获取包络信号;根据计算的相位函数对故障轴承包络信号进行迭代广义解调;对解调信号进行频谱分析,通过分析频谱中独立峰的位置对滚动轴承的健康状况进行判断。仿真与实验结果表明,该算法可以消除转速变化对滚动轴承复合故障特征的影响,有效实现复合故障特征的识别和提取。     

基于改进的自适应噪声消除和故障特征阶比谱的齿轮噪源干扰下变转速滚动轴承故障诊断

变转速工作模式和齿轮噪源干扰是阻碍滚动轴承故障诊断的两个难题。虽然基于转速信号的角域重采样技术和基于参考信号的自适应噪声消除算法为这两个问题提供了可靠的解决路线,但是由于安装空间和成本的限制,转速信息和参考信号在实际工程中往往难以获取。为解决这一难题,提出了一种不依靠上述辅助设备的滚动轴承故障诊断新算法。整个算法由五部分组成:(1)利用峰值啮合倍频趋势线构造参考信号对混合信号进行自适应滤波以削弱齿轮噪源对轴承故障共振频带获取的干扰;(2)利用谱峭度快速算法确定由轴承故障引起的高频共振所对应的中心频率,滤波带宽和对应的尺度并直接得到最能反映轴承故障的滤波包络;(3)利用短时傅里叶变换求得两次滤波后包络信号的包络时频谱并利用峰值搜索算法对瞬时故障特征频率趋势线进行提取;(4)提出基于采样频率重调的重采样算法,对谱峭度滤波结果进行故障阶比域重采样;(5)利用傅里叶变换求取重采样信号的故障特征阶比谱,并提出新的故障诊断策略对滚动轴承的运行状态进行判断。仿真算例和应用实例证明了该算法的有效性。     

基于EEMD和自相关函数峰态系数的轴承故障诊断方法

针对滚动轴承故障冲击信号周期性强且易被强烈的背景噪声所淹没的特点,提出了基于EEMD和自相关函数峰态系数的轴承故障诊断方法。首先,对采集到的复杂振动信号进行EEMD分解,根据自相关函数峰态系数和峭度准则重构IMF分量以突出故障特征信息;然后,利用谱峭度自动确定带通滤波器的最佳中心频率和带宽;最后,将滤波后的信号进行包络解调分析并与理论故障特征频率对比。通过轴承故障的仿真和实验研究,验证了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

基于时时能量阶比谱的变转速工况滚动轴承微弱故障诊断研究

变转速工况下的滚动轴承微弱故障诊断同时面临两个难点:一是滚动轴承的故障特征信号容易被环境噪声和干扰信号淹没;二是滚动轴承故障振动信号的时变特征难以被常规频谱方法提取。针对上述问题提出了基于时时能量阶比谱的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先对变转速工况下的滚动轴承微弱故障振动信号进行时时(time-time,TT)变换,在双时域上刻画轴承故障振动信号的时变特征;然后利用提出的时时能量定义计算轴承故障振动信号的时时能量,获得轴承故障振动信号的时时能量信号;最后对时时能量信号进行阶比分析得到轴承故障振动信号的时时能量阶比谱,并根据时时能量阶比谱的阶次特征识别出轴承故障类型。分析了变转速工况下的滚动轴承故障仿真信号和实验测试信号,结果表明:时时能量信号能够有效追踪轴承故障振动信号的时变能量分布,增强故障特征信号的冲击特征,时时能量阶比谱较包络阶比谱抗噪能力更强,为变转速工况滚动轴承微弱故障诊断提供一种有效方法。     

基于线调频小波路径追踪和逐步解调滤波的滚动轴承故障诊断

在变转速工况下诊断滚动轴承故障时,广义解调算法中相位函数的确定依赖转速计等辅助设备。针对这一问题,提出了基于线调频小波路径追踪(Chirplet Path Pursuit, CPP)和逐步解调滤波的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。瞬时故障特征频率(Instantaneous Fault Characteristic Frequency, IFCF)在包络信号中具有幅值优势,利用这一特点,使用CPP算法从降采样的包络信号中提取IFCF趋势线,构造IFCF的相位函数;针对转频在信号中难以提取这一问题,采用重复估计转频的方式,计算潜在转频的相位函数;根据IFCF和转频的相位函数,构造逐步解调滤波算法,既可以恢复时变频率的周期性,又能降低噪声干扰,避免幅值较小的转频被噪声淹没;根据IFCF和转频在解调频谱的比值,判断故障位置。仿真和试验信号的处理结果证明了算法的有效性。     

一种滚动轴承特征频率的自动识别方法研究

为解决传统滚动轴承故障诊断及状态监测中依赖单一故障特征频率,以及诊断过程中人为主观因素造成诊断结果的不定性与效率低等问题,以包络谱与共振解调技术为例,提出一种自动识别滚动轴承故障特征频率及其倍频与调制频率的方法。该方法对信号进行包络谱或共振解调分析,在此基础上通过迭代算法依次找出转频与故障频率成分,并依据各成分在识别结果中的比例来进行故障诊断。人为仿真故障及滚动轴承加速寿命实验证明了文章方法的有效性。     

Computer-aided fault tree synthesis III: Real-time fault location

This paper is devoted to fault tree synthesis and is split up into three parts. Part I starts with the introduction of component models that show all fault propagation through the components and fault initiation by the components in both directions (upstream and downstream). Subsequently, it is shown how to create system models that interconnect a system's components and environmental variables. Then a fault tree construction algorithm is introduced which is able to generate fault trees from the given system and component models in two steps. First a causal tree is constructed showing the propagation paths for all basic events leading to any deviation in the top parameter. All control loops (feedback and feedforward loops) in this causal tree must be traced prior to any fault tree construction since they might prevent some faults from reaching the top parameter. They consequently require a special treatment. Part I ends showing how to adapt the causal trees for these loops. Part II discusses the final step of the fault tree construction algorithm, i.e. it shows how fault trees can be abstracted from the causal diagram, and ends with a comprehensive example. Finally, Part III discusses a method for real-time fault location which is based on the causal tree construction procedure introduced in Part I.     

