透明成核剂作用下的等规聚丙烯的结晶形态

利用偏光显微镜观察了等规聚丙烯（iPP）在透明成核剂TM-3作用下的等温结晶形态，并与普通成核剂苯甲酸钠的影响作了对比。结果表明：等温和等成核剂含量条件下，含有TM-3样品的最佳结晶完善程度出现在结晶时间为10h时；其他条件相同时，TM-3／iPP样品的最佳结晶完善程度出现在140℃；而TM-3／iPP样品的结晶完善程度在成核剂含量为0．3％（质量分数）时最好。作为一种新型成核剂，TM-3的成核机理不再是简单的异相成核，而是提供少量而有效的生长点，使PP链段进行附着生长。结果证实，TM-3具有明显促进iPP球晶生长的能力。     

PET/PTT合金结晶形态的研究

采用XP-201热台偏光显微镜研究了对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）/对苯二甲酸丙二醇酯（PTT）合金等温结晶时的结晶形态及影响因素。研究结果表明：随着等温结晶温度的升高,PET/PTT(40/60)合金的结晶诱导期变长;在观察的时间范围内各样品的球晶尺寸随着时间的延长而增大;随着PTT含量的增加,样品球晶的线生长速率增大,球晶尺寸增大;对比不同温度下等温结晶的球晶形态,PET/PTT(100/0)样品在190℃结晶时球晶尺寸最大, PET/PTT(40/60)样品和PET/PTT(100/0)样品在180℃结晶时球晶尺寸最大; PET/PTT(0/100)样品等温结晶时呈现出了复杂的条带球晶。     

双向拉伸α聚丙烯制备微孔膜的研究

通过不同的加工方式(淬火以及在80、100、120℃下等温结晶)制备出不同热历史的α聚丙烯。接着利用差示扫描量热仪和偏光显微镜研究其熔融行为和结晶形态,发现淬火样品结晶度和熔融温度最低,球晶最小;另一方面,随着等温结晶温度的升高,样品的结晶度和熔融温度逐渐升高,球晶尺寸逐渐增大。进一步对样品进行双向拉伸制备出微孔膜,扫描电子显微镜测试结果显示,淬火样品由于球晶强度较低,双拉后材料没有产生微孔;而等温结晶样品由于晶体强度较高、球晶界面较弱,双拉后产生了大量微孔,其孔径尺寸随等温结晶温度的升高逐渐增大,孔径分布均匀性优异。     

快速成型尼龙66分子量分布和结晶行为

选用神马尼龙66系列样品与杜邦101L、奥升德21SPF-1和道默A205F进行对比,通过凝胶渗透色谱仪(GPC)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)实验手段对11个尼龙66样品进行分析,确定了尼龙样品的数均分子量、重均分子量和分子量分布。通过对尼龙66等温结晶温度及等温结晶时间的分析,探明了不同样品在230℃结晶形态和晶体尺寸随等温时间的变化趋势,其中EPR27L的球晶生长能够在30 min内达到平衡,结晶速率较快,可应用于快速成型。而当等温时间超过30 min时,所得球晶的尺寸更大,且在偏光显微镜下不加补色器就可以观察到球晶颜色为彩色。这是由于形成的片晶厚度及扭曲程度不同产生光程差而形成干涉色,进而形成彩色图像。     

聚乳酸在二氧化碳作用下的冷结晶

利用差示扫描量热仪研究了聚乳酸（PLA）在常压下的等温冷结晶行为,并用偏光显微镜观测了不同温度下等温结晶100 min的PLA样品的结晶形态;以二氧化碳（CO2）为介质,利用高压釜在5 MPa压力、不同温度下制备了冷结晶过程中的等温结晶100 min的PLA样品,分别利用偏光显微镜和广角X射线衍射仪对比了常压和CO2作用下PLA产生的球晶形态和晶型结构。结果表明,CO2对PLA有显著的增塑作用,可以增强PLA分子链的活性,使其在较低的温度下发生冷结晶;与常压相比,PLA在CO2作用下冷结晶形成的球晶尺寸减小球晶数量增加球晶完善程度提高,但最终结晶度降低。     

