Heparin‐immobilized poly(2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate)‐based microspheres

Poly(2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (PHEMA)‐based microspheres (150–200 µm in diameter) were produced by a modified suspension polymerization of different type of comonomers—namely, acrylic acid, dimethylaminoethyl‐methacrylate, and methylmethacrylate. These microspheres were activated with cyanogen bromide (CNBr) at pH 11.5, and heparin molecules were then immobilized through covalent bonds. The amount of immobilized heparin was controlled by changing the initial concentration of CNBr and heparin. The increase in the initial concentrations of both CNBr and heparin caused an increase in the amount of heparin immobilized onto microspheres for all polymer surfaces. The maximum heparin immobilization was observed on the PHEMA homopolymer microspheres (180 mg/g). The plain and heparin‐immobilized microspheres were contacted with blood in in vitro systems and in ex vivo animal experiments. Loss of the blood cells and clotting times were followed. Anticoagulant effect of the immobilized heparin was clearly observed with blood coagulation experiments. Loss of cells in the blood contacting with heparin‐immobilized microspheres was significantly lower than those observed with the plain microspheres. Bovine serum albumin adsorption onto the microspheres containing heparin on their surfaces was also studied. High albumin adsorption values (up to 127 mg/g) were observed in which the heparin‐immobilized PHEMA microspheres were used. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 655–662, 1999     

Synthesis and characterization of poly[4‐(2‐thiazolylazo)phenyl methacrylate]‐co‐poly(methyl methacrylate)

A new methacrylic monomer, 4‐(2‐thiazolylazo)phenylmethacrylate (TPMA) was synthesized. Copolymerization of the monomer with methyl methacrylate (MMA) was carried out by free radical polymerization in THF solution at 70 ± 0.5°C, using azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. The monomer TPMA and the copolymer poly(TPMA‐co‐MMA) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and elemental analysis methods. The polydispersity index of the copolymer was determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the copolymer performed in nitrogen revealed that the copolymer was stable to 270°C. The glass transition temperature (T_g) of the copolymer was higher than that of PMMA. The copolymer with a pendent aromatic heterocyclic group can be dissolved in common organic solvents and shows a good film‐forming ability. Both the monomer TPMA and the copolymer poly (TPMA‐co‐MMA) have bright colors: orange and yellow, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2152–2157, 2007     

AB‐ and ABC‐type di‐ and triblock copolymers of poly[styrene‐block‐(ε‐caprolactone)] and poly[styrene‐block‐(ε‐caprolactone)‐block‐lactide]: synthesis,characterization and thermal studies

Polystyrene terminated with benzyl alcohol units was employed as a macroinitiator for ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone and L ‐lactide to yield AB‐ and ABC‐type block copolymers. Even though there are many reports on the diblock copolymers of poly(styrene‐block‐lactide) and poly(styrene‐block‐lactone), this is the first report on the poly(styrene‐block‐lactone‐block‐lactide) triblock copolymer consisting of two semicrystalline and degradable segments. The triblock copolymers exhibited twin melting behavior in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis with thermal transitions corresponding to each of the lactone and lactide blocks. The block derived from ε‐caprolactone also showed crystallization transitions upon cooling from the melt. In the DSC analysis, one of the triblock copolymers showed an exothermic transition well above the melting temperature upon cooling. Thermogravimetric analysis of these block copolymers showed a two‐step degradation curve for the diblock copolymer and a three‐step degradation for the triblock copolymer with each of the degradation steps associated with each segment of the block copolymers. The present study shows that it is possible to make pure triblock copolymers with two semicrystalline segments which also consist of degradable blocks. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Synthesis,characterization, and kinetic of thermal degradation of oligo‐2‐[(4‐bromophenylimino)methyl]phenol and oligomer‐metal complexes

