乳化剂对冷冻面团(高筋粉)拉伸特性的影响

采用质构仪研究添加硬脂酰乳酸钙(CSL)、硬脂酰乳酸钠(SSL)、单干酯、大豆磷脂、双乙酰酒石酸单(双)甘油酯(DATEM)乳化剂对冷冻面团拉伸特性的影响,通过单因素试验,选出对拉伸面积影响较大的4种乳化剂进行响应面分析。结果显示:当SSL添加量为0.11%,单干酯添加量为0.62%,大豆磷脂添加量为0.27%,DATEM添加量为0.28%时,拉伸面积最大,对冷冻面团品质有很好的改良作用。     

乳化剂影响新鲜及冷冻面团面包品质的研究

研究了硬酯酰乳酸钠(SSL)、卵磷脂、单甘酯、蔗糖酯、双乙酰酒石酸甘油酯(DATEM)等几种面包加工常用乳化剂对新鲜面团及冷冻面团的力学特性及面包的质构和感官品质的影响。结果表明,乳化剂的添加会显著提高新鲜面团的力学特性和新鲜面团面包的感官品质,卵磷脂为最适乳化剂,适宜添加量为0.45%(面粉为基数);乳化剂对冷冻面团的力学特性的影响不显著,但可以显著改善冷冻面团面包感官品质,SSL为最适乳化剂,适宜添加量为0.30%(面粉为基数)。     

Influence of surfactants on rheological characteristics of dough and quality of parotta

The effect of the surfactants glycerol monostearate (GMS), lecithin, diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides (DATEM), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate (PS‐60) and sodium stearoyl‐2‐lactylate (SSL) on the rheological characteristics of dough and quality of parotta was studied. Use of the surfactants increased stability as measured by the farinograph, valorimeter value, extensograph ratio figure and extensograph area, indicating an increase in the strength of the dough. Surfactants reduced the mixograph peak height, mixograph area, apparent biaxial extensional viscosity, compressive stress, force decay parameter, hardness and adhesiveness, and increased the cohesiveness of dough. The values for peak viscosity increased with DATEM, PS‐60 and SSL and decreased with GMS and lecithin. Among the surfactants tested, SSL and PS‐60 brought about the greatest improvement in the quality of parotta, followed in decreasing order by DATEM, lecithin and GMS.     

脂类乳化剂对大豆分离蛋白塑料性能的影响

研究了脂类乳化剂对20%甘油增塑的大豆分离蛋白塑料性能的影响,结果表明:添加乳化剂能有效降低甘油增塑塑料的拉伸应变,但也降低了塑料的抗拉强度;单甘酯和硬脂酰乳酸钠都增加了塑料的吸水率;而较高添加量的硬脂酰乳酸钙降低了塑料的吸水率。添加8%的乳化剂都降低了大豆分离蛋白的变性温度,有利于塑料的塑化。研究表明,硬脂酰乳酸钙作为制备刚性大豆分离蛋白塑料的填充剂具有一定的应用价值。     

Functionality of different emulsifiers on the performance of breadmaking and wheat bread quality

Emulsifiers are widely used in bakeries as dough strengtheners and crumb softeners, but there is a great diversity of compounds with emulsifier action. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of emulsifiers with different functionalities on the rheological characteristics of wheat dough, as well as their effect in the final bread parameters, including behavior during aging. All the emulsifiers tested increased dough stability, although the extent of this effect was concentration-dependent. The presence of emulsifier retarded dough proofing; in consequence, longer proofing times would be required when emulsifiers are used. In fact, the positive effects of emulsifiers on bread volume were only observed with long proofing times, and that also became evident when crumb hardness was analyzed. Sodium stearoyl lactylate, sucrose ester, lecithin and enriched lecithin were the emulsifiers with the greatst crumb softening effects at extended proofing times. However, when the objective is a hardening delay during storage, the emulsifiers of choice are monoglyceride and lecithin enriched in lysophospholipids. This study reveals the importance of the proofing period to the functionality of the emulsifiers when used for breadmaking performance.     