聚丙烯/共聚酯/蒙脱土复合材料结晶行为的研究

采用热台偏光显微镜研究了聚丙烯(PP)/共聚酯(COPET)以及PP/COPET/蒙脱土(MMT)复合材料等温结晶时的结晶形态,结果表明:两样品均呈现清晰的球晶所特有的黑十字消光图像,PP/COPET/MMT复合材料的球晶尺寸比PP/COPET样品的球晶尺寸大大减小。采用差示扫描量热法对PP/COPET以及PP/COPET/MMT复合材料的非等温结晶行为进行了研究,结果表明:随着MMT含量的增加,复合材料样品的结晶初始温度和结晶峰温基本呈现逐渐降低趋势,结晶放热焓随MMT含量增加先增加后减小;在不同的降温速率下结晶,两种样品结晶峰温均随降温速率的增大而降低,结晶放热焓也随着结晶速率的增大而降低。采用Jeniorny法处理了PP/COPET和PP/COPET/MMT样品的非等温结晶过程,得出了两体系的结晶速率总体上随着冷却速率的增加而加快,为多维结晶生长体系。     

PTT/PE共混体系结晶动力学及结晶形态研究

采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了聚对苯二甲酸丙二醇酯/聚乙烯(PTT/PE)共混体系的非等温结晶动力学,通过热台偏光显微镜(POM)对共混物在等温条件下的结晶形态进行了研究。结果发现:PTT/PE共混体系各样品的结晶峰温度随着冷却速率的提高而下降,而半结晶时间t1/2随着冷却速率的提高而提高;结晶动力学常数Zc随着冷却速率的提高而下降,表明共混体系的结晶速率随着冷却速率的提高而降低;在POM观察的时间范围内各样品的球晶尺寸随着时间的延长而增大,PTT/PE(30/70)共混体系在190℃结晶时,球晶尺寸较大,即球晶生长较快。     

外场作用对PBS及嵌段共聚物PBS-b-PEG结晶形态的影响

采用偏光显微镜对聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)及聚酯嵌段共聚物聚丁二酸丁二醇酯-b-聚乙二醇(PBS-b-PEG)在不同外场环境下的结晶形态进行研究。结果表明:在等温结晶过程中,PBS及PBS-b-PEG的球晶尺寸及形貌同结晶温度和时间密切相关,PBS在90℃等温结晶2 h后可形成明显的环带球晶形态;PBS及PBS-b-PEG在水环境下等温结晶,水起到成核剂的作用,使球晶尺寸细化,球晶形貌发生改变;超声振动作用具有使PBS球晶尺寸细化作用,而对PBS-b-PEG结晶影响较小。     

PTT/PE共混体系结品动力学及结晶形态研究

采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯/聚乙烯(PTT/PE)共混体系的非等温结晶动力学,通过热台偏光显微镜(POM)对共混物在等温条件下的结晶形态进行了研究.结果发现:PTT/PE共混体系各样品的结晶峰温度随着冷却速率的提高而下降,而半结晶时间t1/2随着冷却速率的提高而提高;结晶动力学常数Zc随着冷却速率的提高而下降,表明共混体系的结晶速率随着冷却速率的提高而降低;在POM观察的时间范围内各样品的球晶尺寸随着时间的延长而增大,PTT/PE(30/70)共混体系在190℃结晶时,球晶尺寸较大,即球晶生长较快.     

等规聚丙烯在静态条件下的结晶行为

采用热台偏光显微镜研究了等规聚丙烯(i PP)结晶形态随时间的变化。通过控制目标结晶温度,比较了不同结晶温度条件下,成核速率、球晶生长速率随时间的变化以及温度对结晶完成时间的影响,并讨论了相对分子质量对结晶速率的影响。结果表明:等温结晶时,晶核数目和球晶直径都与时间呈良好的线性关系;成核速率与球晶生长速率均随温度的升高而逐渐降低;结晶完成时间实际上是球晶生长速率的反映,随温度的升高而增加;相对分子质量对i PP结晶速率的影响程度具有明显的温度依赖性,温度较低时,影响不明显,随着温度的升高,影响逐渐增大,并且成核时间和结晶完成时间均随着相对分子质量的增加而增加。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。