Oligo‐2‐[(4‐bromophenylimino)methyl]phenol (OBPIMP) was synthesized from the oxidative polycondensation reaction of 2‐[(4‐bromophenylimino)methyl]phenol (BPIMP) with air and NaOCl oxidants in an aqueous alkaline medium between 50 and 90°C. The yield of OBPIMP was found to be 67 and 88% for air and NaOCl oxidants, respectively. Their structures were confirmed by elemental and spectral such as IR, ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer (UV–vis), ¹H‐NMR, and ¹³C‐NMR analyses. The characterization was made by TG‐DTA, size exclusion chromatography, and solubility tests. The resulting complexes were characterized by electronic and IR spectral measurements, elemental analysis, AAS, and thermal studies. According to TG analyses, the weight losses of OBPIMP, and oligomer‐metal complexes with Co⁺², Ni⁺², and Cu⁺² ions were found to be 93.04%, 59.80%, 74.23%, and 59.30%, respectively, at 1000°C. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of these compounds investigated by Coats‐Redfern, MacCallum‐Tanner, and van Krevelen methods. The values of the apparent activation energies of thermal decomposition (E_a), the reaction order (n), preexponential factor (A), the entropy change (ΔS*), enthalpy change (ΔH*), and free energy change (ΔG*) obtained by earlier‐mentioned methods were all good in agreement with each other. It was found that the thermal stabilities of the complexes follow the order Cu(II) > Co(II) > Ni(II). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Synthesis,characterization, and thermal degradation kinetic of polystyrene‐g‐polycaprolactone

In the present study, it has been demonstrated that polystyrene‐g‐polycaprolactone (PS‐g‐PCL) was successfully prepared by “click chemistry.” For this purpose, first, poly(styrene‐co‐4‐chloromethylstyrene) (P(S‐co‐CMS)) with 4‐chloromethylstyrene content (10%) was synthesized. Second, alkyne‐functionalized polycaprolactone (PCL) was obtained using propargyl alcohol and caprolactone. P(S‐co‐CMS) and PCL were reacted in N,N‐dimethylformamide for 24 h at 25°C to give PS‐g‐PCL. The synthesized polymer was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H‐NMR), gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The apparent activation energies for thermal degradation of PS‐g‐PCL were obtained by differential (Kissenger) and integral methods (Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose, Tang, Coats–Redfern, Van Krevelen et al.). The decomposition mechanism and pre‐exponential factor were calculated in terms of Coats–Redfern method. The most likely decomposition processes of first and second degradation stages were A_n type and F₃ type, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Kinetics of thermal degradation of poly(p‐phenylene benzobisoxazole)

The kinetics of thermal degradation of poly (p-phenylen benzobisoxazole) (PBO) were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) in dynamic nitrogen gas at four different heating rates: 5, 10, 15, 20°C/min. The activation energy calculated by Kissinger Method was 352.19 kJ/mol, and the mean value of activation energies evaluated by Flynn-Wall-Ozawa Method was 338.32 kJ/mol. The degradation kinetic model of PBO followed the mechanism of random scission of weak bonds of PBO molecule and impact of the active groups obtained from the broken bonds, Mampel Power equation with integral form G(α) = α^3/2 and differential form . And the mathematical equation of kinetic compensation effect was ln A = 0.1365 E_a − 1.4102. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3675–3679, 2007     

Amphiphilic diblock copolymers poly(2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate)‐b‐(N‐phenylmaleimide) and poly(2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate)‐b‐(styrene) using the macroinitiator poly(HEMA)‐Cl by ATRP: Preparation,characterization, and thermal properties

In recent years, much attention has been given to the development of specialty polymers from useful materials. In this context, amphiphilic block copolymers were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of N‐phenylmaleimide (N‐PhMI) or styrene using a poly(2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate)‐Cl macroinitiator/CuBr/bipyridine initiating system. The macroinitiator P(HEMA)‐Cl was directly prepared in toluene by reverse ATRP using BPO/FeCl₃ 6 H₂O/PPh₃ as initiating system. The microstructure of the block copolymers were characterized using FTIR, ¹H‐NMR, ¹³C‐NMR spectroscopic techniques and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal behavior was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetry (TG). The theoretical number average molecular weight (M_n,th) was calculated from the feed capacity. The microphotographs of the film's surfaces show that the film's top surfaces were generally smooth. The TDT of the block copolymer P(HEMA)₈₀‐b‐P(N‐PhMI)₂₀ and P(HEMA)₉₀‐b‐P(St)₁₀ of about 290°C was also lower than that found for the macroi′nitiator poly(HEMA)‐Cl. The block copolymers exhibited only one T_g before thermal decomposition, which could be attributed to the low molar content of the N‐PhMI or St blocks respectively. This result also indicates that the phase behavior of the copolymers is predominately determined by the HEMA block. The curves reveal that the polymers show phase transition behavior of amorphous polymers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Thermal degradation of poly(p‐phenylenebenzobisoxazole) and poly(p‐phenylenediamine terephthalamide) fibres

