Effects of water-saving superabsorbent polymer on antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in oat (Avena sativa L.) under drought stress

BACKGROUND: Drought stress significantly limits oat (Avena sativa L.) growth and productivity. Thus an efficient management of soil moisture and study of metabolic changes in response to drought are important for improved production of oat. The objective was to gain a better understanding of drought tolerance mechanisms and improve soil water management strategies using water‐saving superabsorbent polymer (SAP) at 60 kg ha^?1 under three irrigation levels (adequate, moderate and deficit) using a new type of hydraulic pressure‐controlled auto irrigator. RESULTS: The results showed that the relative water content and leaf water potential (ψ₁) were much higher in oats treated with SAP. Although the SAP had little effect on plant biomass accumulation under adequate and moderate irrigation, it significantly increased the biomass by 52.7% under deficit irrigation. Plants treated with SAP under deficit irrigation showed a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities in leaves compared with control plants. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that drought stress leads to production of oxygen radicals, which results in increased lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in the plant, and the application of SAP could conserve soil water, making same available to plants for increased biomass accumulation and reduced oxidative stress especially under severe water stress. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Phytate content and phytate degradation by endogenous phytase in pea (Pisum sativum)

In order to rapidly reduce the content of inositol tri–hexaphosphates in pea flour by action of the endogenous phytase, raw materials as well as incubation conditions have been evaluated. The phytate (inositol hexaphosphate) content was analysed in 27 pea varieties; the influence of storage time and the difference in phytate content between the germ and the cotyledon were determined. Furthermore, degradation of inositol phosphates by the endogenous phytase enzyme was studied in pea flour, germ and cotyledon. To find the maximum phytate degradation, the effects of temperature and pH during pea flour incubation were investigated. The most efficient phytate degradation in pea flour incubation was achieved at pH 7.5 and 45 °C. At this condition an almost complete degradation of phytate and a 66% reduction in the sum of inositol hexa‐, penta‐, tetra‐ and triphosphates were reached in 10 h. The storage time of pea seeds or removal of the germ did not have a major effect on the phytate content. Since several inositol pentaphosphate isomers were produced during phytate degradation, it can be concluded that peas contain several phytate‐degrading enzymes, or one phytate‐degrading enzyme with unspecific initial hydrolysation pattern. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry.     

An electron spin resonance study of radicals induced by radiation in oat (Avena sativa L.)

A detailed electron spin resonance (ESR) investigation of the spectroscopic features and kinetic behaviours over a range of temperatures of the long‐life free radicals induced in a sample of ground oat that had been irradiated with γ‐radiation is reported. Unirradiated ground oat exhibited a weak, broad single‐line ESR spectra centered at g = 2.0048 ± 0.0008. The structure of this radical is unknown and is assigned as radical III in this work. The γ‐irradiation of oats yields radical III and other radical species. Although all these species are stable at 77 K, some of them are very unstable at room temperature. A model based on three radical species (designated I, II and III) was used to describe the room temperature spectra of their decay at room and at high temperatures. Annealing studies at six different temperatures were used to determine the kinetic behaviour and activation energies of the radicals induced by radiation. A dose–response curve was also constructed and it was concluded that ground oat is potentially a good dosimetric material. The presence of an ESR signal after a storage time of 90 days was interpreted as providing an opportunity to distinguish irradiated from unirradiated oats.     

燕麦发芽过程中淀粉及其相关酶活性的动态变化

研究了裸燕麦发芽过程中淀粉及其相关酶活性的动态变化。结果表明,发芽过程中,燕麦还原糖和可溶性糖含量及α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶和总淀粉酶活力明显地先增加后降低;直链淀粉、支链淀粉和总淀粉的含量均随着发芽的进行呈下降趋势,发芽72 h分别降低了25.86%、11.08%和17.31%。相关性分析表明,燕麦发芽期间还原糖、可溶性糖含量分别与α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶及总淀粉酶活力呈显著正相关,而直链淀粉、支链淀粉及总淀粉含量均与淀粉酶活力呈显著负相关。     

Polar lipid fraction from oat (Avena sativa): characterization and use as an o/w emulsifier

