Exposure assessment to synthetic food colours of a selected population in Hyderabad, India

An exposure assessment of synthetic food colours was carried out among 1-5- and 6-18-year-old individuals by the food frequency method. Children had an intake of solid food consumption in the range 2-465 g day^-1 and liquid food consumption in the range 25-840 ml day^-1 with added colours. Among the eight permitted colours in India, six were consumed by the subjects of the study. The intakes of some subjects exceeded the acceptable daily intake for colours such as tartrazine, sunset yellow and erythrosine, which is 7.5, 2.5 and 0.1 mg kg^-1 body weight, respectively. Therefore, a uniform permissible limit of 100 mg kg^-1 prescribed under the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act in India for all foods is not justified. The limits need to be revised according to the Codex Alimentarius Commission, which permits different maximum levels of additives to various food categories based on both the extent of consumption and the technological justification for its use.     

Usage pattern and exposure assessment of food colours in different age groups of consumers in the State of Uttar Pradesh,India

The present study aims to investigate the nature and levels of colours in food items and to undertake risk assessment vis-à-vis intake among different age groups of consumers in the State of Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 478 edible foodstuffs were analysed, and of six permitted colours, Sunset Yellow FCF (SSYFCF) and Tartrazine were most popular, and two non-permitted colours, namely Metanil Yellow and Rhodamine B, were encountered. The study showed a marked improvement in the trend of use of non-permitted colours over previous surveys, with 90% foods now resorting to approved food colours. However, 59% of foods employing permitted colours exceeded the maximum allowable limit, with average quantities crossing the threshold of 100 mg kg^?1 in most food commodities. The intake of SSYFCF exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for children and adolescents by 88% and 39%, respectively, and was statistically significant when analysed by error bars and distribution curves. In adults, SSYFCF saturated 59% of the ADI. For Carmoisine, Tartrazine and Ponceau 4R, saturation of ADI ranged from 27.4% to 90.3% in children and adolescents and from 10.8% to 47.6% in adult subjects. These results indicate that children and adolescents are more vulnerable to higher intakes of food colours compared with the adult population. Allowing a uniform level of all colours in foods under Indian rules, notwithstanding wide variations of 250-fold in their allocated ADIs, could be one reason for the higher intake and hence only technological need-based levels of individual colours are desired to be prescribed.     

Estimate of dietary exposure to sulphites in child and adult populations in the Basque Country

Sulphites are widely used as a preservative and antioxidant additive in food. The aim of this study was to assess dietary sulphite intake in adults aged 35–65 years and in children aged 4–18 years living in the Basque Country, northern Spain. We determined sulphite concentrations in 909 samples covering 16 food types. The maximum permitted levels were exceeded in 17% of samples. Making recommended assumptions for non-quantifiable results, estimates of mean lower and upper bounds were calculated for sulphite concentrations in each food type. These sulphite data were combined with consumption data derived from 8417 adults from the European Prospective Investigation in Cancer and Nutrition cohort in Gipuzkoa, recruited in 1992–1995 using a diet history method, and 1055 children from the Basque Country Nutrition Children Survey, conducted in 2004–2005 using two 24-h recall questionnaires to assess diet. The results were compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) proposed by the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The mean dietary exposure to sulphites was 0.08 mg kg^?1 bw day^?1, only 11% of the ADI in the overall group of children (4–18 years old), but the acceptable intake was exceeded by 4% of 4–6 year olds. For the adults (35–65 years old), the mean dietary exposure was 0.31 mg kg^?1 bw day^?1, 45% of the ADI, but the acceptable intake was exceeded in 14.6% of cases. The major contributing foods were minced meat and other meat products for children and wine for adults.     

食品中色素检测的研究进展

文章详细介绍了食用色素和违禁染料的定义、分类、特点,以及国内外对于色素类检测技术的研究现状,提出了未来色素类检测技术的重点、难点和发展趋势。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定婴幼儿配方食品中的叶黄素

建立了反相高效液相色谱法测定婴幼儿配方食品中叶黄素测定方法。选用色谱柱YMC Carotenoid4.6mm×250mm,5μm,以甲醇、甲基叔丁基醚为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1mL/min,于445nm波长下,测定婴幼儿配方食品中叶黄素的含量,叶黄素含量在0.0164～0.492μg/mL范围内呈线性关系,R=0.9998,平均回收率为99.2%,RSD为1.1%。该方法可以简便准确的测定婴幼儿配方食品中叶黄素的含量。     