This study investigates the thermal stability of poly(p‐phenylenediamine‐terephtalamide) (PPT) and poly(p‐phenylenebenzobisoxazole) (PBO) fibres. Excellent behaviour of PBO is shown in comparison to that of PPT. The thermal stability (under pyrolytic or thermo‐oxidative conditions) of PBO is 150 °C higher than that of PPT. Moreover, the strong influence of oxygen, which plays the role of an initiator of degradation, on the degradation of fibres is shown. Using the invariant kinetic parameter (IKP) method, it is shown that the degradation rate of PBO is strongly reduced in comparison with that of PPT. It provides a simulation of the ‘fuel flow’ able to feed the flames, which can explain the high fire performance of PBO compared to PPT. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Synthesis,characterization, and thermodynamic properties of poly(3‐mesityl‐2‐hydroxypropyl methacrylate)

Poly(3‐mesityl‐2‐hydroxypropyl methacrylate) (PMHPMA) was synthesized in a 1,4‐dioxane solution with 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator at 60°C. The homopolymer and its monomer were characterized with ¹H‐ and ¹³C‐NMR, Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, size exclusion chromatography, and elemental analysis techniques. According to size exclusion chromatography analysis, the number‐average molecular weight, weight‐average molecular weight, and polydispersity index of PMHPMA were 65,864 g/mol, 215,375 g/mol, and 3.275, respectively. According to thermogravimetric analysis, the carbonaceous residue value of PMHPMA was 14% at 500°C. The values of the specific retention volume, adsorption enthalpy, sorption enthalpy, sorption free energy, sorption entropy, partial molar free energy, partial molar heat of mixing, weight fraction activity coefficient of solute probes at infinite dilution (Ω), and Flory–Huggins interaction parameter (χ) were calculated for the interactions of PMHPMA with selected alcohols and alkanes by the inverse gas chromatography method at various temperatures. According to Ω and χ, selected alcohols and alkanes were nonsolvents for PMHPMA at 423–453 K. Also, the solubility parameter of PMHPMA (δ₂) was found to be 24.24 and 26.33 (J/cm³)^0.5 from the slope and intercept of (δ/RT) ? χ/V₁ = (2δ₂/RT)δ₁ ? δ/RT at 443 K, respectively [where δ₁ is the solubility parameter of the probe, V₁ is the molar volume of the solute, T is the column temperature (K), and R is the universal gas constant]. The glass‐transition temperature of PMHPMA was found to be 386 and 385 K by inverse gas chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry techniques, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 101–109, 2006     

Synthesis,characterization, conductivity,band gap,and kinetic of thermal degradation of poly‐4‐[(2‐mercaptophenyl) imino methyl] phenol

