不同工艺古丈毛尖红茶与绿茶的香气成分分析

目的比较分析古丈毛尖不同工艺红茶与绿茶的香气成分。方法采用减压蒸馏萃取法(vacuum distillation extraction, VDE)提取5种不同制作工艺的古丈毛尖红茶与绿茶中香气成分,用气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC/MS)定性,面积归一法定量。结果茶样中共检测出香气成分90种,其中共有成分8种。红茶香气主要成分(含量占比超过3%)包括香叶醇、苯乙醇、苯甲醇、呋喃氧化芳樟醇、苯乙醛。红茶1及红茶2以呋喃氧化芳樟醇、苯乙醇、香叶醇为主(含量占比超过10%);红茶3以苯乙醇、苯甲醇、香叶醇为主;红茶4以苯乙醇、香叶醇为主;红茶5以呋喃氧化芳樟醇、苯乙醇、苯甲醇、香叶醇为主。绿茶香气主要成分(含量占比超过3%)包括二甘醇二丙酸酯、苯甲醇、3, 4, 4-三甲基-3-戊醇、3-(1, 3-二甲基丁氧基)-2-丁醇、2-叔丁基-4-甲基-5-氧代-[1, 3]二氧戊环-4-甲酸、香叶醇。结论古丈毛尖在香气成分上,红茶主要以醇类和醛类为主,绿茶以醇类和酯类为主,在制茶工艺上,日光萎凋1～2h,室内萎凋至含水量60%左右的制茶工艺较优。     

Temperature dependence of copper,iron, nickel and chromium transfers into various black and green tea infusions

Transfer ratios of copper, iron, nickel and chromium from 10 blended, unblended, instant and green tea samples of Turkish or British origin into the infusions have been determined at different brewing temperatures (18, 40, 60 and 80°C). The transfer ratio of each metal into the infusion appeared to be dependent on both temperature and strength of infusions as well as the kind of tea. Ingested metal amounts were calculated and discussed. © 1998 SCI.     

红茶多糖的体外抗氧化及糖苷酶抑制活性研究

目的研究红茶多糖的体外抗氧化活性和降血糖活性。探讨结构修饰对红茶多糖活性的影响。方法通过还原力实验、羟基自由基清除实验、DPPH清除实验以及脂质过氧化抑制试验模型研究红茶多糖的体外抗氧化活性。通过对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制实验研究红茶多糖的降血糖活性,以及对抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶动力学研究红茶多糖的抑制类型。应用超声处理、部分酸解和酶解处理三种不同的处理方式探讨结构修饰与红茶多糖活性的关系。结果在抗氧化实验中,红茶多糖活性具有良好的浓度依赖关系。在α-淀粉酶以及α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制试验中,红茶多糖显示出一定的抑制作用。由动力学研究推测红茶多糖对a-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用属于非竞争性抑制。三种结构修饰方式对活性均有影响,但变化趋势与处理方式和活性模型有关。结论红茶多糖是一种良好的抗氧化剂,并具有一定的降血糖活性,相应的结构修饰可提高红茶多糖的活性。     

The chemical oxidation of catechins and other phenolics: A study of the formation of black tea pigments

The chemical oxidation of polyphenols has been used to produce black tea pigments. (+)-Catechin, (?)-epicatechin, (?)-epicatechin gallate and (?)-epigallocatechin gallate were isolated from convenient sources, their identity being confirmed by mass spectrometry and HPLC. The oxidation of a mixture of (?)-epicatechin gallate and gallic acid gave an oxidation product of (?)-epicatechin gallate in addition to epitheaflavic acid 3-gallate. The catechins were oxidised chemically and the products analysed by HPLC, the chromatograms being compared with a black tea chromatogram. The reactions gave both resolved and unresolved pigments, and many of the resolved pigments had HPLC retention times close to black tea pigments. Each catechin behaved differently, the chromatograms of the oxidation products from each starting material being clearly distinguishable. Resolved pigments were obtained by the chemical oxidation of other phenolic compounds. This work provides a convenient method for studying the formation of resolved and unresolved black tea pigments.     

