(火用)方法在垃圾气化剂选取中的应用

对于垃圾气化的转换效率,传统上采用冷煤气效率来表示,采用(火用)方法并提出了(火用)效率和累积(火用)效率。根据冷煤气效率、(火用)效率和累积(火用)效率对垃圾气化的3种气化剂进行比较,发现依照3种效率选取的最佳气化剂不尽相同。分析可得:(火用)方法要比传统方法更全面更具实践价值,(火用)效率和累积(火用)效率强调了合成气焓(火用)的利用潜力。由于累积(火用)效率兼顾到了气化剂获取的能耗成本,从而可为气化剂的科学选取提供依据。     

基于PCA-DEA的乙烯装置能效分析

由于影响乙烯装置能耗的因素较多, 有必要采用相关分析筛选与乙烯装置能效相关的因素, 以确保分析的全面性与有效性。数据包络分析(DEA)作为一种非参数的效率优化分析, 适用于多输入多输出系统的特点能够综合考虑乙烯能效评估中的多因素影响。输入输出指标过多或存在不当指标, 则会导致DEA分辨率过低, 需要对输入输出指标降维。为此, 提出采用主元分析(PCA)降维的PCA-DEA法, 并将该PCA-DEA法应用于某乙烯装置以2001～2010年的月实际生产数据为依据的能效分析中, 得到比单纯选用主要指标的DEA算法和未采取PCA降维的DEA算法更好的能效分析结果。通过与单位综合能耗(SEC)对比, 验证了PCA-DEA方法的有效性, 为乙烯装置能效分析的准确性提供了更为实用的方法。     

基于关联层次模型的乙烯装置能效虚拟对标及应用

已有乙烯装置能效评估没有考虑装置之间原料、工艺技术和装置规模的差异,忽略了装置相关因素对能效指标的影响,无法系统地分析影响因素中隐藏的节能机会。本文针对乙烯装置不同工艺、规模以及能耗数据（燃料、电、蒸汽和水）分布特点,结合能效指数系统分析乙烯装置界区下影响乙烯流程能效的关键因素,给出乙烯装置能效分析方法。在能效分析的基础上,提出基于关联层次模型的乙烯装置能效虚拟对标方法,将能效指标和影响因素放在同一平台上分析,优于目前企业常用的均值法和指标最优法。运用该方法建立某乙烯装置乃至整个乙烯行业的能效虚拟对标,说明该方法更具有效性,更有助于找到节能降耗的方向与量化目标。     

基于IDA-DEA的乙烯工业能效评价方法研究及应用

为有效分析乙烯生产装置的能效状态,评价乙烯行业的能效水平,并寻找提高乙烯能效的改进方法,提出了一种基于IDA-DEA的乙烯行业能效评价方法。首先运用IDA分解方法获得影响能源消耗的活动、结构与强度3个能源绩效指标（EPI）;然后使用基于投入-产出松弛变量的数据包络分析方法（DEA）对活动、结构与强度能源绩效指标进行分析,得到提高乙烯装置能效和产量的改进方向;最后,为提高乙烯装置生产提供操作指导。实验结果验证所提方法的可行性和有效性,为石化行业节能降耗提供了新思路。     

Tray efficiency in the air-water-solid system without reaction and its application

This work deals with the investigation of tray efficiency with the gas-liquid-solid three phases and its application in the suspension catalytic distillation (SCD) process. The experimental data of tray efficiency under different conditions were measured by utilizing the desorption of oxygen dissolved in water by air. A method of estimation of tray efficiency for the gas-liquid-solid three phases was put forward and its suitability was also verified. This method was developed on the basis of the AIChE method for gas-liquid two phases. As an application example of this modified AIChE method, the SCD process for synthesizing cumene, based on equilibrium stage (EQ) model incorporating tray efficiency, was simulated.     

加热炉热效率测试的几点认识

加热炉热效率的高低直接影响其耗气量的多少,因此,采取正确的测试方法对加热炉进行热效率测试,并根据测试结果对其优化运行,可以达到节能的目的。结合现场实测加以说明,在采用反平衡方法测试加热炉热效率的过程中数据录取及数据处理等方面的注意事项。     