Oat seeds have an oil content of up to 13?%, of which up to 34?% can be polar lipids (glycolipids and phospholipids). Because of their amphiphilic structure, these polar lipids are potential emulsifiers. In this study, polar lipid fraction from oat produced by a supercritical fluid extraction process was fractionated into different polar lipid classes by HPLC and the lipid classes in subfractions were identified by comparing retention times with reference compounds and performing co-injections. The oat polar lipid fraction contained monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, steryl glycoside, and phosphatidyl choline, and also possibly phosphatidyl inositol. The polar lipid fraction was also used as an emulsifier to produce oil-in-water emulsions with different amounts of emulsifier and oil, and the stability and other properties of emulsions were studied. Emulsions were formed quite easily, but they were prone to rapid creaming even after a couple of days of storage at ambient conditions. Droplet size and droplet size distribution of the emulsions seemed to be slightly smaller with smaller amount of oil and larger amount of emulsifier. Generally, the droplet size of the emulsions was in the range of 0.2?C4???m, and with the largest amount of oil (5?%, w/v) up to 10???m. The upper phase of creamed emulsions contained slightly larger droplets, up to 30???m, while the lower phase retained smaller droplets. Microscopic investigation revealed that the increase in droplet size of the upper phase was mainly due to aggregation, which implies that these emulsions may be stable against coalescence to some extent.     

The degradation of phytate by microbial and wheat phytases is dependent on the phytate matrix and the phytase origin

BACKGROUND: Phytases increase utilization of phytate phosphorus in feed. Since wheat is rich in endogenous phytase activity it was examined whether wheat phytases could improve phytate degradation compared to microbial phytases. Moreover, it was investigated whether enzymatic degradation of phytate is influenced by the matrix surrounding it. Phytate degradation was defined as the decrease in the sum of InsP₆ + InsP₅. RESULTS: Endogenous wheat phytase effectively degraded wheat InsP₆ + InsP₅ at pH 4 and pH 5, while this was not true for a recombinant wheat phytase or phytase extracted from wheat bran. Only microbial phytases were able to degrade InsP₆ + InsP₅ in the entire pH range from 3 to 5, which is relevant for feed applications. A microbial phytase was efficient towards InsP₆ + InsP₅ in different phytate samples, whereas the ability to degrade InsP₆ + InsP₅ in the different phytate samples ranged from 12% to 70% for the recombinant wheat phytase. CONCLUSION: Wheat phytase appeared to have an interesting potential. However, the wheat phytases studied could not improve phytate degradation compared to microbial phytases. The ability to degrade phytate in different phytate samples varied greatly for some phytases, indicating that phytase efficacy may be affected by the phytate matrix. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

A comparative study of oat (Avena sativa) cultivars as brewing adjuncts

Brewing with high levels of unmalted oats (Avena sativa) has proven to be successful despite their high contents of β-glucan, protein, and fat. However, little is known about the effect of different oat cultivars on the quality and processability of mashes and worts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the mashing performance of eight oat cultivars, selected because of their low contents of β-glucan, protein, fat, and/or high starch content, when substituting 20 or 40 % barley malt. For this purpose, seven husked (A. sativa L. ‘Lutz’, ‘Buggy’, ‘Galaxy’, ‘Scorpion’, ‘Typhon’, ‘Ivory’, ‘Curly’) and one naked oat cultivar (A. sativa var. nuda ‘NORD 07/711’) were fully characterized using standard methods, Lab-on-a-Chip capillary electrophoresis, and scanning electron microscopy. The rheological behavior of mashes containing up to 40 % of each oat cultivar was measured during mashing by applying a Physica MCR rheometer. In addition, the quality of worts obtained from laboratory-scale mashing trials was analyzed particularly with regard to their cytolytic, proteolytic, and amylolytic properties. The substitution of up to 40 % barley malt with husked or naked oats resulted in significantly higher pH values, β-glucan contents, and viscosities as well as significantly lower soluble nitrogen and polyphenol contents, color values, filtration rates, and apparent attenuation limits. Naked oats contained significantly less β-glucan as well as more protein and starch than the seven husked oat cultivars. The replacement of barley malt with naked oats resulted in a constant extract yield, whereas the use of husked oats caused significant extract losses.     