In vitro human skin permeation and cutaneous metabolism of catechins from green tea extract and green tea extract-loaded chitosan microparticles

Catechins are major antioxidants in green tea (Camellia sinensis or Camellia assamica), but because they do not permeate the skin well, the application of green tea in cosmetic products has so far been limited. This study aims to evaluate the cutaneous absorption of catechins from an extract of green tea and from a green tea extract-loaded chitosan microparticle. The catechin skin metabolism was also examined. The results suggest that chitosan microparticles significantly improve the ability of catechins to permeate skin. The cutaneous metabolism of the catechins significantly affected their permeation profiles. Epicatechin (EC) and epigallocatechin (EGC) penetrated the skin more than epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and epicatechin gallate (ECG). The galloyl groups in EGCG and ECG were enzymatically hydrolysed to EGC and EC, respectively. Dehydroxylation of catechins was also observed. Chitosan microparticles effectively prevented enzymatic changes of the catechins; therefore, chitosan microparticles are here found to be the promising carriers for enhancing the skin permeation.     

绿茶萃取物对N-亚硝基二乙胺体外合成的影响

目的研究绿茶萃取物对N-亚硝基二乙胺体外合成的影响。方法采用分级萃取法获得绿茶二氯甲烷萃取物、乙酸乙酯萃取物、正丁醇萃取物和水提物,利用高效液相色谱法研究各萃取物主要成分,并在模拟胃液条件(37℃,pH 3)下萃取物与20 mmol/L亚硝酸钠、40 mmol/L二乙胺进行反应,分析其体外对N-亚硝基二乙胺(N-nitrosodiethylamine,NDEA)合成和NO_2~-清除的影响。结果二氯甲烷萃取物主要成分为咖啡碱,剩余水相中主要成分为多糖、蛋白质和氨基酸,2种萃取物对NDEA的合成无显著影响;乙酸乙酯萃取物和正丁醇萃取物主要成分为茶多酚,能有效阻断NDEA的合成,在4 mg/mL条件下阻断率分别为51.9%和45.7%,其中EGCG含量与其阻断率呈显著正相关,酸性降低和温度升高有利于其阻断作用;乙酸乙酯萃取物在浓度低于1.6 mg/mL时可促进NDEA生成。结论绿茶萃取物的主要有效成分为茶多酚,能有效阻断NDEA合成,在高浓度、强酸性环境和升温条件下阻断作用更强。     

基于全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法的黄精叶绿茶和龙井绿茶香气成分比较

目的 了解黄精叶绿茶主要香气成分,探明黄精叶绿茶和龙井绿茶的香气成分差异。方法 采用全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法(comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry,GC×GC-TOF MS)分析两种绿茶香气成分组成与相对含量。结果 两种绿茶共鉴定出332种成分,归属为醇、酮、饱和烷烃、烯烃、醛、酯、吡嗪、芳烃、酸、胺、醚、环氧烷、环烷烃、酚、呋喃、呋喃酮、酰胺、吡咯啉、酸酐、硫化物、卤代烃、含氮化合物、含氧化合物、杂环化合物、氮氧化物等26类化合物。黄精叶绿茶鉴定出225种挥发性成分,龙井绿茶鉴定出200种挥发性成分,共有成分93种。醇类均为含量最高的种类,占黄精叶绿茶香气总含量的26.47%,占龙井绿茶香气总含量的30.94%。黄精叶绿茶的醛类含量仅次于醇类,占21.75%,而龙井绿茶的烯烃类含量仅次于醇类,占14.33%。结论 38种挥发性化合物在二者中相对含量较高,其中戊醇、苯甲醇、苯甲醛在黄精叶绿茶中相对含量较高,对其香气品质可能具有直接影响。与之不同的是,龙井绿...     

夏季茶鲜叶加工花香型绿茶工艺技术研究

以茶树品种碧香早的夏季一芽一叶茶鲜叶为原料,在传统绿茶加工工艺基础上,将"做青(晒青、晾青、摇青、静置)"工艺技术融入其摊放工序中,通过感官审评及滋味、香气品质成分分析,优化夏季茶鲜叶加工花香型绿茶的"做青"工艺技术。结果表明,采用晒青5 min、晾青0.5h、晒青5min,晾青0.5h,10r/min摇青10转,静置1h,15r/min摇青60转为最佳"做青"工艺,加工出的夏季绿茶花香显露,滋味醇正,苦涩味降低,水浸出物、氨基酸、可溶性糖含量分别比传统工艺绿茶增加了1.29%,11.08%,10.50%,而茶多酚、儿茶素含量、酚氨比、酯型儿茶素/简单儿茶素则分别降低了6.05%,2.35%,15.38%,19.15%;同时新增了苯甲醇、柏木醇、α-合欢烯、柠檬醛等花香成分,且香草醇、橙花醇的相对含量高于传统工艺绿茶;说明在传统绿茶加工的摊放工序中融入"做青"工艺技术,可加工出具有花香品质的夏季绿茶。     

