K-shell X-ray fluorescence cross-sections and intensity ratios for some pure metals at 59.5 and 123.6 keV

K-shell X-ray fluorescence cross-sections for some pure metals such as Cr, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Ga, Se, Y, Mo, Cd, In, Sn, Te, Ba, Ta, W and Bi have been theoretically and experimentally determined. The Cr, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Ga, Se, Y, Mo, Cd, In, Sn, Te and Ba metals were excited by 59.5 keV γ-ray from 50 mCi ²⁴¹Am radioactive source and the Ta, W and Bi targets were excited by 123.6 keV γ-ray from 25 mCi ⁵⁷Co radioactive source. The characteristic K X-rays emitted by samples were detected by using a super Si(Li) detector having a resolution of 150 eV at 5.9 keV. In addition, the I_Kβ/I_Kα intensity ratios for these metals were studied. The obtained experimental values of the K-shell X-ray fluorescence cross-sections and the I_Kβ/I_Kα intensity ratios have been compared with theoretical values. The measured values were in good agreement with theoretical values.     

Nuclear data sheets for A = 79

The 1975 version of Nuclear Data Sheets (75Ur03) has been revised. Nuclear spectroscopic information for known nuclides of mass number 79 (Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr) has been evaluated and presented together with adopted level energies, level Jπ's and γ-rays in these nuclei. No data are yet available for excited states in ⁷⁹Zn and ⁷⁹Ga.     

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 77

The experimental nuclear spectroscopic data for known nuclides of mass number 77 (Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr, Y) have been evaluated and presented together with adopted properties for levels and γ rays. New high-spin data are available for ⁷⁷Ga, ⁷⁷Br and ⁷⁷Kr. New precise single-particle transfer cross section data are available for ⁷⁷Ge, ⁷⁷As, ⁷⁷Se and ⁷⁷Br from eight different reactions (2009Ka06,2008Sc03); these data give information for occupancy of valence neutron orbitals in the ground states of target nuclides: ⁷⁶Ge, ⁷⁶Se and ⁷⁸Se. No significant new data since the 1997 NDS for A = 77 (1997Fa12) have been reported for ⁷⁷Rb and ⁷⁷Sr. No data are yet available for excited states in ⁷⁷Ni, ⁷⁷Cu and ⁷⁷Y. Level schemes from the radioactive decays of ⁷⁷Ni to ⁷⁷Cu and ⁷⁷Y to ⁷⁷Sr are unknown, while those for the decays of ⁷⁷Cu to ⁷⁷Zn and ⁷⁷Ga to ⁷⁷Ge are incomplete. Detailed gamma-ray data for ⁷⁷Ge from thermal-neutron capture in ⁷⁶Ge, together with extensive gamma-ray data from ⁷⁷Ge decay to ⁷⁷As have become available from 2012Me04. This work benefited from earlier evaluations (1997Fa12,1989Fa07,1980Si05,1973Ur02) of A = 77 nuclides, however, the data presented here supersede those in above evaluations.     

Nuclear Data Sheets for A=76

The 1976 version of A=76 mass chain (76Be41) has been revised. Nuclear spectroscopic information for known nuclides of mass number 76 (Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb) has been evaluated and presented together with adopted level energies, level Jπ's and γ-rays in these nuclei. No data are yet available for excited states in ⁷⁶Zn and ⁷⁶Rb. Levels in ⁷⁶Ga are known only from a tentative level scheme from ⁷⁶Zn decay.High spin levels and band structures are known for ⁷⁶Se, ⁷⁶Br, and ⁷⁶Kr from (HI,xnγ) reactions.     

Thin-target excitation functions and optimisation of NCA 64Cu and 66,67Ga production by deuteron induced nuclear reactions on natural zinc target,for radiometabolic therapy and for PET

A novel method for production of No-Carrier-Added ⁶⁴Cu and ^66,67Ga has been developed, based on reactions induced by deuterons up to 19 MeV on Zn target. HPGe and beta (by LSC) spectrometries proved very effective to determine radionuclidic purity of ⁶⁴Cu and ^66,67Ga fractions. Experimental specific activity for ⁶⁴Cu was measured by ET-AAS and was of the order of 700 MBq · μg⁻¹. Radiochemical yields for ⁶⁴Cu and ^66,67Ga were >80% and >99%.     

