This work investigates the effect of kinetic chain length on the network structure of multi-functional (meth)acrylates. Two chain transfer agents, dodecanethiol and m-toluenethiol, were added to a series of crosslinking free radical polymerizations to decrease the kinetic chain length. Using near-IR spectroscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis, the effect of chain transfer on the polymerization rate and network properties (i.e. Tg and modulus) was investigated. The results suggest that macroradical chain length, which has been shown to play a role in the termination kinetics of crosslinking systems, may also impact the network properties of the formed polymer. With the addition of only 0.5-1 wt% chain transfer agent, differences in the polymerization rate and mechanical properties were observed in the crosslinking methacrylate systems. The polymerization rate was significantly suppressed and the Tg of the cured network was found to decrease by up to 10 °C, depending on the monomer formulation. The largest differences in the mechanical properties occurred in the systems with the lowest crosslinking density and diminished as the crosslink density of the cured polymer increased. Furthermore, the differences were less dramatic in the multi-EGDMA systems, that have some inherent ability to chain transfer, and were not discernable in the transfer dominated diacrylate systems. 相似文献
Summary
The equilibrium swelling and the plateau elastic modulus of a family of hydrogels made by the polymerization of acrylamide
with itaconic acid or some of its esters were investigated as a function of composition and crosslinking degree to find materials
with satisfactory swelling and elastic properties. We show that an appropriate selection of the comonomers and the concentration
of the crosslinking agent is very important to produce hydrogels with large swelling capacity and good mechanical attributes.
Tailoring of mechanical properties and swelling can also be achieved by this method.
Received: 7 September 1999/Revised version: 3 December 1999/Accepted: 6 December 1999 相似文献
Dicyclopentadiene was polymerized by reaction injection molding (RIM) using a catalyst system based on WCl6 and diethylaluminium chloride. Ring opening polymerization results in formation of a crosslinked polymer with a high crosslink density. The kinetics of the fast exothermic reaction was followed by the adiabatic temperature rise method. In addition to the “adiabatic” polymerization, isothermal reactions were carried out in a thin mold. The properties of the cured samples were determined by dynamic mechanical measurements, solgel analysis, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, DSC, and IR spectrometry. Gel fraction, glass transition temperature, content of the unreacted monomer, the modulus, and the degree of swelling were used to characterize the cured samples. The system shows very low critical conversion at the gel point (αc < 0.01) proving a chainwise mechanism of the polymerization. Possible participation of a cationic mechanism is discussed. We found the specific reaction temperature range (T = 100–140°C) for optimum properties of the cured samples. Deterioration of properties (decrease in the crosslinking density, etc.) at a high temperature is a result of a faster deactivation of catalytic centers and a reversibility of the exothermic ring opening polymerization. Reverse cyclodegradation is preferred at a higher temperature. 相似文献
A UV-curable acrylated urethane prepolymer was synthesized from tolylene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), a polyether polyol (Arcol 1131) and endcapped with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) by addition reaction in the presence of dibutyltin dilaurate as catalyst. UV curing was performed with either diethylene glycol diacrylate or thiodiethylene glycol diacrylate as reactive diluent. The effects of reactive diluent types, their concentrations and the humidity of environment on mechanical properties of cured films were investigated. Changes in the tensile strength, elongation and Young's modulus values of the cured films upon addition of reactive diluents with different concentrations were related to the effect of the diluent on the crosslinking density of cured films. The increase of relative humidity from 50 to 95% caused a decrease of tensile strength and Young's modulus values of cured films. It is proposed that the decrease of these physical properties in high relative humidity is due to the formation of hydrogen bonding in polymer chains caused by water molecules. 相似文献
A series of UV-autocurable epoxy-multiacrylate resins was synthesized, and the effects of degree of polymerization (DP) and epoxy type on their properties were investigated. These autocurable multiacrylate resins possess good pot life and are cured rapidly when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) without the addition of photoinitiator or photosensitizer. The curing rate of the autocurable resins was probably dependent on the number of abstractable hydrogen in epoxy resins. Stress-strain, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were used to characterize the properties of cured multiacrylate resins. Increased crosslinking density of cured films improved tensile properties. Increasing the molar ratio of epoxy resin in the multiacrylate resins was found to decrease the effective acrylate concentration of resins and to depress crosslinking density of cured resins, which also resulted in an increased elongation at break but a decreased Young's modulus and breaking strength. Furthermore, the different structures of epoxy resins were used to give wide range properties of cured epoxy-multiacrylate resins with a glass transition temperature (Tg range from 74 to 102°C. The film properties of the multiacrylate resins coated on steel plates were also investigated. 相似文献