Comparative study on composition and antioxidant properties of mint and black tea extract

The antioxidant properties of plants could be correlated with oxidative stress defence in different human diseases. The present study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the antioxidant potential and the phytochemical composition in the aqueous extracts of mint leaves, black tea and black tea enriched with mint extract. All the three preparations exhibited free radical‐scavenging potential for nitric oxide (NO) radical, superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical, and the values were lesser than those of the antioxidants which acted as standards. In comparison, the mint extract exhibited higher free radical and NO scavenging effect. Hydroxyl radical and superoxide scavenging effects were more pronounced in tea with the mint extract, while the reducing power was exhibited more significantly by the black tea extract. The phytochemical compounds were identified and the total phenols and flavonoids were quantified and compared between these extracts.     

Comparison of the relative dissipation rates of endosulfan pesticide residues between oolong and green tea

The dissipation behaviour of endosulfan in dry made-tea leaves of oolong and green tea was compared to establish whether there was any difference in dissipation rates between the two teas. The dissipation of endosulfan in oolong and green tea corresponded with a first-order kinetics curve. The average half-life of endosulfan (n = 12) was 1.60 ± 0.44 days in green tea and 2.01 ± 0.55 days in oolong tea, showing a statistically significant difference, and indicating that the dissipation of the pesticide was significantly slower in oolong tea than that in green tea. Although the initial levels of residual endosulfan were lower in oolong tea, due to the slower dissipation rate, the residues 5-7 days after application were higher in oolong than in green tea. It is suggested that the minimum interval between endosulfan application and tea leaf harvesting is 7 days for green tea and 10 days for oolong tea in the case where the maximum residue limit of endosulfan in made-tea is fixed as 10 mg kg^-1.     

Comparison of the dissipation behaviour of three neonicotinoid insecticides in tea

The dissipation behaviour of three neonicotinoids – thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and acetamiprid – was compared in tea shoots, in Chinese green and black tea, and after tea infusion in hot water. The simple and rapid analytical procedures for the quantification of these three residues in these matrices were developed using HPLC with ultraviolet (UV) detection. Degradation rates in tea shoots of neonicotinoids applied in either recommended or double dosages followed first-order kinetics, with half-lives of 1.62 or 1.58 days for thiamethoxam, of 2.45 or 2.67 days for imidacloprid, and of 3.24 or 3.85 days for acetamiprid, respectively. Through harvest and processing the residue retentions for thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and acetamiprid were 85.0%, 84.1% and 70.6% of the initial dosages in green tea, and 77.1%, 52.4% and 57.4% in black tea. These three residues all showed high transfer rates through green or black tea brewing of 80.5% or 81.6% for thiamethoxam, of 63.1% or 62.2% for imidacloprid, and of 78.3% or 80.6% for acetamiprid. Waiting periods between the last application and harvest of at least 12, 17 and 20 days were suggested for thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and acetamiprid, respectively, after application at their recommend dosages to ensure levels below a maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.05 mg kg^?1.     

Comparison of the relative dissipation rates of endosulfan pesticide residues between oolong and green tea

The dissipation behaviour of endosulfan in dry made-tea leaves of oolong and green tea was compared to establish whether there was any difference in dissipation rates between the two teas. The dissipation of endosulfan in oolong and green tea corresponded with a first-order kinetics curve. The average half-life of endosulfan (n = 12) was 1.60 ± 0.44 days in green tea and 2.01 ± 0.55 days in oolong tea, showing a statistically significant difference, and indicating that the dissipation of the pesticide was significantly slower in oolong tea than that in green tea. Although the initial levels of residual endosulfan were lower in oolong tea, due to the slower dissipation rate, the residues 5–7 days after application were higher in oolong than in green tea. It is suggested that the minimum interval between endosulfan application and tea leaf harvesting is 7 days for green tea and 10 days for oolong tea in the case where the maximum residue limit of endosulfan in made-tea is fixed as 10 mg kg^?1.     