In-vitro and in-vivo dephosphorylation of rapeseed meal by means of phytate-degrading enzymes derived from Aspergillus Niger

A meal of ‘double low’ rapeseed (var ‘Jantar’) was subjected to phytate hydrolysis using enzyme preparations derived from a mycelium of Aspergillus niger which contained phytase (EC 3.1.3.8) and acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) activities. The complete conversion of myo-inositol hexa- and pentaphosphates present in rapeseed meal to lower phosphate esters of myo-inositol was accomplished at 40°C, a pH value of 4.5, phytase dosage (in phytase units (PhytU)) 0.1 PhytU g^?1 accompanied by acid phosphatase activity 37.1 units g^?1, in 1 h. Under these conditions, complete dephosphorylation was observed in 4 h. Decreasing the pH value to 3.0 caused a rise in the amount of inorganic phosphorus released, while increasing to 5.5 resulted in substantial reduction in the reaction rate. Purification of phytase to a specific activity 0.375 PhytU mg^?1 of protein exhibited a negative influence upon the yield of rapeseed dephosphorylation. The substitution of calcium phosphate for a preparation of phytase in feed containing rapeseed meal did not cause significant differences in the body weight gain or in tibia mineralisation of broilers (Gains galus, ‘Astra B’).     

燕麦油的精制及其抗过敏性与抗氧化性功效检测

通过脱胶、脱酸和脱色三步对燕麦粗油进行精制,并对燕麦油精制前后酸价、游离脂肪酸含量、碘价和皂化值进行测定.通过透明质酸酶体外抑制实验和大豆色拉油抗氧化实验对燕麦油抗过敏性和抗氧化性进行检测,证明其具有一定的抗过敏性和抗氧化性.     

莜麦中病程相关蛋白的分离纯化及其几丁质酶活性分析

病程相关蛋白广泛存在于高等植物中,可以被多种微生物病原菌诱导产生,是植物抗病物质,具有重要应用前景。以莜麦种子为原料,经丙酮脱脂、硫酸铵盐析、DEAE离子交换以及Superdex-200层析等方法,获得一种具有几丁质酶活性的病程相关蛋白,其在酸性条件下稳定存在,最适pH为5.0,最适反应温度为45℃,当温度高于65℃时活性丧失80%。蛋白分子量经测定为23.7ku,为单体蛋白。该蛋白可以抑制白腐菌、毛壳菌的生长,其最低抑制浓度为30μg/mL;但对红曲霉没有效果。     

燕麦籽粒不同灭酶方式对燕麦乳稳定性和营养物质的影响

本文采用热烫、炒制和微波处理对燕麦全籽粒灭酶,比较不同灭酶方式对燕麦残余脂肪酶活、总酚含量、淀粉糊化特性的影响,并重点研究了灭酶方式对燕麦乳品质及稳定性影响。结果表明：不同灭酶方式均可显著降低燕麦的残余脂肪酶活和总酚含量（p<0.05）;但采用炒制和微波灭酶的燕麦籽粒所制作的燕麦乳体系中液滴聚集程度较高,体系发生严重失稳;通过对燕麦籽粒沸水充分热烫3 min处理可提高燕麦乳黏度,利于提高体系的稳定性,所制备的乳液平均粒径d43为5.23 μm,优于其余两种灭酶方式,且糖含量、蛋白含量等营养成分保留率较高。故采用燕麦为原料制作具有清洁标签特征的燕麦乳产品时,对原料进行热烫灭酶处理,相对于炒制和微波灭酶,更有利于保持燕麦乳的品质。     

Purification and characterization of a novel fibrinolytic enzyme from chive (Allium tuberosum)

A novel Allium tuberosum fibrinolytic enzyme (ATFE) was purified from the leaf of chive by ion exchange chromatography followed by gel filtration. The molecular mass and iso-electric point (pI) of ATFE were 90 kDa and 4.0 by using 1- or 2-D fibrin zymography, respectively. ATFE was optimally active at pH 4.0 and 40°C. ATFE had a high degrading activity for the Aα-chain of human fibrinogen and hydrolyzed the Bβ-chain slowly, but did not affect the γ-chain, indicating that it is a α-fibrinogenase. The proteolytic activity of ATFE was inhibited completely by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), indicating that this enzyme belongs to the serine protease class. ATFE was also inhibited by the 1 mM of Cu²⁺. ATFE exhibited high specificity for Meo-Suc-Arg-Pro-Tyr-pNA (S-2586), a synthetic chromogenic substrate for chymotrypsin. The first 20 amino acid residues of the N-terminal sequence of ATFE were determined as TTKSWNFIGFDETSKXTTYE, which is 60% identical with subtilisin-like serine protease from Narcissus pseudonarcissus.     