The oxidative polycondensation reaction conditions of 4‐[(2‐mercaptophenyl) imino methyl] phenol (2‐MPIMP) were studied in an aqueous acidic medium between 40 and 90°C by using oxidants such as air, H₂O₂, and NaOCl. The structures of the synthesized monomer and polymer were confirmed by FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and elemental analysis. The characterization was made by TGA‐DTA, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and solubility tests. At the optimum reaction conditions, the yield of poly‐4‐[(2‐mercaptophenyl) imino methyl]phenol (P‐2‐MPIMP) was found to be 92% for NaOCl oxidant, 84% for H₂O₂ oxidant 54% for air oxidant. According to the SEC analysis, the number‐average molecular weight (M_n), weight‐average molecular weight (M_w), and polydispersity index values of P‐2‐MPIMP were found to be 1700 g mol^?1, 1900 g mol^?1, and 1.118, using H₂O₂; 3100 g mol^?1, 3400 g mol^?1, and 1.097, using air; and 6750 g mol^?1, 6900 g mol^?1, and 1.022, using NaOCl, respectively. According to TG analysis, the weight losses of 2‐MPIMP and P‐2‐MPIMP were found to be 95.93% and 76.41% at 1000°C, respectively. P‐2‐MPIMP showed higher stability against thermal decomposition. Also, electrical conductivity of the P‐2‐MPIMP was measured, showing that the polymer is a typical semiconductor. The highest occupied molecular orbital, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, and the electrochemical energy gaps (E′_g) of 2‐MPIMP and P‐2‐MPIMP were found to be ?6.13, ?6.09; ?2.65, ?2.67; and 3.48, 3.42 eV, respectively. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of these compounds investigated by MacCallum‐Tanner and van Krevelen methods. The values of the apparent activation energies of thermal decomposition (E_a), the reaction order (n), pre‐exponential factor (A), the entropy change (ΔS*), enthalpy change (ΔH*), and free energy change (ΔG*) were calculated from the TGA curves of compounds. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Electrochemical synthesis of poly[2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate] hydrogel: Kinetics and mechanism

2‐Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) was polymerized in an aqueous sulfuric acid–N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) medium in a divided cell by an electrolytically generated mediator species titanium(III). Titanium(III)–hydroxylamine sulfate was used as the initiator redox system. The reaction was confined to the cathode compartment and was found to proceed via a free radical mechanism. Kinetics of polymerization were investigated for variation in initial monomer concentrations, acid concentrations, electrical currents, dielectric constants of the solvent medium, and electrode materials. Chain termination of the polymer was due to coupling of growing macroradicals; also, a fraction of the termination took place by a chain transfer mechanism involving the organic solvent molecules. A suitable mechanism for titanium(III)–hydroxylamine sulfate mediated indirect electropolymerization of HEMA has been proposed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 983–992, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10299     

Synthesis,characterization and thermal stability of phosphazene terpolymers with 2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethoxy and diacetone D‐glucofuranosyl pendant groups

Six different phosphazene polymers have been synthesized with varying ratios of 2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethanol and diacetone D ‐glucofuranose to determine how these pendant groups affect the physical, chemical, and thermal characteristics of these terpolymers. Diacetone D ‐glucofuranose serves as the hydrophobic substituent and 2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethanol is the hydrophilic substituent on the phosphazene backbone. Characteristics of the polymers made in this study reflect a blend of the two substituents, ranging from powders to viscous fluids. Thermal analysis was used to quantify the thermal stability and water swellability of the polymers. Additionally, DSC was employed to determine composition based on the Fox equation. Compositions were then verified by integratable proton NMR indicating the validity of the Fox equation for predicting T_g transitions in phosphazene terpolymers. Laser light scattering (LLS) revealed that the weight‐average molecular weights were in the 10⁷ g mol⁻¹ range with mean square radii between 150 and 200 nm. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Synthesis,characterization, and thermal degradation of oligo‐2‐(morpholinoiminomethyl)phenol and its Pb(II) complex compound

The oxidative polycondensation reaction conditions of 2‐(morpholinoiminomethyl)phenol were studied with H₂O₂, air O₂, and sodium hypochloride (NaOCl) oxidants in an aqueous alkaline medium between 40 and 90°C. The structure of oligo‐2‐(morpholinoiminomethyl)phenol was characterized with ¹H‐ and ¹³C‐NMR, Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet–visible, size exclusion chromatography, and elemental analysis techniques. Under the optimum reaction conditions, the yield of oligo‐2‐(morpholinoiminomethyl)phenol was 28% for the H₂O₂ oxidant, 12% for the air O₂ oxidant, and 58% for the NaOCl oxidant. According to the size exclusion chromatography analysis, the number‐average molecular weight, weight‐average molecular weight, and polydispersity index of oligo‐2‐(morpholinoiminomethyl)phenol were 2420 g/mol, 2740 g/mol, and 1.187 with H₂O₂, 1425 g/mol, 2060 g/mol, and 1.446 with air O₂, and 1309 g/mol, 1401 g/mol, and 1.070 with NaOCl, respectively. Thermogravimetry/dynamic thermal analysis showed that the oligo‐2‐(morpholinoiminomethyl)phenol–lead complex compound was more stable than 2‐(morpholinoiminomethyl)phenol and oligo‐2‐(morpholinoiminomethyl)phenol against thermal degradation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:3795–3804, 2006     