茶绿色素的提取及体外清除自由基活性研究

目的研究几种不同提取方法提取的茶绿色素的得率、化学组成、色相及体外清除自由基活性。方法分别用95%乙醇经常温浸泡、热水提取、超声波提取及微波提取茶绿色素,采用常规方法分析该色素化学组成及色相,试剂盒检查其清除自由基活性。结果与其他几种提取方法相比,微波提取茶绿色素的得率、色素中叶绿素含量均最高,分别为37.02%、8.92%;该色素所含茶多酚、总黄酮、氨基酸含量也相对较高;微波提取色素的绿度最高,为-27.63,亮度(40.21)仅略低于常温提取色素的亮度(40.29);该色素清除羟自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子自由基(O_2~-·)的活性也较高,分别仅略低于热水提取色素的清除活性,但没有显著性差异。结论微波提取茶绿色素不仅得率高、色相好,且该色素清除自由基活性高,是茶绿色素提取的最佳方法。     

低共熔溶剂提取绿茶总黄酮及其抗氧化活性

目的:优化低共熔溶剂提取绿茶总黄酮工艺,并评价其抗氧化活性。方法:以总黄酮提取率为考察指标,以低共熔溶剂种类、液料比、提取温度和提取时间为影响因素,采用正交试验优化低共熔溶剂提取绿茶总黄酮工艺参数,并对其抗氧化活性进行评价。结果:绿茶总黄酮的最优提取工艺为以80%乙酰胆碱—乳酸(n_乙酰胆碱∶n_乳酸=1∶1)水溶液为低共熔溶剂,液料比(V_溶剂∶m_绿茶)30∶1(mL/g),提取温度90℃,提取时间75 min,此条件下绿茶总黄酮提取率为1.84%,总黄酮质量浓度为65.8 mg/mL。一定质量浓度范围内,绿茶总黄酮提取液对DPPH自由基和OH自由基的清除能力强于维生素C。结论:以80%乙酰胆碱—乳酸(n_乙酰胆碱∶n_乳酸=1∶1)水溶液为低共熔溶剂提取的绿茶总黄酮具有一定的抗氧化活性。     

黑茶茶褐素与茶多糖对脂肪酶的抑制作用

为探讨黑茶茶褐素与茶多糖对脂肪酶的抑制作用,选择不同地区相同级别的黑茶为原料,提取茶褐素与茶多糖,采用对硝基苯酚法,分析茶褐素与茶多糖对脂肪酶活性的抑制率,并探讨各黑茶茶褐素与茶多糖对脂肪酶的抑制机理。结果表明:黑茶茶褐素与茶多糖对脂肪酶具有显著的抑制作用,普洱茶茶褐素与茶多糖IC50最小,分别为25.96,47.57mg/mL,抑制效果最好;其次为六堡茶;抑制效果最差的为茯砖茶褐素与茶多糖;康砖茶褐素与茶多糖抑制效果介于六堡茶与茯砖茶之间。各黑茶茶褐素的抑制类型均为可逆竞争性与非竞争性混合型,其中六堡茶接近于竞争性抑制类型;普洱茶、六堡茶与康砖茶多糖的抑制类型为可逆竞争性与非竞争性混合型,茯砖茶多糖抑制类型为可逆竞争性抑制。     

微波杀青工艺对秋季绿茶的保绿降苦作用

目的：探究微波杀青工艺对秋季绿茶的保绿降苦作用;方法：以茶树品种碧香早秋季一芽二叶茶鲜叶为原料,在传统绿茶杀青、揉捻、干燥加工工艺的基础上,将微波杀青工艺替代传统滚筒杀青工艺,按不同微波强度、微波时间设置了14组微波杀青处理,从感官品质、滋味品质、干茶与汤色色泽三个方面探究微波杀青工艺对秋季绿茶的保绿降苦作用;结果：与传统滚筒杀青工艺相比,采用微波强度500w、杀青时间为3min的微波杀青工艺,所制绿茶色绿味醇且综合感官品质最佳,其水浸出物、茶多酚、氨基酸、咖啡碱、总儿茶素、简单儿茶素的含量显著升高（P<0.05）,苦味评价指标酚/氨比、酯型儿茶素含量与总儿茶素含量的比值则显著降低（P<0.05）,且干茶与茶汤色泽在绿、明度上均有不同程度的改善;结论：利用微波杀青工艺加工秋季绿茶具有较好的保绿降苦效果,可应用于提高秋季绿茶品质的生产实践。     

