包络变形对阶比分析结果的影响及消除方法

转速变化的滚动轴承故障诊断通常先采用计算阶比跟踪技术消除变转速的影响,再进行阶比分析获得故障特征。然而,等角度重采样会引起冲击包络变形进而导致阶比分析结果产生偏差,在转速变化范围较大时这个偏差必须要受到重视。本文的主要工作是介绍了等角度重采样方法,仿真了包络变形对阶比分析结果的影响,给出了峰值点间隔变化量详细的理论推导,提出了通过修正角度变换值来消除包络变形影响的方法,并进行了实验验证。研究结果显示,包络在宽窄方向的变形对阶比分析结果没有影响;相邻包络峰值点间隔的变化对阶比分析结果产生影响;在角度序列逐点减去峰值点间隔变化量可消除包络变形对阶比分析结果的影响。     

Energy-Efficient Distributed Adaptive Multisensor Scheduling for Target Tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks

Due to uncertainties in target motion and limited sensing regions of sensors, single-sensor-based collaborative target tracking in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), as addressed in many previous approaches, suffers from low tracking accuracy and lack of reliability when a target cannot be detected by a scheduled sensor. Generally, actuating multiple sensors can achieve better tracking performance but with high energy consumption. Tracking accuracy, reliability, and energy consumed are affected by the sampling interval between two successive time steps. In this paper, an adaptive energy-efficient multisensor scheduling scheme is proposed for collaborative target tracking in WSNs. It calculates the optimal sampling interval to satisfy a specification on predicted tracking accuracy, selects the cluster of tasking sensors according to their joint detection probability, and designates one of the tasking sensors as the cluster head for estimation update and sensor scheduling according to a cluster head energy measure (CHEM) function. Simulation results show that, compared with existing single-sensor scheduling and multisensor scheduling with a uniform sampling interval, the proposed adaptive multisensor scheduling scheme can achieve superior energy efficiency and tracking reliability while satisfying the tracking accuracy requirement. It is also robust to the uncertainty of the process noise.      

Stochasticity in staged models of epidemics: quantifying the dynamics of whooping cough

Although many stochastic models can accurately capture the qualitative epidemic patterns of many childhood diseases, there is still considerable discussion concerning the basic mechanisms generating these patterns; much of this stems from the use of deterministic models to try to understand stochastic simulations. We argue that a systematic method of analysing models of the spread of childhood diseases is required in order to consistently separate out the effects of demographic stochasticity, external forcing and modelling choices. Such a technique is provided by formulating the models as master equations and using the van Kampen system-size expansion to provide analytical expressions for quantities of interest. We apply this method to the susceptible–exposed–infected–recovered (SEIR) model with distributed exposed and infectious periods and calculate the form that stochastic oscillations take on in terms of the model parameters. With the use of a suitable approximation, we apply the formalism to analyse a model of whooping cough which includes seasonal forcing. This allows us to more accurately interpret the results of simulations and to make a more quantitative assessment of the predictions of the model. We show that the observed dynamics are a result of a macroscopic limit cycle induced by the external forcing and resonant stochastic oscillations about this cycle.     

Adaptive modelling and long-range prediction of mobile fading channels

A key element for many fading-compensation techniques is a (long-range) prediction tool for the fading channel. A linear approach, usually used to model the time evolution of the fading process, does not perform well for long-range prediction applications. An adaptive fading channel prediction algorithm using a sum-sinusoidalbased state-space approach is proposed. This algorithm utilises an improved adaptive Kalman estimator, comprising an acquisition mode and a tracking algorithm. Furthermore, for the sake of a lower computational complexity, an enhanced linear predictor for channel fading is proposed, including a multi-step AR predictor and the respective tracking algorithm. Comparing the two methods in our simulations show that the proposed Kalman-based algorithm can significantly outperform the linear method, for both stationary and nonstationary fading processes, and especially for long-range predictions. The performance and the self-recovering structure, as well as the reasonable computational complexity, makes the algorithm appealing for practical applications.     