Synthesis and physicochemical properties of poly[2‐(2‐chloro‐1‐methylbut‐2‐en‐1‐yl)aniline] obtained with various dopants

Highly soluble polyaniline was synthesized from a newly designed aniline derivative, namely 2‐[2‐chloro‐1‐methylbut‐2‐en‐1‐yl]aniline. The corresponding polyanilines, PClPA‐HA, PClPA‐SA, PClPA‐NA and PClPA‐PA, were characterized by means of ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, high resolution mass spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and SEM images. The elemental analysis and electrical conductivity of the polymers are also presented. It is shown that the molecular weight of the polymers obtained depends on the method of synthesis. Spectroscopic studies confirmed the emeraldine form of the polyaniline derivatives. In the work, the dependence of the current passing through resistive structures based on thin poly[2‐(2‐chloro‐1‐methylbut‐2‐en‐1‐yl)aniline] films on the relative humidity of air was studied. The results of the studies showed the prospects of using thin polymer films in the design of chemical sensors. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

Synthesis,characterization, and degradation investigation of water‐soluble β‐cyclodextrin‐based epoxy resins

A series of β‐cyclodextrin‐based epoxy resins were synthesized with different epoxy equivalent weights. Their chemical structures were characterized with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) examination. These epoxy resins were cured using L ‐arginine as a curing agent, and the degradation behavior of the cured resins was evaluated under different acidic buffer solutions at 37°C. The degradable behavior of such epoxy resins suggested potential applications as environment friendly materials. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Kinetics of thermal degradation of thermotropic poly(p‐oxybenzoate‐co‐ethylene‐2,6‐naphthalate) by single heating rate methods

The kinetics of thermal degradation of thermotropic liquid crystalline poly(p‐oxybenzoate‐co‐ethylene‐2,6‐naphthalate) (PHB/PEN) with the monomer ratio of 60 : 40 and PEN in nitrogen was studied by dynamic thermogravimetry (TG). The kinetic parameters, including the activation energy E_a, the reaction order n, and the frequency factor ln(Z) of the degradation reaction for PHB/PEN (60 : 40) and PEN were analyzed by the single heating rate methods of Friedman and Chang. The effects of the heating rate and the calculating method on the thermostable and degradation kinetic parameters are systematically discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91:3915–3920, 2004     

Thermal degradation kinetics of thermotropic poly(p‐oxybenzoate‐co‐p,p′‐biphenylene terephthalate) fiber

An advanced heat‐resistant fiber (trade name Ekonol) spun from a nematic liquid crystalline melt of thermotropic wholly aromatic poly(p‐oxybenzoate‐p,p′‐biphenylene terephthalate) has been subjected to a dynamic thermogravimetry in nitrogen and air. The thermostability of the Ekonol fiber has been studied in detail. The thermal degradation kinetics have been analyzed using six calculating methods including five single heating rate methods and one multiple heating rate method. The multiple heating‐rate method gives activation energy (E), order (n), frequency factor (Z) for the thermal degradation of 314 kJ mol⁻¹, 4.1, 7.02 × 10²⁰ min⁻¹ in nitrogen, and 290 kJ mol⁻¹, 3.0, 1.29 × 10¹⁹ min⁻¹ in air, respectively. According to the five single heating rate methods, the average E, n, and Z values for the degradation were 178 kJ mol⁻¹, 2.1, and 1.25 × 10¹⁰ min⁻¹ in nitrogen and 138 kJ mol⁻¹, 1.0, and 6.04 × 10⁷ min⁻¹ in air, respectively. The three kinetic parameters are higher in nitrogen than in air from any of the calculating techniques used. The thermostability of the Ekonol fiber is substantially higher in nitrogen than in air, and the decomposition rate in air is higher because oxidation process is occurring and accelerates thermal degradation. The isothermal weight‐loss results predicted based on the nonisothermal kinetic data are in good agreement with those observed experimentally in the literature. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 71: 1923–1931, 1999     