绿茶中氯氰菊酯检测的5种净化方法比较

目的比较分析5种不同净化方法(Cleanert TPT小柱、Qu ECh ERS、Tea Column小柱、GCB小柱、GCB/NH_2小柱)对绿茶中氯氰菊酯检测结果的影响。方法采用不同的固相萃取(solid phase extraction,SPE)净化方法,对仪器、色谱柱及定量方法的选择均进行了考察,计算不同方法的回收率和相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)。结果采用Cleanert TPT净化小柱的回收率低于50%,以Qu ECh ERS净化包、Tea Column、GCB、GCB/NH_2小柱处理后的样品回收率均可达到80%以上。结论在所选的5种净化方法中,4种净化方法均满足GB/T 27404-2008《实验室质量控制规范食品理化检测》的相关要求,检测机构可根据自身情况选择或进行改进。     

云南红茶加工过程中香气成分的变化

为提高云南红茶品质和指导实际生产,采用同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)提取香气物质并用GC-MS检测香气成分,研究加工过程中云南工夫红茶主要香气成分组成的变化规律。结果表明:云南工夫红茶在发酵结束后挥发油含量达到最高,经过干燥过程后挥发油含量则大幅降低;不同阶段过程样的香气成分组成和含量上有明显差异;红茶在加工过程中,挥发性香气成分中的萜类化合物中的芳樟醇、芳樟醇氧化物、α-松油醇的相对含量大幅减少,而醛类化合物中的苯甲醛、苯乙醛,芳香族醇类化合物中的苯甲醇、苯乙醇的相对含量则大幅增加。萎凋、发酵、干燥工序是影响红茶香气形成的关键工序,对云南红茶香气的形成至关重要。     

铜仁绿茶品质的研究

对铜仁市辖区内随机抽取的33个茶园及其深加工产品进行调研,按照相关国家标准实施检验建立数据库,将检验结果与绿茶的国家标准和贵州地方标准进行比较和分析,得出铜仁绿茶的水分3.65%、粉末0.078%、总灰分5.19%、水浸出物42.59%、粗纤维8.57%、铅0.58g/kg各项指标都远远优于国家标准和贵州地方标准的结论,进而对铜仁绿茶品质进行定位,为制定铜仁绿茶标准提供数据资料。      

Prooxidant effects of the combination of green tea extract and sodium nitrite for accelerating lipolysis and lipid oxidation in pepperoni during storage

Abstract: The individual and interactive effects of green tea (GT) extract and sodium nitrite (NT) on lipolysis and lipid oxidation were investigated in pepperoni during processing and storage (4 °C). Pepperoni was treated with GT at concentrations of 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%; and NT from 0.003% to 0.015% in increments of 0.003%; and a combination of 0.05% GT and 0.009% NT (GT/NT). The pH, color, residual nitrite, fatty acid (FA), and 2‐thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were measured. The results showed inhibitory effects on TBARS value were concentration dependent. The largest effect was at 0.05% for GT and 0.009% for NT. Adding 0.05% GT significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the TBARS values but did not affect color values during storage. NT (0.009%) was more effective than GT (0.05%) for maintaining lower TBARS values (P < 0.05). Total fatty acids were not affected by 0.05% GT and 0.009% NT treatments. However, adding GT/NT showed a significant prooxidant effect (P < 0.05) in pepperoni, which accelerated lipolysis and lipid oxidation significantly (P < 0.05) during storage, with depletion of nitrite. This suggests that adding GT and an appropriate amount of NT into pepperoni could promote lipolysis and lipid oxidation during storage, as compared to NT alone. Practical Application: When using GT extract as an antioxidant in industrial production of pepperoni, the interaction effect with NT should be considered, as it may lead to a prooxidant effect during refrigerated storage.