Nuclear data sheets for A= 70

The 1966 version of the Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 70 has been revised on the basis of experimental data received before June 1, 1972. Experimental data, arguments for J^π assignments, and detailed level schemes are presented. A large amount of new information is given for the ⁷⁰Zn, ⁷⁰Ga and ⁷⁰Ge level schemes, while essentially no new information is available for the level schemes of ⁷⁰Cu and ⁷⁰As.     

Nuclear data sheets for A = 74

The 1976 version of Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 74 (76Ko07) has been revised. Nuclear structure data for known nuclides (Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb) of A = 74 have been evaluated and presented. The excited-state data on ⁷⁴Rb are non-existent and those for ⁷⁴Zn, ⁷⁴Ga, and ⁷⁴Kr are scarce. High spin levels are known for ⁷⁴Se, ⁷⁴Br and ⁷⁴Kr.     

Nuclear data sheets for A = 77

Nuclear spectroscopic data for all nuclides with mass number 77 have been compiled, evaluated, and presented together with adopted values for level properties and selected γ transitions. Data on levels in ⁷⁷Zn, ⁷⁷Ga, ⁷⁷Rb, and ⁷⁷Sr are very scarce. The following references are useful for theoretical understanding of properties of levels in ⁷⁷Se and ⁷⁷Ge: 78La13, 77OhZT, 76Ca16, 75He19, 74So04, 74Ku09, 74He19, 73Mu23, 73LaXV, and 73IkZU.     

Nuclear data sheets for A = 74

The 1966 version of Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 74 has been revised on the basis of experimental data received prior to December 1, 1975. Results from approximately 95 papers and communications have been included in the present evaluation.Data on seven A = 74 nuclei are presented. The main features of the decay schemes for ⁷⁴Zn and 8.1-m ⁷⁴Ga appear to be known. An upper limit of 50% has been established for the β-decay branching ratio for 9.5-s ⁷⁴Ga. Both β⁺- and β^?,-decays of ⁷⁴As are well established. Many excited levels are known in ⁷⁴Ge, ⁷⁴As, and ⁷⁴Se from a variety of decay and reaction experiments, but few spin assignments are firm. The level identification for a 26.8-ns isomer in ⁷⁴As is uncertain. An 8.0-s activity previously assigned to ⁷⁴As is now believed to occur ¹⁹⁷Au. The decay schemes for two ⁷⁴Br isomers are reasonably well established, but the energy difference between the two isomers is not well known. The decay scheme for ⁷⁴Kr is well established, but results on excited levels in ⁷⁴Kr are contradictory.     

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 78

The evaluated spectroscopic data are presented for known nuclides of mass 78 (Ni,Cu,Zn,Ga,Ge,As,Se,Br,Kr,Rb,Sr,Y,Zr). Excited-state data are nonexistent for ⁷⁸Ni, ⁷⁸Cu and ⁷⁸Zr. For ⁷⁸Zr, only the isotopic identification is established without any knowledge of its half-life and decay modes. Only limited excited state data exist for ⁷⁸Y. The radioactive decays of the following isotopes are not considered by the evaluators as well established: ⁷⁸Cu, ^78mRb, ⁷⁸Sr and ⁷⁸Y. High-spin excitations are known for ⁷⁸As, ⁷⁸Se, ⁷⁸Br, ⁷⁸Kr, ⁷⁸Rb and ⁷⁸Sr. Significant amounts of new data have been added since the last NDS publication of A = 78 evaluation more than 18 years ago.This work supersedes earlier full evaluations of A = 78 published by 1981Si13 and 1975Ru01 and the one published in ‘update’ mode by 1991Ra06.     

Nuclear data sheets for A = 78

Nuclear spectroscopic information for known nuclides of mass number 78 (Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr) have been evaluated and presented together with adopted energies and Jπ of levels in these nuclei. No data are yet available for excited states in ⁷⁸Zn. Data for ⁷⁸Rb and ⁷⁸Sr are very scarce.     

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 62

Experimental nuclear spectroscopic data for known nuclides of mass number 62 (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge) have been evaluated and presented together with adopted properties of levels and γ rays. New high-spin data are available for ⁶²Ga, and ⁶²Zn. Results of in-beam γ-ray studies for ⁶²Cu producing high-spin states are in conflict in terms of gamma-ray placements and branching ratios. In the opinion of the evaluators, a detailed study of high-spin structures in ⁶²Cu is needed to obtain a consistent and confident level scheme. Precise studies of superallowed β decay of ⁶²Ga to ⁶²Zn by several groups have extended the decay scheme. No significant new data, since the 2000 NDS for A = 62 (2000Hu18), have been reported for ⁶²Co, ⁶²Ni and ⁶²Cu. No data are yet available for excited states in ⁶²Ti and ⁶²V, and those for ⁶²Cr and 62Ge are scarce. The level lifetime data are available in very few cases. The radioactive decay schemes of ⁶²Ti and ⁶²Ge are unknown, and those for ⁶²V, ⁶²Cr and 92-ms ⁶²Mn are scantily known. The data presented here supersede those in the earlier NDS publications.     