Exergy analysis of a spray dryer: Methods and interpretations

Exergy analysis has been used to assess the intrinsic exergy efficiency of a spray drying system modeled to produce 1.25?kg s^?1 of skim milk powder. From an exergy perspective, the dryer has a low exergy efficiency of 38% (on an evaporation basis), while the efficiencies associated with the mass transfer and heat transfer are 94% (thermomechanical efficiency) and 30% (transiting exergy efficiency), respectively. The improvement potential of 575?kW, of the 722?kW energy flow in the feed, also shows that the exergy efficiencies of spray dryers are intrinsically small. Reviewing exergy efficiency factors, there appears to be no universal efficiency factor for an exergy analysis. The inevitable (INE) exergy loss method is a potential shortcut technique based on the Carnot efficiency and first law analysis. There are some limitations on using the INE method for processes that are not exclusively thermal; in those cases, an entropy balance (second law property) is more appropriate. The INE method still shows potential as a starting basis of comparison because it shows the scale and the efficiency together, which is important for targeting areas for process improvement without doing a full exergy analysis. This work is a short review of the work on dryer exergy efficiency, mainly focusing on the various factors which are used, followed by a discussion and case study testing each factor to find a potential optimization method and a discussion on each factors merits.     

Current efficiency in the chlorate cell process with an oxygen cathode (III): a gas analysis method for chlorate current efficiency

An original chlorate cell system equipped with an oxygen cathode, a DSA® and a separate reactor was set up. A method for determining the current efficiency by means of measuring the flow capacity of cell gas in the chlorate cell process has been proposed. This method is simple and convenient as well as accurate in evaluation of the chlorate current efficiency in the chlorate cell with an oxygen cathode, compared to the traditional method of analysis. The current efficiency of the anode can be estimated with the gas analysis method.     

儿童胶画颜料中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物检测前处理方法的研究

考察了12种不同种类的溶剂对儿童胶画颜料中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物萃取效率的影响,发现乙酸乙酯作为溶剂时,萃取效率最高.比较了微波萃取、索氏提取、超声萃取、快速溶剂萃取这4种前处理方法对萃取效率的影响,发现微波萃取效率最高.进一步优化了微波萃取的方法,萃取效率随着微波萃取温度的升高而提高.但是,当萃取温度从100 ℃提高到120℃时,萃取结果增加不明显,说明在100℃时,萃取已经相对完全.该前处理方法简单快速、提取效率高、使用的试剂毒性小、对环境友好,能够满足儿童胶画颜料中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的检测要求.     

芦丁脂质体的制备与药物包封率的测定

采用薄膜分散法,制备包封率高、粒径均匀、稳定性好的芦丁脂质体,并建立芦丁脂质体中芦丁含量和包封率的测定方法。以包封率为主要指标,通过正交设计优化芦丁脂质体的制备工艺,同时采用反相高效液相色谱法进行芦丁含量和包封率测定。结果表明,薄膜分散法制备的脂质体平均包封率为66.50%,外观均匀、稳定性良好。建立的反相高效液相色谱法能将芦丁与辅料分离良好,芦丁浓度在4～40μg/L范围内与峰面积呈现良好的线性关系（r=0.999 2,n=5）,平均回收率为99.0%,可用于测定芦丁脂质体的药物含量与包封率。     

过滤器大孔径过滤效率试验方法研究

目前国内检测行业对过滤器初始过滤效率的性能评定主要采用行业标准HB7669-2002《航空液压过滤器单次通过试验方法》。该标准在计数过滤器上、下游单位体积中大于某粒径的颗粒数时,要求采用自动颗粒计数法进行计数,该方法对于计数大尺寸颗粒具有局限性,因此设计新的试验方法——工具显微镜计数法,以准确获得过滤器上、下游单位体积中大于某粒径的颗粒数,从而高效评定过滤器大孔径过滤效率的性能。     

碘硫循环制氢中HI浓缩分离工艺的研究进展

综述了碘硫循环制氢中用于HI浓缩分离的3种主要技术路线,即磷酸萃取精馏、反应精馏以及电解电渗析预浓缩-精馏的研究进展,对各路线的过程原理、操作流程、能量利用效率等方面进行了讨论,在此基础上对比了其各自的优点和不足之处,并对其应用前景进行了展望。其中,磷酸萃取精馏开发最早,相对成熟,但操作流程复杂,运行效率需进一步提升;反应精馏流程有望以高集成度取得高效率,但所需条件非常苛刻,其设备开发、工艺实验等工作亟待展开;近年来发展较快的电解电渗析预浓缩-精馏工艺由于具有操作简单,条件温和,浓缩效率高等优点而具有较好的应用前景,其进一步工艺放大、模块化以及与精馏的高效协同等都是未来研究的重点和难点。     

A novel organic gas steam-liquid extraction method for the selective extraction of cobalt from water samples

In this work, for the first time, organic gas steam-liquid extraction (OGS-LE) technique was developed as a promotion in the liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) method, by the use of a special homemade extraction cell that was designed to facilitate the traditional LLE method, without emulsification and with high extraction efficiency by a small amount of organic solvent in one step. This method is fast, simple and efficient, and was employed for the selective extraction and determination of cobalt (II) from water samples. The efficiency of the OGS-LE method was compared with the LLE method. The obtained results revealed that by using the OGS-LE technique, the extraction efficiency of cobalt from a synthetic mixture was over 90%, much higher than the traditional LLE method (34%).     