Dietary exposure assessment of synthetic food colours using analytical concentrations in Korea

ABSTRACT

The safety of nine synthetic colour additives approved in Korea were assessed through hazard identification, hazard characterisation, exposure assessment, and risk characterisation. Hazard identification and characterisation were conducted using new risk information based on toxicology data. Exposure assessment calculated the estimated daily intake (EDI) of the nine colours. Finally, the risk was evaluated by comparing the EDIs of the colours with the acceptable daily intake (ADI). 1,114 samples (24 food categories) among a total of 1,454 samples contained colour additives either at a level that was not detectable or up to a quantified maximum of 288 mg kg^?1. The likelihood of risk of exposure to all food colours, evaluated by comparing the EDI with the ADI, was less than 0.52% of the ADI for the general population. These results indicate that use of synthetic food colour in Korea is safe and does not result in excessive exposure to any population group.     

Quantitative risk assessment on the dietary exposure of Finnish children and adults to nitrite

Nitrite intake from the consumption of cured meat and tap water was estimated for Finnish children of 1, 3 and 6 years as well as Finnish adults of 25–74 years. Nitrite content in the foods was measured by capillary electrophoresis, and was then used together with individual food consumption data from the FINDIET 2007 and DIPP studies in a stochastic exposure assessment by a Monte Carlo Risk Assessment (MCRA) program. Nitrite intake from additive sources and tap water was assessed, and more than every 10th child between the ages 3 and 6 years was estimated to have a nitrite intake exceeding the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of nitrite. The high exposure levels were caused by frequent consumption of large portions of sausages, up to 350 g day^–1 or 750 g in 3 days, among the children. Median nitrite intake from cured meat was 0.016, 0.040, 0.033 and 0.005 mg kg^–1 body weight day^–1 for children of 1, 3 and 6 years and adults, respectively. Bayesian estimation was employed to determine safe consumption levels of sausages and cold cuts for children, and these results gave rise to new national food consumption advice.     

Assessment of dietary exposure of nitrate and nitrite in France

The aim of this study was to assess the dietary exposure of nitrate and nitrite in France. A total of 13, 657 concentration levels of nitrate and nitrite measured in food, representing 138 and 109 food items, respectively, and coming from French monitoring programmes between 2000 and 2006, were used. Depending on the non-detected and non-quantified analysis treatment, lower and upper concentration mean estimates were calculated for each food item. These were combined with consumption data derived from 1474 adults and 1018 children from the French national individual consumption survey (INCA1), conducted in 1999 and based on a 7-day food record diary. A total of 18% of spinaches, 6% of salads, 10% of cheeses, 8% of meat products and 6% of industrial meat products exceeded the European nitrate maximum level or maximum residual level. A total of 0.4% of industrial meat products and 0.2% of meat products exceeded their European nitrite maximum level or maximum residual level. Nitrate dietary exposure averaged 40% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI; 3.7 mg kg^?1 body weight day^?1) for adults and 51???54% of the ADI for children with the major contributors being, for adults and children, respectively, vegetables (24 and 27% of ADI), potatoes (5 and 11% of ADI), and water (5 and 5% of ADI). The individual nitrate dietary intake of 1.4% (confidence interval (CI_95th) [0.8; 2.0]) to 1.5% (CI_95th [0.9; 2.1]) of adults and 7.9% (CI_95th [6.2; 9.6]) to 8.4% (CI_95th [6.7; 10.1]) of children were higher than the ADI. Nitrite dietary exposure averaged 33–67% of the ADI (0.06 mg kg^?1 body weight day^?1) for adults and 67–133% of the ADI for children, with contributions of additive food vectors at 33% of ADI for adults and 50–67% of ADI for children. The individual nitrite dietary intake of 0.7% (CI_95th [0.3; 1.1]) to 16.4% (CI_95th [14.5; 18.3]) of adults and 10.5% (CI_95th [8.6; 12.4]) to 66.2% (CI_95th [63.3; 69.1]) of children were higher than the ADI.     

高效液相色谱法测定保健食品多维康胶囊中叶酸的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)测定多维康胶囊中叶酸含量的方法.方法 采用C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以磷酸二氢钾-甲醇溶液为流动相,流速0.8 mL/min,检测波长254 nm,柱温30℃,进样体积10μL.结...     