Addition of small amounts (0.5-10 vol%) of multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNT) to thermoplastic elastomer Morthane produced polymer nanocomposites with high electrical conductivity (σ∼1-10 S/cm), low electrical percolation (?∼0.005) and enhancement of mechanical properties including increased modulus and yield stress without loss of the ability to stretch the elastomer above 1000% before rupture. In situ X-ray scattering during deformation indicated that these mechanical enhancements arise not only from the CNTs, but also from their impact on soft-segment crystallization. The deformation behavior after yielding of the nanocomposites, irrespective of CNT concentration, is similar to the unfilled elastomer, implying that the mechanistics of large deformation is mainly governed by the matrix. The relative enhancement of the Young's modulus of the nanocomposites is comparable to other elastomeric nanocomposites, implying that to the first order specific chemical details of the elastomeric system is unimportant. 相似文献
Elastomeric latex interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) can result from a two-stage emulsion polymerization procedure in which styrene is polymerized and cross-linked on a lightly cross-linked polyacrylate (PA) seed latex in a ratio of 75 : 25 PA-PS. The multiphase nature of these IPNs is indicated by two distinct Tgs and is confirmed by cold-stage transmission electron microscopy and by the unique mechanical and rheological properties that are intimately related to the material's structure. PS microdomains reinforce the elastomeric PA, yielding a significant modulus, and interparticle PS physical ties yield a significant ultimate tensile strength. The elastomeric latex IPN's dual thermoset-thermoplastic nature is revealed in a stick, slip, roll flow mechanism of the cross-linked submicrometer particles, which can be injection molded as a thermoplastic. The relationships among the polymerization procedure, the structure, and the physical properties are characterized by the examination of several different materials using a variety of analytic techniques. 相似文献
Mortar specimens were impregnated with methyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, styrene, and crosslinking agents in various combinations. After polymerization of the monomers in situ, studies of mechanical properties such as Young's modulus and compressive strength were made. In one experiment, various ccpolymers of methyl methacrylate and n-butyl acrylate were prepared and tested as a function of temperature. Excellent reinforcement was obtained with any combination of monomers as long as the resulting polymer was at a temperature below its glass transition temperature. This suggests that the modulus of the reinforcing polymer is crucial, glassy behavior being required. The addition of crosslinking agents such as TMPTMA increased the high temperature strength, however. 相似文献
Elastomeric polymer consisting of poly(oxytetramethylene) segments and viologen units was prepared by living cationic polymerization of tetrahydrofuran (THF), followed by the end capping of the living polymer by 4,4´-bipyridine. The obtained ionene-type polymer (PTV) exhibited low tensile modulus and high tensile strength with large extensibility, i.e., it is an excellent elastomer from its mechanical properties. The water swelling behavior and effects of water and the sort of counter anions on the tensile properties of PTV were investigated. PTV showed high hydrophilicity; e.g., the water content of PTV with bromide counter anions was ca. 40% after swelling in water at 25°C for 24 h. However, even for the samples with such a high water content, PTVs displayed good elastomeric properties, although the tensile modulus and tensile strength were decreased with increase of water content. The hydrophilicity of PTV was found to depend on the kind of counter anions, which in turn determined the tensile properties of PTVs in a swollen state. 相似文献
Fatty acid based self-crosslinking polyurethane urea (PUU) anionomers can find potential applications in coatings field due to enhanced chemical resistance properties. To optimize their performance in coatings, the molecular features that influence the microphase morphology and dynamic mechanical (DM) behavior of polymer films must be understood and exploited. In this work, comprehensive materials characterization of model PUU anionomers films with oxidative-crosslinking microstructure is addressed. For this, linoleic fatty acid based precursor (LPE) was included in polymer backbone which provides reactive sites for autooxidative polymerization. Three series of compositions were prepared with urea content of 8.4%, 13.2% and 18.1% where within each series LPE content has been increasing in same proportion. Different experimental techniques like FTIR, DSC, DMA and mechanical testing were utilized to study the effect of compositional variables on the extent of phase segregation, domain structure and mechanical properties of fully cured polymer samples. The extent soft segment (SS) oxidative crosslinking had marked effect on the microphase morphology and DM properties of materials of lowest urea content. Significant phase mixing was observed with evolvement of single heterogenous phase in the sample with highest LPE content. Samples with 