Monitoring and modelling the early age and hardening behaviour of eco-concrete through continuous non-destructive measurements: Part I. Hydration and apparent activation energy

A recent scientific and industrial interest has been brought to combine multiple supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in large quantities in concrete binders. The growing use of binary, ternary or quaternary cement binders calls for the development of simple, efficient and accurate experimental means to characterise and predict the behaviour of such concretes. Continuous non-destructive testing constitutes a major opportunity since it generally consists in simple test setup requiring low human interaction. In this study, isothermal calorimetry and ultrasonic pulse velocity (compression and shear waves) are performed on various concrete compositions with massive incorporation of limestone filler and blast-furnace slag. Indeed, these two additions present interesting complementary effects and positive synergies in terms of fresh properties, mechanical behaviour and durability potential. The hydration process of these concretes is investigated, and a new model is presented for representing the hydration degree of SCM-based binders. Then, the apparent activation energy is studied through tests at various temperature. Ultrasonic measurements are shown to provide a good alternative to isothermal calorimetry for the monitoring of the apparent activation energy of concrete during the first days of hydration.     

Adaptive update interval tracking based on adaptive grid interacting multiple model

The update interval is adjustable in the phased array radar system. An adaptive update interval algorithm based on the adaptive grid interacting multiple model is proposed. The moving step size of mid-model's parameter is utilised to adapt the update interval to the target's behaviour. Furthermore, a controllable parameter is introduced to balance the tracking precision and the system load. The effectiveness of the algorithm is verified through simulation. The simulation results also demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can save much system resource while achieving the same tracking quality as the fixed update interval algorithm.     

Monitoring autocorrelated processes using variable sampling schemes at fixed‐times

Traditional control charts for process monitoring are based on taking samples of fixed size from the process using a fixed sampling interval. A recent development in control charts is the use of adaptive control charts, i.e. the variable sampling interval (VSI) and variable sampling size charts. This paper extends this idea to the autocorrelated process. We consider a time series model which is a first‐order autoregressive process plus a random error. With variable intervals, the sampling time may be inconvenient, so using only two intervals, referred to as ‘variable sampling interval at fix times’ makes the method easier to use in practice. The sampling rate can also be adjusted by the number of samples collected, VSRFT, for ‘variable sampling rate at fixed times’. We study what we call ‘variable sampling at fixed times’, VSFT, which includes both VSIFT and VSRFT schemes, using a Markov chain model and integral equations. We show that our methods detect process shifts faster, on average, than fixed sampling X‐bar charts, and at least comparable detection ability with the less practical VSI charts. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A non‐stationary covariance‐based Kriging method for metamodelling in engineering design

Metamodels are widely used to facilitate the analysis and optimization of engineering systems that involve computationally expensive simulations. Kriging is a metamodelling technique that is well known for its ability to build surrogate models of responses with non‐linear behaviour. However, the assumption of a stationary covariance structure underlying Kriging does not hold in situations where the level of smoothness of a response varies significantly. Although non‐stationary Gaussian process models have been studied for years in statistics and geostatistics communities, this has largely been for physical experimental data in relatively low dimensions. In this paper, the non‐stationary covariance structure is incorporated into Kriging modelling for computer simulations. To represent the non‐stationary covariance structure, we adopt a non‐linear mapping approach based on parameterized density functions. To avoid over‐parameterizing for the high dimension problems typical of engineering design, we propose a modified version of the non‐linear map approach, with a sparser, yet flexible, parameterization. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through both mathematical and engineering examples. The robustness of the method is verified by testing multiple functions under various sampling settings. We also demonstrate that our method is effective in quantifying prediction uncertainty associated with the use of metamodels. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Frequency approach for treating capacity-constrained multilevel production

An idea about how to tackle and solve the difficult problem of determining economic order quantities in capacity-constrained multilevel production is presented. The idea is based on frequencies during a variable time interval as variables instead of explicit order quantities. The presented heuristic model handles assumed constant demand for several items and calculates fixed-order quantities assumed to be possible to repeat in a cyclic pattern. In the model, every item is supposed to be manufactured at least once per year, or during another maximum period, to stop order quantities that are too large and therefore hinder inventories that are exceedingly large and/or obsolete. During a time interval, it was decided how many times each item should be produced. The paper starts with a common frequency for all items, i.e. the highest frequency possible for all items during this maximum time interval considering the capacity restrictions of the different machines. Thereafter, the frequency for items with high set-up costs compared with the inventory holding costs is reduced if it decreases the total cost of set-ups and inventory holding. Only frequencies in multiples of two are used to make a cycle policy easier to establish, to prevent remnant stocks and to make the used cost approximation fit more accurately.     