Metal ion adsorption behavior of poly[3‐(dimethylamine)propyl acrylate] and poly[3‐(dimethylamine)propylacrylate‐co‐acrylic acid] resins

Two resins were synthesized by radical polymerization using N,N′‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide and ammonium persulfate as the crosslinking reagent and initiator, respectively. The yields were 98%. The resins were characterized by FTIR and UV‐Vis spectroscopy. Sorption behavior of resins toward Hg(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), and Cr(III) ions was studied at different pHs depending on the metal ion. Both resins showed selective sorption to Hg(II) ions at pH 2 from a mixture of all ions.The elution of Hg(II) bound to the resins was also investigated using perchloric acid at different concentrations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1251–1256, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10455     

Synthesis,characterization, and thermal properties of poly(methylvinylsilylene‐co‐styrene)

The copolymerization of methylvinyldichlorosilane (MVDCS) and styrene was carried out with various monomer feed ratios under dechlorination conditions with sodium in toluene at 110°C. The copolymers were obtained in 84–95% yields. The copolymerization of MVDCS and styrene with monomer feed ratios of 1 : 0.25 and 1 : 0.5 mainly gave insoluble polymers. The copolymers synthesized with monomer feed ratios of 1 : 1, 1 : 3, and 1 : 7 contained soluble fractions of 3, 26, and 47%, respectively. The copolymers were characterized with infrared, ¹H‐NMR, gel permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis/gas chromatography (PGC), X‐ray diffraction, and elemental analysis (silicon content). ¹H‐NMR and PGC studies suggested that the soluble fractions were mainly polystyrene. PGC studies indicated that the copolymers obtained with monomer feed ratios of 1 : 0.25 and 1 : 0.5 did not have any significant amount of polystyryl blocks, whereas the copolymers obtained with higher styrene feed ratios contained appreciable amounts of polystyryl blocks. The composition of the insoluble fractions of the copolymers was obtained from PGC data and was in good agreement with the composition calculated from the silicon content of the copolymers.© 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91:3774–3784, 2004     

Synthesis and characterization of the soluble fluorescent poly[2‐decyloxy‐5‐(2′‐(6′‐dodecyloxy)naphthyl)‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene]

A new soluble fluorescent polymer, poly[2‐decyloxy‐5‐(2′‐(6′‐dodecyl‐oxy)naphthyl)‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene] (DDN‐PPV), with no tolane‐bisbenzyl (TBB) structure defects is prepared by the dehydrohalogenation of 1,4‐bis(bromomethyl)‐2‐decyloxy‐5‐(2′‐(6′‐dodecyloxy)naphthyl)benzene (as monomer) in this study. The aforementioned monomer is synthesized via such chemical reactions as alkylation, bromination, and Suzuki coupling reactions. The structure and properties of the DDN‐PPV are examined by ¹H NMR, FTIR, UV/vis, TGA, photoluminescence (PL), and electroluminescence (EL) analyses. The two asymmetric decyloxy and 6′‐dodecyloxynaphthyl substituents on the phenylene ring make the DDN‐PPV soluble in organic solvents and eliminate the TBB structure defects. With the DDN‐PPV acting as a light‐emitting polymer, a device is fabricated with a sequential lamination of ITO/PEDOT/DDN‐PPV/Ca/Ag. The EL spectrum of the device shows a maximum emission at 538 nm. The turn on voltage of the device is about 16.6 V. Its maximum brightness is 14 cd/m² at a voltage of 18.2 V. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2734–2741, 2007