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 75

The experimental nuclear spectroscopic data for known nuclides of mass number 75 (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr) have been evaluated and presented together with Adopted properties for levels and γ rays. New high-spin data are available for ⁷⁵Ga, and ⁷⁵Rb; and lifetime data for high-spin states in ⁷⁵Br and ⁷⁵Kr. For ΔJ =1, M1+E2 transitions in two rotational bands in ⁷⁵Kr, several B(E2)(W.u.) values are anomalously high, deviating by 2–3 σ values from currently accepted RUL(E2) = 300. In the opinion of the evaluators, there is need to remeasure level lifetimes and multipole mixing ratios in ⁷⁵Kr to resolve this serious discrepancy. New precise single-particle transfer cross section data are available for ⁷⁵Ga, ⁷⁵Ge, ⁷⁵As and ⁷⁵Se from several different reactions (2009Ka06,2008Sc03); these data give information for occupancy of valence neutron orbitals in the ground states of target nuclides: ⁷⁶Ge, ⁷⁶Se and ⁷⁸Se. No significant new data since the 1999 NDS for A = 75 have been reported for ⁷⁵As and ⁷⁵Se. No data are yet available for excited states in ⁷⁵Co, ⁷⁵Ni and ⁷⁵Sr. For ⁷⁵Fe, only the isotopic identification is made with one observed event. The radioactive decay schemes of ⁷⁵Co and ⁷⁵Ni are unknown while those for ⁷⁵Rb and ⁷⁵Sr are incomplete. This work supersedes the data presented in the previous NDS evaluation of A = 75 published by 1999Fa05.     

Nuclear Data Sheets for A=75

The experimental nuclear data for mass=75 have been reviewed, superceding 1981 evaluation by Ekstrom (81Ek02). Detailed level and decay schemes together with summary (adopted), arguments for Jπ assignments and experimental data of the known nuclei (Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb) are presented. ⁷⁵Cu has been identified as a β⁻ delayed neutron emission precursor while ⁷⁵Ga has been studied in detail in ⁷⁵Zn β⁻ decay recently. In ⁷⁵Ge, there are quite a few new data available, specially on particle-transfer reactions. Not much new information is known for ⁷⁵As except for a particle transfer reaction and ⁷⁵Se ε decay. The same is true for ⁷⁵Se except for a neutron capture study. New data have been reported for ⁷⁵Kr and ⁷⁵Br.     

Hyperfine interactions in the itinerant system UFeGa5

We report ⁶⁹Ga NMR measurements on the itinerant compound UFeGa₅ using a single crystal sample. Hyperfine coupling constants at both the Ga(1) and Ga(2) sites are determined for H∥a and c-axes based on Knight shift versus susceptibility plots. The T-dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation time (T₁) has been determined at both sites for H∥a and c-axes. From these quantities, the magnetic fluctuations are estimated for both axes. The complex nature of the hyperfine interactions is discussed.     

Measurements of activation cross sections of (n,p) and (n, α) reactions in the energy range of 3.5–5.9 MeV using a deuterium gas target

Activation cross sections of (n, p) and (n, α) reactions were measured by means of the activation method in the neutron energy range of 3.5–5.9 MeV using a deuterium gas target. The irradiated target isotopes were ²⁷Al, ^28,29Si, ⁴¹K, ⁵¹V, ⁶¹Ni, ⁶⁵Cu, ^64,67Zn, ⁶⁹Ga, ⁷⁹Br, ⁹²Mo and ⁹³Nb. The cross sections of the ²⁹Si(n, p) ²⁹Al, ⁶⁷Zn(n, p) ⁶⁷Cu, ⁶⁹Ga(n, p) ^69mZn, ⁷⁹Br(n, p) ^79mSe, and ⁶⁹Ga(n, α) ⁶⁶Cu reactions were obtained for the first time in the studied energy range. The d-D neutrons were generated by the deuterium gas target at the Van de Graaff accelerator (KN-VdG) at Nagoya University. All cross section values were determined relative to those of the ¹¹⁵In(n, n′)^115mIn reaction. The activities induced by the low-energy neutrons were corrected. For the corrections, the neutron spectra and mean neutron energies at the irradiation positions were calculated taking into account the energy loss of incident deuterons, the angular differential cross section of the d-D reaction and the solid angle subtended by the sample. The systematics of the (n, p) reactions at the neutron energy of 5.0 MeV in the mass range between 27 and 92 were proposed for the first time. This systematics can predict the cross sections within an accuracy of a factor of 1.6.     