13.2% urea shows less sensitivity toward increased SS crosslinking in their microphase morphology change. Their mechanical and DM properties were observed to be dominated by interlocked hard domains. With higher urea content, such kind of hard segment cohesion results due to greater strength of bidenate H-bonding among urea linkages. While samples with highest % urea, were clearly found to be well microphase separated compared to other two series with highest HS interconnectivity and have marginal effect of extent of SS crosslinking on microphase separation. This study gives an insight about effect of extent of complex oxidative crosslinking on the microphase separation and DM behavior of segmented PUU anionomers based films with different urea content which is useful in designing such materials in coating system with specific surface structure and function. 相似文献
The combination of rubbery and rigid polymers in a multiphase structure using staged emulsion polymerization has yielded materials with properties ranging from reinforced elastomers to high impact plastics. The many different particle morphologies that result from a two-stage latex (TSL) polymerization include core/shell, domain, interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN), and various combinations thereof. The sequence of polymerization, crosslinking, grafting, and composition are among the significant parameters that determine the particle morphology. Elastomeric TSL with soft polyacrylates (PA) as the seed particles and polystyrene (PS) as the second stage, with each stage lightly crosslinked, may yield IPN-microdomain particles. The particle morphology has been elucidated through a combination of microscopy and mechanical property analyses. The significant modulus of elastomeric latex interpenetrating polymer networks (LIPN) results from reinforcement by PS intra-particle microdomains and their significant tensile strength from a strength forming mechanism of PS inter-particle microdomains. The increase in the PA seed crosslinking increases the crosslinked PS (xPS) level of molecular mixing with, and grafting via residual unsaturation to, the crosslinked PA (xPA) network and decreases particle deformnability. At higher xPS concentrations the formation of an xPS-rich shell enhances xPS continuity in the molded material through the partial coalescence of the shells, diminishing the PA continuity, and yielding more PS-like properties. The submicron lightly crosslinked latex particles with these different morphologies flow as a pseudoplastie material through a particle slippage flow mechanism exhibiting neither a Newtonian plateau nor a yield stress at low shear rates. The deformable lightly crosslinked particles with interchangeable PS ties which disintegrate at elevated temperatures retain their identity and regain their shape at the cessation of shear. The LIPN can be processed using standard thermoplastic methods and machinery, with power law constants and shear insensitive flow activation energies that are similar to those of thermoplastics at high levels of shear. Uncrosslinked PS shells around crosslinked PA seed particles, on the other hand, completely coalesce upon molding to form a continuous thermoplastic PS matrix that may essentially flow through molecular deformation. 相似文献
A new route to elaborate organic-inorganic hybrid materials is presented. It is based upon two successive steps, the former is the crosslinking of polymer which contains pendant ester groups such as poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) through ester-alkoxysilane interchange reaction in molten state in the presence of dibutyltin oxide as catalyst. The latter is the hydrolysis-condensation reactions of available alkoxysilane groups in the polymer network leading to the silica network co-grafted onto the organic network. More particularly the hydrolysis-condensation reactions in solid state leading to the silica network grafted and confined in the organic network are addressed in the present work. The progress of the hydrolysis-condensation reactions was investigated by gas chromatography, FT-IR spectroscopy, 29Si solid NMR, volume swelling degree at equilibrium and dynamic mechanical analysis. Two side reactions have been evidenced leading to alcohol groups grafted onto EVA. The silanols and these alcohol groups can participate to hydrogen bonds between ester and silica domains. The organic-inorganic hybrids elaborated according to this new chemical route exhibit improved mechanical and thermomechanical properties with respect to the EVA while having an elastomeric behavior with respect to the nanocomposite synthesized by in situ polymerization of tetraethoxysilane. 相似文献
Summary: This paper discusses static and dynamic mechanical properties of electron beam‐cured mixtures made of the nematic liquid crystal (LC) E7 and either tripropyleneglycol diacrylate (TPGDA) or propoxylated glycerol triacrylate (GPTA) as monomers differing essentially by their functionality. Dilution of the initial mixture with LC leads to a significant weakening of the film mechanical strength. Strong effects were found on Young modulus and rubbery state modulus. As the concentration of LC increases, these mechanical parameters drop significantly together with the glass transition temperature of the polymer showing a plasticizing effect. The results for the glass transition temperatures for the polymer and the LC were confirmed by thermograms obtained by differential scanning calorimetry.
Storage tensile modulus versus temperature of EB‐cured TPGDA/E7 films for different LC concentrations. 相似文献