Impact of mixing time and sodium stearoyl lactylate on gluten polymerization during baking of wheat flour dough

The impact of differences in dough transient gluten network on gluten cross-linking during baking is insufficiently understood. We varied dough mixing times and/or added sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL; 1.0% on flour dry matter basis) to the recipe and studied the effect on subsequent gluten polymerization during heating. The level of proteins extractable in sodium dodecyl sulfate containing media was fitted using first order kinetics. The extent and rate of gluten polymerization were lower when mixing for 8 min than when mixing for 2 min. This effect was even more outspoken in the presence of SSL. The present observations were explained as resulting from less gliadin incorporation in the polymer gluten network and from interaction of SSL with the gluten proteins. Finally, a higher degree of gluten polymerization during baking increased the firmness of the baked products.     

乳化剂在馒头中应用效果的研究

将硬脂酰乳酸钠、硬脂酰乳酸钙钠、硬脂酸聚甘油酯、单甘酯分别檬酸单甘酯加入到小麦面粉中,研究乳化剂对馒头的影响。实验结果表明:硬脂酸聚甘油酯对增强小麦粉所含面筋强度,改善面团物理性能、馒头的表面色泽,增大馒头的体积、内部组织的疏松度最为明显。其次是硬脂酰乳酸钠、硬脂酰乳酸钙钠,单甘酯和柠檬酸单甘酯改善效果最不明显。硬脂酸聚甘油酯对应的最佳添加量为小麦粉的0.4%(质量分数),对应的粒径水平为60目(250μm)。     

添加剂对冷冻面团馒头品质的影响

对冷冻面团制作馒头进行了尝试,研究了羧甲基纤维素钠、硬酯酰乳酸钙钠、谷朊粉、维生素C以及它们复合对冷冻面团馒头品质的影响,结果表明:冷冻面团技术也可用于生产馒头,冷冻面团馒头复合品质改良剂的最优配方为:谷朊粉4%,硬酯酰乳酸钙钠0.05%,维生素C0.006%,羧甲基纤维素钠0.6%,此时冷冻面团馒头的品质较好。     

Incorporation of several additives into gluten free breads: Effect on dough properties and bread quality

The objective of this work was to assess the effect of emulsifiers, hydrocolloids and enzymes on gluten-free dough rheology and thermal properties and bread quality, while relating dough properties parameters to bread technological quality. Breads were based on rice flour, cassava starch and full-fat active soy flour, with 65% or 75% (flour-starch basis) of water incorporation. Additives used were emulsifiers (diacetyl tartaric acid ester of monoglycerides – DATEM and sodium stearoyl lactylate – SSL), enzymes (glucose oxidase and α-amylase) and hydrocolloids (xanthan gum, carboxymethylcellulose, alginate and carrageenan). Results showed that additive incorporation modified dough behavior, evidenced by different calorimetric and rheological properties. Besides, the electrophoretic pattern of dough extracted proteins changed with glucose oxidase addition. These modifications resulted in breads with different characteristics, such as specific volume, firmness and firming rate, and crumb structure. Nonetheless, they did not necessarily show better quality parameters than the control bread. The control dough displayed good performance for obtaining gluten-free breads of acceptable volume, crumb structure and, principally, with lower hardening rate during storage. Contrary to widespread opinion, this work shows that the presence of additives is not essential for gluten-free bread production. This fact provides new perspectives to the gluten free market at the moment of selecting raw materials and technological parameters, reducing production costs and facilitating gluten free products development.     