Assessment of the dietary habits and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in primary school children

Thirty Italian children, 7–9 year aged, living in Naples were investigated on their dietary habits and on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure by a food diary-questionnaire and one week duplicate diet sample analyses. Daily total food consumption mean value was 632 ± 215 g day^?1, median value 613 g day^?1. The daily energy intake and the diet composition meanly agreed with the official guidelines for the Italian children. Sixteen PAHs were simultaneously detected and, according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) approach, benzo[a]pyrene; benzo[a]pyrene + chrysene (PAH2); PAH2 + benz[a]anthracene + benzo[b]fluoranthene (PAH4); PAH4 + benzo[k]fluoranthene + benzo[ghi]perylene + dibenz[a, h]anthracene + indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (PAH8) were considered in evaluating the children's dietary exposure to PAHs. The benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) median concentrations in foods varied from 0.06 to 0.33 µg kg^?1. Only three samples of cooked foods (one fish and two meat samples) exceeded legal limits fixed by the European Union for BaP. Daily median intakes of benzo[a]pyrene, PAH2, PAH4, and PAH8 were 153; 318; 990; 1776 ng day^?1; their median exposure values were 5; 10; 28; 54 ng kg^?1 bw day^?1. The Margins of Exposure (MOEs) in median consumers agreed with the EFSA safety values except for PAH8.     

Usage pattern of synthetic food colours in different states of India and exposure assessment through commodities preferentially consumed by children

Exposure studies in children are emphasized nowadays given children's higher consumption vulnerability. The present study generated national-level data covering 16 major states of India on the usage pattern of colours and it identified food commodities through which a particular colour has the scope to exceed ADI limits. Out of the total analysed samples, 87.8% contained permitted colours, of which only 48% adhered to the prescribed limit of 100?mg?kg^?1. The majority of candyfloss, sugar toys, beverages, mouth fresheners, ice candy and bakery product samples exceeded the prescribed limit. Non-permitted colours were mostly prevalent in candyfloss and sugar toy samples. Though sunset yellow FCF (SSYFCF) and tartrazine were the two most popular colours, many samples used a blend of two or more colours. The blend of SSYFCF and tartrazine exceeded the prescribed limit by a factor of 37 in one sample, and the median and 95th percentile levels of this blend were 4.5- and 25.7-fold, respectively. The exposure assessment showed that the intake of erythrosine exceeded the ADI limits by two to six times at average levels of detected colours, whereas at the 95th percentile level both SSYFCF and erythrosine exceeded the respective ADI limits by three- to 12-fold in all five age groups. Thus, the uniform prescribed limit of synthetic colours at 100?mg?kg^?1 under Indian rules needs to be reviewed and should be governed by consumption profiles of the food commodities to check the unnecessary exposure of excessive colours to those vulnerable in the population that may pose a health risk.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定食品接触材料水性模拟物中三聚氰胺和苯代三聚氰胺

建立了食品接触材料水性模拟物中三聚氰胺和苯代三聚氰胺的高效液相色谱（HPLC）分析方法。样品根据拟装食品类型不同,经水、3%（w/v）乙酸水溶液、4%（v/v）乙酸水溶液、10%（v/v）乙醇水溶液、20%（v/v）乙醇水溶液或50%（v/v）乙醇水溶液6种不同水性模拟物提取,0.45μm滤膜过滤后直接由高效液相色谱分析。色谱分离采用强阳离子交换与反相C18混合填料分析柱（混合比例1∶4）,柱温35℃,流动相为乙腈-20mmol/L乙酸铵缓冲溶液（pH3.0）（40∶60,v/v）,流速为0.2mL/min,检测波长为240nm。结果表明:在优化的条件下,三聚氰胺和苯代三聚氰胺标准品在0.2²0mg/L浓度范围内,线性相关系数为0.9997⁰.9999,方法定量限（S/N>10）为0.015⁰.033mg/dm2。在0.025⁰.70mg/dm2三个水平加标测试,平均回收率在80.0%¹03.3%之间,相对标准偏差（n=6）为0.5%⁴.0%。该方法前处理简单、分析速度快,可用于食品接触材料水性模拟物中三聚氰胺和苯代三聚氰胺的同时检测。      