Nonlinear instability in flagellar dynamics: a novel modulation mechanism in sperm migration?

Throughout biology, cells and organisms use flagella and cilia to propel fluid and achieve motility. The beating of these organelles, and the corresponding ability to sense, respond to and modulate this beat is central to many processes in health and disease. While the mechanics of flagellum–fluid interaction has been the subject of extensive mathematical studies, these models have been restricted to being geometrically linear or weakly nonlinear, despite the high curvatures observed physiologically. We study the effect of geometrical nonlinearity, focusing on the spermatozoon flagellum. For a wide range of physiologically relevant parameters, the nonlinear model predicts that flagellar compression by the internal forces initiates an effective buckling behaviour, leading to a symmetry-breaking bifurcation that causes profound and complicated changes in the waveform and swimming trajectory, as well as the breakdown of the linear theory. The emergent waveform also induces curved swimming in an otherwise symmetric system, with the swimming trajectory being sensitive to head shape—no signalling or asymmetric forces are required. We conclude that nonlinear models are essential in understanding the flagellar waveform in migratory human sperm; these models will also be invaluable in understanding motile flagella and cilia in other systems.     

基于VMD与不同包络阶次构造的风电机组滚动轴承故障诊断

针对风电机组变工况滚动轴承故障诊断问题,将变分模态分解（variational mode decomposition,VMD）与计算阶比跟踪（computed order tracking,COT）、逆包络阶次谱（reversed sequence squared envelope spectrum,RE-SES）2种方法结合进行包络阶次分析;将非平稳的时间域信号转换成平稳的角度域信号,再经包络法找出滚动轴承故障特征信息。仿真与实验结果表明,VMD结合RE-SES包络阶次法可以更加有效地提取出调幅信号中的调制阶次,并且VMD滤波可以使得故障特征阶次更加凸显,易于故障识别,为风电机组变速工况下的滚动轴承故障诊断提供参考。     

Modulo 2pi fringe orientation angle estimation by phase unwrapping with a regularized phase tracking algorithm

The fringe orientation angle provides useful information for many fringe-pattern-processing techniques. From a single normalized fringe pattern (background suppressed and modulation normalized), the fringe orientation angle can be obtained by computing the irradiance gradient and performing a further arctangent computation. Because of the 180 degrees ambiguity of the fringe direction, the orientation angle computed from the gradient of a single fringe pattern can be determined only modulo pi. Recently, several studies have shown that a reliable determination of the fringe orientation angle modulo 2pi is a key point for a robust demodulation of the phase from a single fringe pattern. We present an algorithm for the computation of the modulo 2pi fringe orientation angle by unwrapping the orientation angle obtained from the gradient computation with a regularized phase tracking method. Simulated as well as experimental results are presented.     

基于阶次跟踪的变速箱啸叫噪声分析

运用阶次跟踪的分析方法,研究了某车型手动变速箱的二挡啸叫噪声现象。首先,在阶次跟踪的等角度间隔重采样算法中,提出用分段三次埃尔米特（Hermite）多项式代替传统的最小二乘法多项式拟合变速箱输入轴转速曲线,再分段对其积分得到变速箱输入轴转角表达式,提高了转速拟合与阶次跟踪分析的精度;然后,把短时傅里叶变换（STFT）用于阶次跟踪分析;最后开展了啸叫噪声的实车实验,结合变速箱噪声实验的主观评价经验,定量地分析和研究了变速箱的二挡啸叫现象。     

Effect of gas evolution at solid-liquid interface on contact angle between liquid Si and SiO2

The contact angle between liquid Si and SiO₂ was measured with the sessile drop method at 1723 K. The contact angle changed very unusually due to the evolution of SiO gas at the solid/liquid interface. It was found that the real contact angle between liquid Si and SiO₂ is about 80° or less at 1723 K though the apparent contact angle of 95° was observed for a long time during the experiment. The difference in the contact angle can be explained with a model of a composite material. Although the real contact angle is more important in a physical point of view, the apparent contact angle should be adopted in some cases such as simulation works.     

