5G超密集组网网络架构及实现路径

随着网络信息的不断更新与发展,超密集组网利用基站加密部署提升空间的方式,成为解决5G网络数据流量用户体验速率合理的有效方案.但是,小区密集部署带来的影响和基站小范围的覆盖面积给高速移动用户带来了一些影响,从而减少了网络容量以及用户体验.对此,为了满足5G超密集组网的覆盖和容量问题,主要对5G超密集组网网络架构进行了分析.     

5G超密集组网网络架构及实现

超密集组网通过小基站加密部署提升空间复用的方式,成为解决未来5G网络数据流量1 000倍以及用户体验速率10～100倍提升的有效解决方案.然而,小区密集部署带来的干扰问题以及小基站较小的覆盖范围导致的高速移动用户频繁切换问题,会降低网络容量和用户体验.因此,为了同时考虑未来5G超密集组网“覆盖”和“容量”的问题,提出了以控制承载分离以及簇化集中控制为主要技术特征的5G超密集组网网络架构.除此之外,针对宏-微和微-微的超密集组网部署场景,给出了具体实现方案.更进一步地,针对5G超密集组网网络架构中可能存在的问题与挑战进行了讨论,为后续研究发展提供参考.     

5G超密集网络环境下功率控制方案研究

超密集网络(Ultra Dense Network,UDN)是一种通过密集化地部署各种低功率小基站来提升系统容量的技术,因可以解决小区覆盖盲区、实现用户无缝连接、缓解宏基站压力以及配置灵活等优点被列为未来5G通信系统的关键技术之一。在密集基站的网络部署下,基站与终端的路径损耗有所降低,在增大有益信号的同时也提升了干扰信号,影响通信系统的性能和用户终端的服务质量。为提升用户的服务质量和降低系统损耗,提出了一种跨层功率最大化方案,选取发射功率最强的小基站作为服务基站。提出一种协作功率最大化控制方案,选取2个小基站为用户提供协作式数据传输服务。仿真结果表明,2种方案均能提升用户的服务质量,后者在能效等指标上要优于前者。     

联合传输机制下的三维超密集网络性能分析

超密集网络（Ultra-dense Networks,UDN）作为一项新兴技术，通过密集部署微基站大幅提升了网络容量，近年来受到了广泛关注。但随着二维平面基站数量逐渐饱和，基站部署逐渐向三维（3D）立体化发展。因此，针对中央商务区（Central Business District,CBD）等未来移动通信典型应用场景，基于随机几何理论对写字楼中基站与用户的分布进行建模与分析。该场景下，考虑到实际部署情况，用户只会接收到其上方基站的信号，而忽略低楼层基站的影响。针对这一特点，基于联合传输（Joint Transmission,JT）方案的覆盖性能，推导出用户的覆盖率和遍历容量解析表达式。结果表明，覆盖率和遍历容量都随协作簇的变大而增加，收益呈递减状态。     

5G超密集组网环境下干扰管理技术分析

随着网络建设大幅推进,5G网络分场景覆盖极大的改善了用户体验及新业务的发展,5G已经完成城区县城基本覆盖,网络建设重点也将放在微基站、小基站及室内覆盖基站上。在5G超密集组网环境中室外宏基站、微基站、小基站与室内基站组成异构网络,其中干扰是影响整个系统容量的关键因素。如何通过干扰管理技术对超密集网络中的干扰进行避免和消除,提高网络质量和容量,是本文讨论的主要内容。     

无人机通信网络的容量与覆盖性能

无人机搭载通信设备升空作为空中基站,具有灵活机动、部署迅速等特点,合理地部署无人机基站可以有效提升网络的覆盖与容量。与传统的移动通信网络相比,无人机通信网络性能不仅受到无人机基站部署密度的影响,还与无人机的飞行高度有关。通过搭建无人机通信的系统级仿真平台研究了不同场景下无人机通信网络中各参数对网络容量与覆盖能力的影响。仿真结果表明,无人机密度增加,会提升网络容量及覆盖;相同无人机密度下,网络容量随着无人机飞行高度增加先增后减。     

基于实际城区场景的TD-LTE异构网络性能研究

本文对密集城区环境下的实际TD-LTE网络部署进行了研究.通过系统级仿真对宏小区/微小区、宏小区/家庭基站小区、宏小区/微小区/家庭基站小区3种异构网络的下行系统性能进行研究,并与单一宏小区的网络部署场景进行了比较.对实际城区环境下的信号传播损耗模型和用户分布进行了三维空间建模.通过比较4种不同TD-LTE网络部署方案下,位于不同楼层高度室内用户的性能,得出异构网络中不同小区(宏小区、微小区和家庭基站小区)的覆盖和容量特性.     

密集异构网络中基于多目标优化的资源分配策略

密集异构网络(Dense Heterogeneous Network, DHN)通过部署小基站可以提升网络容量和用户速率,但小基站的密集部署会产生巨大的能耗和严重的干扰,进而影响系统的能量效率(Energy Efficiency, EE)和频谱效率(Spectral Efficiency, SE)。在保证用户服务质量(Quality of Service, QoS)需求的前提下,为了联合优化系统的能量效率和频谱效率,研究了密集异构网络中下行链路的资源分配(Resource Allocation, RA)问题。首先,将频谱和小基站发射功率分配问题建模为联合优化系统能量效率和频谱效率的多目标优化问题;其次,提出了基于单策略多目标强化学习(Single-strategy Multi-objective Reinforcement Learning, SMRL)的资源分配算法求解所建立的多目标优化问题。仿真结果表明,与基于单目标强化学习的资源分配算法相比,所提算法可以实现系统能量效率和频谱效率的联合优化,与基于群体智能算法的资源分配算法相比,所提算法的系统能量效率提高了1%～1.5%,频谱效率...     

小基站在LTE异构网络中的应用发展研究

LTE(长期演进)的频段普遍较高,传统建设方式覆盖效果不佳,LTE主要采用异构网络进行深度覆盖和热点容量吸收。而具有多种技术优势的小基站有望成为未来解决LTE异构网络底层覆盖的重要手段。文章首先阐述我国小基站在LTE异构网络中的重要性和现网应用部署情况,接着对比分析小基站与传统建设方式的异同和作用,分析阐述小基站的网络规划和优化,最后分析小基站在LTE网络建设中的应用原则和应用案例。     

LTE网络室内覆盖小基站模式探讨

LTE网络室内覆盖建设是4G网络建设的重点,相比较传统的室内分布系统和光纤分系统,采用小基站模式的解决方案在容量扩充、深度覆盖、灵活部署上有其较为独特的优势,本文就LTE网络室内覆盖特点和方式进行分析,就小基站覆盖的解决方案进行探讨。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.