Effect of native and germinated finger millet flour on rheological and sensory characteristics of biscuits

Wheat flour was replaced with native finger millet flour (NFMF) and germinated finger millet flour (GFMF) at 30–50% levels to make soft dough biscuits. Dough rheological properties and baking characteristics of the blends were evaluated. Farinograph data of wheat flour replaced with NFMF and GFMF showed a decrease in water absorption, dough stability and an increase in mixing tolerance index as the level of replacement increased. Extensibility of dough decreased for both NFMF and GFMF as the levels increased. The hardness of biscuit dough measured by texture profile analysis increased from 125 to 234 N for NFMF and 118 to 126 N for GFMF. Scanning electron microscopic studies on the biscuit dough showed polygonal finger millet starch granules adhering to wheat starch granules and protein matrix. The results of the study indicated that the replacement level of 40% with either NFMF or GFMF produced biscuits with acceptable sensory attributes. Addition of sodium stearoyl‐2‐lactylate (SSL) showed further improvement in terms of spread ratio, surface characteristics and texture.     

Sunflower Oil–Water–Cellulose Ether Emulsions as Trans-Fatty Acid-Free Fat Replacers in Biscuits: Texture and Acceptability Study

A new vegetable, and trans-fatty acid-free, fat replacer consisting of a sunflower oil–water–cellulose ether emulsion was employed to replace 100 % of the shortening in a short dough biscuit recipe, and the dough and biscuit texture properties were evaluated. In comparison to the shortening dough, the cellulose emulsion dough was significantly (p?<?0.05) softer and more elastic. However, the cellulose emulsion biscuits had higher spreadability, implying that the increase in dough elasticity was not affecting this property, probably because of the decrease in dough hardness. Although the cellulose emulsion biscuits contained 33 % total less fat than the shortening biscuits, their instrumental texture properties were very similar, implying that the cellulose emulsion avoids the increase in hardness associated with fat reduction. This was associated with the thermal gelation ability of the cellulose ethers, which develops during baking. The overall consumer acceptance was significantly (p?<?0.05) higher in the shortening biscuits, but their scores were very similar to those of the cellulose emulsion biscuits (maximum difference 1.1/9 points).     

Influence of additives on the rheological characteristics and baking quality of wheat flours

 The response of Indian commercially milled flour to different additives was studied. The incorporation of reducing agents, such as l-cysteine hydrochloride (l-cysteine HCl), reduced the water absorption capacity (WAC) and stability of medium-strong wheat flour as well as weak wheat flour. This effect was also shown by other reducing agents or enzymes; however, the extent of change was found to be greater in medium-strong wheat flour. Surfactants/emulsifiers, such as glycerol monostearate, sodium stearoyl lactylate, and diacetyl tartaric esters of monoglycerides (DATEM), did not alter the WAC significantly, but marginally improved the stability of the dough. The change observed in the extensograph was greater with reducing agents and enzymes. In general, use of l-cysteine HCl or α-amylase or protease reduced the resistance to extension and increased the extensibility, depending on the level of addition. l-cysteine HCl, however, gave a greater reduction in the resistance to extension in medium-strong than in weak flour. On the other hand, use of surfactants/emulsifiers increased the resistance to extension and decreased the extensibility, and the effect was greater with DATEM. The bread volume improved considerably on incorporation of l-cysteine HCl, while DATEM also increased the loaf volume considerably at a 1% level in weak flour. Maximum improvement in loaf volume was found for DATEM in the case of weak flour, indicating that the responses of flour to different additives were different. Received: 10 February 1999 / Revised version: 27 April 1999     

冷冻面团专用流态起酥油及其对冷冻面团微结构影响研究

为了生产冷冻面团专用流态起酥油并考察流态起酥油对冷冻面团微结构影响,在二次冷却法生产流态起酥油基础上应用中心组合设计,采用响应面分析法,研究搅拌速度,急冷温度,老化时间对流态起酥油相稳定性和流动性影响,使用扫描电子显微镜观察使用流态起酥油后冷冻面团微结构,结果表明:(1)使用二次冷却程序制作流态起酥油过程中急冷程序对产品稳定性影响很大,必须严格控制急冷温度和速度;急冷对流态起酥油流动性影响不大,当搅拌速度为70 rpm,老化时间为1．5 h,急冷温度为5℃时,流态起酥油离心分离率为1％,粘度为500 cp。(2)使用流态起酥油后冷冻面团经30 d冷冻储存后面筋结构比使用普通塑性起酥油、大豆色拉油、添加SSL大豆色拉油的冷冻面团面筋结构好,淀粉分布均匀,面筋网络细腻,面包心纹理好。从冷冻面团微结构可看出,使用流态起酥油可较好弥补冷冻面团在冷冻储存过程中因冷冻所造成烘焙潜力降低。     