Occurrence and dietary exposure assessment of multiple mycotoxins in corn-based food products from Shandong,China

This study was designed to investigate the occurrence and exposure assessment of multiple mycotoxins in corn-based food products from Shandong Province, China. Results demonstrated that the mean level of total mycotoxins in test samples was 197.2 µg/kg. The most frequently found mycotoxins were deoxynivalenol (96.7%) and fumonisin B₁ (94.4%), with mean contamination levels of 65.24 and 128.2, respectively. Among these corn-based food products, thin corn pancake had the highest mean contamination (886.7 µg/kg), followed by wotou (143.7 µg/kg), corn cake (135.4 µg/kg) and mantou (63.73 µg/kg). The average exposure values to total fumonisins and deoxynivalenol were 0.05 and 0.02 µg/kg bw/day, which were lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake values of 2 and 1 µg/kg bw/day, respectively, as established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. In the future strict control and systematic monitoring are needed to secure food safety and human health.     

Harmonisation of food categorisation systems for dietary exposure assessments among European children

Within the European project called EXPOCHI (Individual Food Consumption Data and Exposure Assessment Studies for Children), 14 different European individual food consumption databases of children were used to conduct harmonised dietary exposure assessments for lead, chromium, selenium and food colours. For this, two food categorisation systems were developed to classify the food consumption data in such a way that these could be linked to occurrence data of the considered compounds. One system served for the exposure calculations of lead, chromium and selenium. The second system was developed for the exposure assessment of food colours. The food categories defined for the lead, chromium and selenium exposure calculations were used as a basis for the food colour categorisation, with adaptations to optimise the linkage with the food colour occurrence data. With this work, an initial impetus was given to make user-friendly food categorisation systems for contaminants and food colours applicable on a pan-European level. However, a set of difficulties were encountered in creating a common food categorisation system for 14 individual food consumption databases that differ in the type and number of foods coded and in level of detail provided about the consumed foods. The work done and the problems encountered in this project can be of interest for future projects in which food consumption data will be collected on a pan-European level and used for common exposure assessments.     

Magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with HPLC for the determination of Allura Red in food and beverage samples

A magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) protocol prior to HPLC was developed for the extraction and determination of Allura Red in food samples. Magnetic nanoparticles were coated with tetraethylorthosilicate and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and modified by graphene. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry were used to characterise the graphene-functionalised sorbents; and the main parameters affecting the extraction such as sample volume, temperature, pH and time were investigated and established. Under optimised conditions, the pre-concentration factor of Allura Red was 200, and the calibration curve was linear at a concentration range of 5–1500 μg kg^?1. The LOD was 2 μg kg^?1, the limit of quantification was 7 μg kg^?1, and the relative standard deviation was 3.3%. The prepared MSPE procedure was simple and fast, and it was successfully applied for the determination of Allura Red in beverages, candy and jelly.     

Assessment of dietary exposure in the French population to 13 selected food colours,preservatives, antioxidants,stabilizers, emulsifiers and sweeteners

The results of French intake estimates for 13 food additives prioritized by the methods proposed in the 2001 Report from the European Commission on Dietary Food Additive Intake in the European Union are reported. These 13 additives were selected using the first and second tiers of the three-tier approach. The first tier was based on theoretical food consumption data and the maximum permitted level of additives. The second tier used real individual food consumption data and the maximum permitted level of additives for the substances which exceeded the acceptable daily intakes (ADI) in the first tier. In the third tier reported in this study, intake estimates were calculated for the 13 additives (colours, preservatives, antioxidants, stabilizers, emulsifiers and sweeteners) according to two modelling assumptions corresponding to two different food habit scenarios (assumption 1: consumers consume foods that may or may not contain food additives, and assumption 2: consumers always consume foods that contain additives) when possible. In this approach, real individual food consumption data and the occurrence/use-level of food additives reported by the food industry were used. Overall, the results of the intake estimates are reassuring for the majority of additives studied since the risk of exceeding the ADI was low, except for nitrites, sulfites and annatto, whose ADIs were exceeded by either children or adult consumers or by both populations under one and/or two modelling assumptions. Under the first assumption, the ADI is exceeded for high consumers among adults for nitrites and sulfites (155 and 118.4%, respectively) and among children for nitrites (275%). Under the second assumption, the average nitrites dietary exposure in children exceeds the ADI (146.7%). For high consumers, adults exceed the nitrite and sulfite ADIs (223 and 156.4%, respectively) and children exceed the nitrite, annatto and sulfite ADIs (416.7, 124.6 and 130.6%, respectively).     