装配式减震节点转动型阻尼器抗震性能及恢复力模型研究

提出一种可用于预制装配式结构中梁柱连接和耗能的转动型阻尼器——扭转钢管阻尼器。设计了5个不同参数的扭转钢管阻尼器试件并对其进行了拟静力低周往复加载试验,结果表明：试件整体绕销轴发生转动变形,具有良好的转动变形能力,极限转角均在0.06 rad以上,延性系数均大于规范要求的4.0;试件的滞回曲线饱满,具有明显的等向强化特征,等效黏滞阻尼系数达到0.5左右,具有良好的耗能能力;试件的壁厚和外径越大、有效管长越小,其转动强度越大;试件在等幅循环加载下各项疲劳性能指标基本在±15%的规范要求内,具有良好的抗疲劳性能。在此基础上,对Bouc-Wen模型进行改进以模拟阻尼器的滞回行为,采用量子粒子群算法对试验滞回曲线进行了参数识别,识别结果表明改进Bouc-Wen模型能更好地适应试件的等向强化特性,具有比Bouc-Wen模型更高的模拟精度,可用于整体结构的抗震分析计算。     

Laser scattering from the turned surface occurrence of a stationary pattern

During the study of laser-scattering properties of machined surfaces, an interesting reflective characteristic has been observed. For a certain range of angles of incidence a stationary reflective pattern has been observed regardless of the angle of incidence. We explain the same by using geometric optics. The intensities calculated from the model are found to be in good agreement with the experimentally measured intensity of the scattered pattern.     

An experimental investigation of forming load and side-wall thickness obtained by a new deep drawing die

Deep drawing is an important process used for producing cups from sheet metal in large quantities. The deep drawing process is affected by many variables such as blank shape, punch and die radii, material’s formability characteristics, and many more. In order to obtain optimal process parameters with regard to part geometry, the blank and die geometry are particularly important factors. In this study, we investigated the effects of blank holder and die shapes, using six different blank holder and die shapes. We measured the distribution of blank holder force (BHF), the forming load at different drawing depths as well as thickness reduction of cup wall thickness for each set of die and punch geometries. The experimental study shows that the angle of blank and die surface influence the forming load and blank holder force distribution. Deep drawing dies with matrix and blank holder angle designed in this study provided deep drawing ratios that are about 25 % larger than those that usually can be obtained by a conventional die.     

Product interval automata

We identify a subclass of timed automata called product interval automata and develop its theory. These automata consist of a network of timed agents with the key restriction being that there is just one clock for each agent and the way the clocks are read and reset is determined by the distribution of shared actions across the agents. We show that the resulting automata admit a clean theory in both logical and language theoretic terms. We also show that product interval automata are expressive enough to model the timed behaviour of asynchronous digital circuits.     

A methodology for global-sensitivity analysis of time-dependent outputs in systems biology modelling

One of the main challenges in the development of mathematical and computational models of biological systems is the precise estimation of parameter values. Understanding the effects of uncertainties in parameter values on model behaviour is crucial to the successful use of these models. Global sensitivity analysis (SA) can be used to quantify the variability in model predictions resulting from the uncertainty in multiple parameters and to shed light on the biological mechanisms driving system behaviour. We present a new methodology for global SA in systems biology which is computationally efficient and can be used to identify the key parameters and their interactions which drive the dynamic behaviour of a complex biological model. The approach combines functional principal component analysis with established global SA techniques. The methodology is applied to a model of the insulin signalling pathway, defects of which are a major cause of type 2 diabetes and a number of key features of the system are identified.     

Likelihood-based estimation of continuous-time epidemic models from time-series data: application to measles transmission in London

We present a new statistical approach to analyse epidemic time-series data. A major difficulty for inference is that (i) the latent transmission process is partially observed and (ii) observed quantities are further aggregated temporally. We develop a data augmentation strategy to tackle these problems and introduce a diffusion process that mimics the susceptible-infectious-removed (SIR) epidemic process, but that is more tractable analytically. While methods based on discrete-time models require epidemic and data collection processes to have similar time scales, our approach, based on a continuous-time model, is free of such constraint. Using simulated data, we found that all parameters of the SIR model, including the generation time, were estimated accurately if the observation interval was less than 2.5 times the generation time of the disease. Previous discrete-time TSIR models have been unable to estimate generation times, given that they assume the generation time is equal to the observation interval. However, we were unable to estimate the generation time of measles accurately from historical data. This indicates that simple models assuming homogenous mixing (even with age structure) of the type which are standard in mathematical epidemiology miss key features of epidemics in large populations.