高凝高粘油井机采系统效率影响因素分析

本文分析了大港油田高凝高粘油井系统效率现状,双高油井系统效率偏低,而且井下效率远小于地面效率,井下效率提高潜力较大。影响双高油井系统效率的因素包括冲程、冲次、泵效、沉没度、悬点交变载荷等参数。将采取配套措施的高凝高粘油井的加热参数、掺水等参数纳入到优化设计计算中,提出了兼顾经济效益并以最大系统效率为目标进行系统优化方法,增强了以提高系统效率为目的的优化设计方法对双高油井的适应性,通过对优化设计结果进行分析得出高凝高粘油井系统效率最高的优化设计方案并非最优方案的结论,对提高采取配套措施的高凝点、高粘度油井的机采系统效率具有指导意义。     

Energy‐Efficiency Evaluation of Gas Sweetening Based on Yield‐Energy‐Selectivity Indicators

The high‐sulfur gas sweetening process is energy consuming. To analyze its energy efficiency effectively, and look for ways to improve this process, a novel energy‐efficiency evaluation method based on the yield‐energy‐selectivity and efficiency coefficient methods was proposed. First, the yield, energy, and selectivity are selected as evaluation indicators to establish the yield‐energy‐selectivity evaluation model. Then, the coefficient and score of each indicator were determined by using the analytical hierarchy process and efficacy coefficient method, respectively. Finally, the proposed energy‐efficiency evaluation method was applied to the actual high‐sulfur gas sweetening process. The evaluation results were in good agreement with those obtained by actual experiences.     

等离子体法炭黑工艺与炉法炭黑工艺的(火用)对比分析

传统炭黑生产过程热能效率低,存在大量NO_x和CO₂排放,炭黑收率低。等离子体法生产炭黑能大幅提高能量利用效率,理想状况下可以完全收获原料中的碳,并消除由于燃烧产生的CO₂和NO_x排放。基于Aspen Plus软件模拟了炉法炭黑和等离子体法炭黑工艺过程。计算分析了等离子体法炭黑工艺相对于炉法炭黑工艺的节能效果：对于炉法炭黑分别计算了N110、N₂20、N330、N440和N550五种炭黑品种的过程(火用)流,等离子体法炭黑计算了甲烷和焦油两种原料的过程(火用)流;对比分析了两种工艺过程炭黑收率、进出料(火用)流、产品(火用)效率以及工艺过程(火用)效率。结果表明：以焦油为原料的炉法炭黑收率在47.6%～66.6%之间,与实际值吻合,明显低于等离子体法94%的理想炭黑收率;以焦油为原料的理论计算表明,等离子体法炭黑产品(火用)效率和工艺过程(火用)效率显著高于炉法炭黑;以焦油为原料的等离子体法炭黑产品(火用)效率高于以甲烷为原料的产品(火用)效率。     

强化生物处理工艺的研究

介绍了强化生物处理工艺,即水解-接触氧化法和强化吸附法吸附水解-接触氧化法对比处理工业废水。实验表明,在相同的水力时间,采用强化吸附法吸附水解-接触氧化法（AH/O）工艺具有较高的效率和潜能。通过强化吸附作用,水解段的COD转化率可提高到52.9%-56.4%。在强化吸附作用中,系统除磷效率较传统工艺明显提高9%。由此法处理的废水,经过简单的过滤处理,可以达到城市杂用水水质标准。     

预测窑体保温效果的研究

本文提出用热电模拟法来预测窑体的保温效果，并给出池窑胸墙保温效果实例。实践表明，热电模拟法简便、准确、实用。     

Energy system diagnosis of paper-drying process,Part 1: Energy performance assessment

Paper drying is a highly energy-intensive and complicated multivariate process. The dryer section plays an important role in the energy consumption of a paper machine, especially of thermal energy. A comprehensive method for assessing the energy performance of the dryer section was investigated in this study to improve energy efficiency. This method was divided into three component processes: energy and evaporation load audit, field test and observation, and energy flow analysis and energy efficiency estimation. In a case study, we found that the method could, in addition to analyzing the key factors that restrict drying efficiency, also depict the details of energy consumption clearly. At the same time, several significant energy-saving measures were suggested to improve the energy efficiency of the paper-drying process.