燕麦抗冻蛋白对面筋蛋白冻融稳定性的影响

将燕麦抗冻蛋白(AsAFPs)加入到小麦面筋蛋白中,通过测定冻融循环条件下的小麦面筋蛋白的持水性、持油性、乳化和乳化稳定性、二级结构和弛豫时间,研究AsAFPs对冻融小麦面筋蛋白品质的影响。结果表明:经过5次冻融循环后,小麦面筋蛋白的持水率由92.8%降到87.8%,而AsAFPs的加入能够减缓冻融循环过程中水分的流失,使小麦面筋蛋白的持水率由92.8%降到89.8%;小麦面筋蛋白持油性呈上升趋势,AsAFPs的加入可以减少疏水键的暴露,使小麦面筋蛋白持油性低于对照组;小麦面筋蛋白的乳化性降低,乳化稳定性升高,加入AsAFPs后,其乳化性升高,乳化稳定性降低;小麦面筋蛋白无规则卷曲、α-螺旋整体呈下降趋势,而β-折叠和β-转角整体呈上升趋势,加入AsAFPs后无规则卷曲、α-螺旋下降的幅度变小;小麦面筋蛋白的冻结水逐渐向自由水转变,AsAFPs组小麦面筋蛋白结合水和自由水的含量变化幅度均小于对照组。     

新疆发酵驼乳中分解植酸盐酵母菌的筛选及鉴定

为发掘和保护新疆牧区传统发酵驼乳中潜在益生酵母菌资源,从新疆伊犁地区不同牧区采集12份传统发酵驼乳样品,通过酵母浸出粉胨葡萄糖（YPD）培养基分离酵母菌,通过富含植酸二钾的培养基初筛及降解植酸盐能力的测定从中筛选可降解植酸盐的酵母菌,通过形态观察、生理生化试验及5.8S rDNA ITS1/ITS4区域序列同源性分析进行菌种鉴定,并测定其耐酸及耐胆盐性能。结果表明,筛选出11株可分解植酸盐的酵母菌,鉴定8株为库德毕赤酵母（Pichia kudriavzevii）,2株为白地霉（Geotrichum candidum）,1株为乳酸克鲁维酵母（Kluyveromyces lactis）,其中库德毕赤酵母菌BJ9-12在模拟胃液和模拟肠液中的存活率分别为87.79%和81.50%,耐酸及耐胆盐性能较好,且培养48 h时分解植酸盐的透明圈直径达到3.45 cm,在发酵食品中具有良好的应用潜力。     

Avena sativa (Oat), A Potential Neutraceutical and Therapeutic Agent: An Overview

The aim of the present review article is to summarize the available information related to the availability, production, chemical composition, pharmacological activity, and traditional uses of Avena sativa to highlight its potential to contribute to human health. Oats are now cultivated worldwide and form an important dietary staple for the people in number of countries. Several varieties of oats are available. It is a rich source of protein, contains a number of important minerals, lipids, β-glucan, a mixed-linkage polysaccharide, which forms an important part of oat dietary fiber, and also contains various other phytoconstituents like avenanthramides, an indole alkaloid-gramine, flavonoids, flavonolignans, triterpenoid saponins, sterols, and tocols. Traditionally oats have been in use since long and are considered as stimulant, antispasmodic, antitumor, diuretic, and neurotonic. Oat possesses different pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, anticholesterolaemic, etc. A wide spectrum of biological activities indicates that oat is a potential therapeutic agent.     

In vitro evaluation of digestive enzyme inhibition and antioxidant effects of naked oat phenolic acid compound (OPC)

This research was focused on digestive enzyme inhibition and antioxidant properties of naked oat phenolic acid compound (OPC). Free and bound phenolic acid were separated from ethyl acetate fraction, n-butanol fraction and aqueous fraction. The interactions between OPC and main digestive enzymes (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, pepsin and trypsin) were studied. It was shown that the semi-purified bound phenolic acid (semi-purified by AB-8 column) has a competitive alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, while OPC of the organic extract fraction exhibited the characteristics of a mixed inhibitor. Bound phenolic-n-butanol fraction (IC₅₀ = 98.39 ± 0.89 µg mL⁻¹) had the strongest ability to scavenge the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Additionally, the starch hydrolysis degree of n-butanol extraction naked oat phenolic compound was significantly lower than other fractions in vitro. The integrated results suggested that OPC could be considered as potential healthy factor to control postprandial blood glucose, and the mechanism maybe via anti-digestion, antioxidation and interaction with diabetes-related starch.