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 62

The 1967 version of the Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 62 has been revised on the basis of experimental data received before January 15, 1974. In the Data Sheets experimental data are presented; in the Summary Sheets adopted values for the measured quantities, J^π-assignments, and discussions of the adopted decay and level schemes are given.Compared to the situation in 1967, progress has been made since much new and more accurate data are available. Some problems, such as which of the two measured half-lives of ⁶²Co belongs to the ground state and what is the energy of the isomeric state, have been resolved. Other problems with conflicting or inconsistent experimental data have arisen, e.g., a small systematic difference in the values for the energies of the ⁶²Ni γ-rays, the question of whether or not ⁶⁴Zn has more than one excited 0⁺ state below 3900 keV, and others.A first report was made on the observation of the nucleus ⁶²Ga. The reported half-life is 117.8 ms. The assignment is not yet completely certain from the quoted report. If this nucleus decays 100% to the ⁶²Zn ground state, the log ft is 3.5, which is characteristic of a 0⁺ → 0⁺ superallowed transition.     

Nuclear data sheets for A = 63

Nuclear structure data for A = 63 nuclei available through August 1974 are compiled, adopted level and gamma-ray properties are presented. Where no additional data have been reported since the previous compilation (H. Verheul, Nuclear Data B2-3-31, 1967), only the values adopted in the latter are given. The compilation consists of three parts. The first gives a pictorial presentation of the bulk of the data, adopted decay schemes, and adopted level properties. The second, Summary Sheets, includes the adopted values with brief discussions of their origins and problems encountered in their derivation. The third, Data Sheets, includes tabulated data and references used in deriving the adopted level properties (except ⁶³Co for which all data are included on the Summary Sheet). This section also contains the adopted energies, intensities, and normalization factors for the ⁶³Zn and ⁶³Ga decay schemes. Similar data for ⁶³Co decay are given in the Summary Sheets.     

Energy levels and radiative rates for transitions in Ga XXIV

Energy levels, transition probabilities, oscillator strengths, line strengths, and lifetimes have been calculated for Oxygen-like Gallium, Ga XXIV. The configurations 2s²2p⁴, 2s2p⁵, 2p⁶, 2s2p⁴3?, 2s²2p³3?, and 2p⁵3? were used in calculations and 226 fine-structure levels were obtained. The fully relativistic GRASP code has been adopted, and results are reported for all electric dipole (E1), electric quadrupole (E2), magnetic dipole (M1), and magnetic quadrupole (M2) transitions among the lowest 226 levels of Ga XXIV, belonging to the n≤3 configurations. Comparisons have been made with earlier available theoretical and experimental results.     

Cross Section Calculations of (n,2n) and (n,p) Nuclear Reactions on Germanium Isotopes at 14–15 MeV

Neutron incident reaction cross sections of Germanium isotopes (^70,72,74,76Ge) were investigated for the (n,2n) and (n,p) reactions around 14–15 MeV. Cross section calculations have been presented for ⁷⁰Ge(n,2n)⁶⁹Ge, ⁷²Ge(n,2n)⁷¹Ge, ⁷⁴Ge(n,2n)⁷³Ge, ⁷⁶Ge(n,2n)⁷⁵Ge, ⁷⁰Ge(n,p)⁷⁰Ga, ⁷²Ge(n,p)⁷²Ga, ⁷⁴Ge(n,p)⁷⁴Ga, and ⁷⁶Ge(n,p)⁷⁶Ga reactions. Theoretical calculations were performed with four different computer codes: ALICE/ASH for the Geometry Dependent Hybrid model, TALYS 1.6 for two component Exciton model, EMPIRE 3.2 Malta for Exciton model and PCROSS for Full Exciton model with the incident neutron energy up to 20 MeV. The (n,2n) and (n,p) reaction cross section calculations were compared with empirical formulas derived by several researchers and compared with the experimental data obtained from EXFOR database as well as with evaluated Nuclear data files (ENDF/B-VII.1: USA 2014). Results show good agreement between the theoretical calculations having a major importance in nuclear data evaluation calculations and the experimental data from literature.