Co-contamination of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 in food and human dietary exposure in three areas of China

Aflatoxins and fumonisins are ubiquitous foodborne toxicants and the co-occurrence of these mycotoxins in human foods represents a significant public health concern, which has been strongly associated with human aflatoxicosis, neural tube defects, as well as many types of primary cancers. In this study the co-contamination of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) in food and human dietary exposure was investigated in residents of three different areas of China. A total of 209 food samples were measured for AFB₁ and FB₁. The median AFB₁ levels were 13.5, 2.3 and 1.3?µg?kg^?1 and the median FB₁ levels were 2.6, 0.4 and 0.3?mg?kg^?1 in corn samples collected from Huaian (a high-risk area for oesophageal cancer), Fusui (a high-risk area for liver cancer) and Huantai (a low-risk area for both oesophageal and liver cancers), respectively. The median level of AFB₁ in plant oil of Fusui was the highest (52.3?µg?kg^?1) among all food samples analysed. Co-contamination of these two mycotoxins was found in corn, rice and wheat flour. Based on measured food consumption data, the averaged daily dietary intake of AFB₁ was 0.397?µg (range?=?0.269–1.218?µg) in residents of Huantai, 1.723?µg (0.224–49.772?µg) in Huaian, and 2.685?µg (1.006–14.534?µg) in Fusui. The averaged FB₁ daily dietary intake was 92.4?µg (range?=?55.0–362.1?µg) for residents of Huantai, 460.0?µg (83.2–2894.5?µg) in Huaian, and 138.6?µg (30.0–10,541.6?µg) in Fusui. These data suggest that the co-exposure to AFB₁ and FB₁ in residents of rural China may contribute to the aetiology of human chronic diseases in high-risk areas.     

Development of a HPLC method combined with ultraviolet/diode array detection for determination of monosodium glutamate in various food samples

An effective, simple and rapid analytical method using HPLC was developed for the analysis of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in various food samples obtained from local market in Turkey. The determination of MSG was performed by its derivatisation with o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA). A high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/diode array detection method was performed by using C₁₈ (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.7 μm) column with the mobile phase consisting of 10 mm phosphate buffer solution (pH = 5.90) and methanol (75:25, v/v). The applied method was optimised and the validated. The method was linear from 1 to 50 μg mL⁻¹ of MSG. The correlation coefficient value of the developed method was obtained as R² = 0.9999. The limit of detection and limit of quantification limits were 0.015 and 0.050 μg mL⁻¹, respectively. MSG contents of the food samples range from 0.09 g kg⁻¹ to 120.80 g kg⁻¹. The validated method was successfully applied for the analysis of MSG in several food samples.     

Estimation of the daily exposure of Koreans to aflatoxin B1 through food consumption

A survey for aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) was conducted on 88 food-grade rice samples randomly collected during July and August 2002 in Seoul, Korea. The presence of AFB₁ was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the positive samples from enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were confirmed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Besides this, from the surveying data from the literature published since 1997, the intake of AFB₁ from food in Korea was calculated and compared with the provisional maximum tolerable daily intakes. Naturally occurring AFB₁ was found in 5/88 (6%) samples of rice with an average of 4.8 ng g^-1. A calculated probable daily intake of AFB₁ for Koreans fell into the range 1.19-5.79 ng kg^-1 bw day^-1, hence exceeding the estimated provisional maximum tolerable daily intakes. In conclusion, the exposure of Koreans to AFB₁ could bring about health concerns. This is the first report discovering that rice is the major contributor to the dietary intake of AFB₁ in Korea.     

Encapsulation of carthamin and safflor yellow B in calcium alginate beads — technical stabilization of the colours

New techniques were introduced to stabilize the royal red colour of carthamin and the orange yellow colour of safflor yellow B. Carthamin and safflor yellow B were enclosed separately into calcium alginate capsules, through which the colours were protected from serious bleaching. Coating of the carthamin beads with safflor yellow B membrane resulted in further reducing the loss of colour by about 25%. the data are evaluated for the practical application of the bio-dyes in food processing.