Effects of Fat and Sugar on Dough and Biscuit Behaviours and their Relationship to Proton Mobility Characterized by TD-NMR

This study aimed to analyse the effect of large variations in fat and sucrose contents of biscuit formulation on dough rheology, biscuit quality and proton mobility. Control dough (full fat and sucrose) and 25 and 50% fat and sucrose-reduced doughs were elaborated. Rheological properties of dough were determined. Dough cooking behaviour and biscuit quality were evaluated. Fat reduction produced an increase in the consistency and elastic properties of the dough. The decrease in sucrose content affected to a lesser extent the rheological properties at room temperature, although it produced significant changes during dough baking. The biscuit quality decreased with fat and sucrose reductions. The reduction of fat or sucrose produced gluten hydration and extra interactions and subsequent cross-linking during baking, and a reduction of sucrose led to the swelling and partial gelatinization of starch during baking. A dipolar reversed eco NMR sequence was applied to determine changes in the amount and mobility of solid and mobile components both in dough and biscuits. TD-NMR results allowed corroborating the proposed hypotheses about the effects on dough and biscuit characteristics as a consequence of reduction of main ingredients, as fat and sucrose. The redistribution of water after baking can be correlated with biscuit factor and breaking force.     

品质改良剂对复合杂粮面包粉流变学特性的影响

以营养优化后的复配杂粮面包粉为原料,选择谷朊粉、硬脂酰乳酸钠（sodium stearoyl lactylate,SSL）、黄原胶及瓜尔豆胶为品质改良剂,通过单因素试验研究4 种品质改良剂对杂粮面包粉流变学特性的影响,在此基础上通过响应面分析试验,以面团综合得分为响应值,得出复合改良剂的最佳配方为：1 000 g杂粮面包粉（杂粮粉占比34%）为基重,谷朊粉3.77%、SSL 0.35%、黄原胶1.08%、瓜尔豆胶0.35%。各因素对杂粮面包粉综合评分的影响大小为：黄原胶添加量＞谷朊粉添加量＞瓜尔豆胶添加量＞SSL添加量。添加复合改良剂后杂粮面包粉的稳定时间由4.7 min上升到14.2 min,形成时间由3.9 min上升到了13.3 min,粉质指数从56上升到192。复配杂粮面包粉流变学特性有很大程度改善,达到制作杂粮面包的粉质要求。     

Antistaling Additives, Flour Type and Sourdough Process Effects on Functionality of Wheat Doughs

Antistaling additives—distilled monoglycerides (MGL), diacetyl tartaric ester of monodiglycerides (DATEM), sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and fungal α-amylase—were studied for effects on rheological and fer- mentative properties of white/whole wheat bread doughs, made following straight/sour dough processes. A fractionated factorial design (L³²) was used to evaluate single additive effects and interactions. Single addition of DATEM, followed by SSL, α-amylase and hydrocolloids improved oven rise and final volume. In presence of DATEM, synergistic (MGL) and antagonistic (SSL) effects of additional emulsifiers were found on gassing power. SSL was the only effective conditioner for enhancement of mixing properties. Dough plasticity was negatively affected by MGL addition and by CMC/HPMC in white/whole flours respectively. Some combinations resulted in detrimental dough handling properties.     