Robotic fault detection and fault tolerance: A survey

Fault tolerance is increasingly important for robots, especially those in remote or hazardous environments. Robots need the ability to effectively detect and tolerate internal failures in order to continue performing their tasks without the need for immediate human intervention. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in robot fault tolerance, and the subject has been investigated from a number of points of view. Ongoing research performs off-line and on-line failure analyses of robotic systems, develops fault-tolerant control environments, and derives fault detection and error recovery techniques using hardware, kinematic, or functional redundancy. This paper presents a summary of the current, limited, state-of-the-art in fault-tolerant robotics and offers some future possibilities for the field.     

Integrated system fault diagnostics utilising digraph and fault tree-based approaches

With the growing intolerance to failures within systems, the issue of fault diagnosis has become ever prevalent. Information concerning these possible failures can help to minimise the disruption to the functionality of the system by allowing quick rectification. Traditional approaches to fault diagnosis within engineering systems have focused on sequential testing procedures and real-time mechanisms. Both methods have been predominantly limited to single fault causes. Latest approaches also consider the issue of multiple faults in reflection to the characteristics of modern day systems designed for high reliability. In addition, a diagnostic capability is required in real time and for changeable system functionality. This paper focuses on two approaches which have been developed to cater for the demands of diagnosis within current engineering systems, namely application of the fault tree analysis technique and the method of digraphs. Both use a comparative approach to consider differences between actual system behaviour and that expected. The procedural guidelines are discussed for each method, with an experimental aircraft fuel system used to test and demonstrate the features of the techniques. The effectiveness of the approaches is compared and their future potential highlighted.     

Design fault tolerance

Typical software fault tolerance techniques are modeled on successful hardware fault tolerance techniques. The software fault tolerance techniques rely on design redundancy to tolerate residual design faults in the software; the hardware fault tolerance techniques rely on component redundancy to tolerate physical degradation in the hardware. Investigations of design redundant software have revealed difficulties in adapting the hardware strategy to software.We survey three categories of issues: (1) practical issues in the implementation of design-redundant software, (2) economic considerations for the development and maintenance of multiple software implementations, and (3) assessment difficulties in measuring and predicting the performance of design-redundant software. All of these issues should be considered by would- be developers of design-redundant software to justify use of the technique.     

一个故障检测与故障修正相结合的软件可靠性增长模型

针对现有软件可靠性增长模型(SRGM)缺乏故障修正过程的可靠性分析,从故障数量上研究了故障检测过程和故障修正过程的相关性,提出了一个S形的相关性函数,并以此建立了一个故障检测与故障修正相结合的非齐次泊松过程类软件可靠性增长模型(RDC-SRGM)。通过实例应用最小二乘法对模型的参数进行了估计。实验结果表明,RDC-SRGM在故障检测过程和故障修正过程上,均比其它模型的拟合效果和预测能力更好。     

Design of fault simulator

Fault simulator is proposed to understand and evaluate all possible fault propagation scenarios, which is an essential part of safety design and operation design and support of chemical/production processes. Process models are constructed and integrated with fault models, which are formulated in qualitative manner using fault semantic networks (FSN). Trend analysis techniques are used to map real time and simulation quantitative data into qualitative fault models for better decision support and tuning of FSN. The design of the proposed fault simulator is described and applied on experimental plant (G-Plant) to diagnose several fault scenarios. The proposed fault simulator will enable industrial plants to specify and validate safety requirements as part of safety system design as well as to support recovery and shutdown operation and disaster management.     

A dynamic fault tree

The fault tree analysis is a widely used method for evaluation of systems reliability and nuclear power plants safety. This paper presents a new method, which represents extension of the classic fault tree with the time requirements. The dynamic fault tree offers a range of risk informed applications. The results show that application of dynamic fault tree may reduce the system unavailability, e.g. by the proper arrangement of outages of safety equipment. The findings suggest that dynamic fault tree is a useful tool to expand and upgrade the existing models and knowledge obtained from probabilistic safety assessment with additional and time dependent information to further reduce the plant risk.     

基于故障字典法的电路板在线故障诊断系统

阐述了将故障定位到电路板元器件的实现方法;对系统上、下位机实现形式的组成、功能、通讯方式、通讯协议和特点进行了详细说明;详细介绍了基于规则的逻辑推理和基于控制策略方式的故障字典方法在本系统中的应用阐述了该系统的软、硬件组成部分的构成和各模块功能.     

故障树分析法在某型飞机火控系统故障诊断中的应用

故障树分析法是系统安全、可靠性分析研究中常用的一种方法。基于故障树分析法与专家系统相结合的某型飞机火控系统故障诊断仪,以机载火控系统不工作为顶事件,建立了故障树,并对故障树作了定性分析,本系统不但具有故障诊断能力,还具有较强的自学习的功能。结果表明,故障树分析法是机载火控系统故障诊断的一种有效方法。