Significance of viscosity profile of pasted and gelled formulated wheat doughs on bread staling

Pasting profile during cooking and cooling of straight/soured started bread doughs formulated with non fat-sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), fungal α-amylase and fat-monoglycerides (MGL), diacetyl tartaric acid ester of mono-diglycerides and sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL)-additives was recorded in the Brabender (BVA) visco-amylograph and Newport rapid viscoanalyser (RVA). Rheological results were correlated with bread staling kinetics during storage. Bread dough viscosity characteristics, derived from the RVA pasting profile during cooking and cooling, highly correlate with bread staling kinetic parameters. This is particularly so in the cases of peak viscosity, pasting temperature, and setback during cooling that can be considered as valuable predictors, at a dough level, of bread firming behaviour during storage. Individual and/or binary addition of surfactants to bread dough, particularly MGL and SSL, positively influence the level of the pasting parameters associated with a significant delay in bread firming. Individual additions of methylcellulose derivatives, mainly CMC, induce in general a deleterious effect on dough viscosity. Moreover, the simultaneous presence of CMC and HPMC results in a significant improvement of dough rheology during cooling. Binary mixtures SSL/CMC and MGL/CMC are not recommended from the viscoelastic point of view, due to antagonistic effects of the pair gum/surfactant that nullify the benefits of individual emulsifiers.     

以猪油分提固脂为原料的起酥油的研制

采用猪油干法分提固脂和氢化棉籽油为原料,配以单甘酯、卵磷脂、斯潘60为乳化剂研究起酥油配方.乳化剂最佳配方为:单甘酯:卵磷脂:斯潘60=0.8:0.1:0.1,起酥油最佳配方为:复配乳化剂:极度氢化棉籽油:分提固脂=1.0:6.0:93.0,产品SFC曲线及功能性都达到了起酥油的要求.     

Performance and fatty acid profiling of interesterified trans free bakery shortening in short dough biscuits

Short dough biscuits were prepared using interesterified trans free bakery shortening (IETFS). Hydrogenated shortening (HS) based biscuits were prepared as a control. The diameter, height and spread ratio were determined. Biscuits were analysed up to 8 months for hardness, moisture and acidity of the extracted fat. IETFS biscuits were significantly (P < 0.05) less hard, had a higher spread ratio and were rated higher on all sensory attributes. Their overall acceptability score on a nine point hedonic scale was 8.2 ± 0.8 as compared to 7.3 ± 0.7 for control biscuits. The fatty acid fraction of control biscuits was: saturated fat, 51.6%; trans fat, 14.5%; monounsaturated fat, 28.0%; and polyunsaturated fat, 5.9% and that of IE trans free biscuits was: saturated fat, 54.8%; trans fat, 0.6%; monounsaturated fat, 38.1%; and polyunsaturated fat, 6.5%. The IETFS was found to be appropriate as an alternate to hydrogenated shortening, providing both functionality and nutritive advantage in biscuits.     

黑玉米全粉对小麦面团流变学特性及酥性饼干品质的影响

为了拓宽黑玉米全粉在烘焙食品领域的应用,将黑玉米全粉以0~50%的比例替代强中筋小麦粉,利用黏度仪、粉质及拉伸仪等研究黑玉米全粉替代对小麦粉理化特性及面团热机械特性的影响;利用质构仪、感官评价研究黑玉米全粉替代对酥性饼干品质特性的影响。结果表明,黑玉米全粉的加入对面筋网络结构起到阻隔和断裂作用,湿面筋含量及沉降值分别下降了73.2%、71.0%,面团筋度显著降低。黑玉米全粉替代显著改变了面团的流变学特性,面团形成时间、稳定时间下降,弱化度升高;拉伸能量、延伸度、最大拉伸阻力下降,面团强度、稳定性及耐搅拌性降低,加工性能劣化。黑玉米全粉替代小麦粉酥性饼干的延展因子、质构特性及感官评价指标综合分析结果显示,20%黑玉米全粉添加量的饼干延展因子最大,组织结构细密均匀,表面光滑无裂纹,咀嚼性及硬度最大,酥脆性最好,口感最佳。黑玉米全粉酥性饼干常温下6个月保质期内水分、酸价、过氧化值及菌群总数、大肠菌群、霉菌、致病菌指标都符合国家标准。20%的黑玉米全粉添加量使得小麦粉面团在筋度适当下降的同时获得具有黑玉米风味、口感较好的酥性饼干,该研究可为黑玉米全粉在食品加工行业的应用提供理论依据。