莱州秸秆气化集中供气示范项目考察报告

本文对莱州市开展的秸秆气化示范工程进行了考察,针对目前项目存在的问题,文章建议,应建立和落实好秸秆气化运行管理体制,以确保秸秆气化系统的持久可靠运行,同时将秸秆气化应与发电结合,国家应给予相应的政策支持。     

用战略眼光谋求光伏产业市场化--江苏省光伏产业市场化专题调研

江苏省目前已形成了光伏产业群，全省的太阳电池生产能力占全国80%以上，集聚了一批优秀的光伏技术人才，积累了一批自主知识产权，产业链相对完整，形成了一定的竞争力。但是为了进一步开拓国内外光伏市场，困难还不少，例如硅原料紧缺，产业链还较脆弱，产品的供产、销受制于国外市场。为了进一步推进江苏光伏产业市场化，江苏省政府应当加强政策扶持，包括进行绿色电价改革启动示范项目等，企业也要在推进技术进步的基础上努力降低生产成本。为了我国光伏产业的健康发展，应当加强我国硅原料的研制开发。     

Hawaii: RE in the Island State

Hawaii is blessed with a variety of renewable energy resources,” says Representative Mina Morita, who chairs the state House of Representatives committee on energy and the environment. “Lots of sunshine, strong, reliable trade winds, fast-growing crops, flowing streams, geothermal heat, and both hot and cold ocean waters.” Tom Koppel looks at Hawaii's renewable energy potential, the extent to which it is being utilized, and at new developments that are either in the works or being proposed.     

Photovoltaic in Switzerland

The adoption of a new article in the Swiss Constitution relating to energy and a 10 year moratorium on nuclear energy by Swiss voters on 23rd September 1990 had political consequences. The Swiss government (Federal Council), supported by the ruling parties, launched a 10 year national programme in November 1990, known as 'Energy 2000'. By the turn of the millennium, photovoltaic grid-connected installations generating a total of 50 MWp should be installed and brought into operation within the context of the Swiss national programme "Energy 2000". The local/regional utilities are supporting this ambitious objective by reimbursing the marginal costs of the energy supplied and additional accompanying measures.     

Photovoltaic cogeneration in the built environment

Building integrated photovoltaic (BiPV) systems can form a cohesive design, construction, and energy solution for the built environment. The benefits of building integration are well documented and are gaining significant public recognition and government support. PV cells, however, convert only a small portion of the incoming insolation into electricity. The rest is either reflected or lost in the form of sensible heat and light. Various research projects have been conducted on the forms these by-products can take as cogeneration. The term cogeneration is usually associated with utility-scale fossil-fuel electrical generation using combined heat and power production. It is used here in the same spirit in the evaluation of waste heat and by-products in the production of PV electricity. It is important to have a proper synthesis between BiPV cogeneration products, building design, and other HVAC systems in order to avoid overheating or redundancy. Thus, this paper looks at the state-of-the-art in PV cogen from a whole building perspective. Both built examples and research will be reviewed. By taking a holistic approach to the research and products already available, the tools for a more effective building integrated system can be devised. This should increase net system efficiency and lower installed cost per unit area. An evaluation method is also presented that examines the energy and economic performances of PV/T systems. The performed evaluation shows that applications that most efficiently use the low quality thermal energy produced will be the most suitable niche markets in the short- and mid-term.     

Photovoltaic module-site matching based on the capacity factors

In this paper, a methodology for the selection of the optimum photovoltaic module for a specific power plant site is developed. The selection is based on the capacity factors (CF) of the available PV modules. Long term irradiance data recorded for every hour of the day for 30 years are used. These data are used to calculate the probability density function of the irradiance for different hours of a typical day in a month. The irradiance probability density function and the manufacturer's specifications on PV modules are used to calculate the capacity factors for the PV modules. The PV module with the highest average capacity factor for the specific site is the optimal and recommended PV module. In this paper, the price per installed maximum peak watt is approximately the same for different modules and hence the cost is not an issue     

Energy consumption trends in Hawaii

This study begins with a review of energy consumption by end-use sector in Hawaii. Then, the energy generated from renewable energy sources is analyzed between 1991 and 2006. The results show that while geothermal is a considerable source of renewable energy on the Island of Hawaii (also known as Big Island), fossil fuel is the main energy source in the State of Hawaii. The energy intensity index for the State of Hawaii is then calculated by dividing energy consumption per capita by the income per capita. The calculated energy intensity index reveals that energy consumption is directly controlled by per capita income. The results also indicate that the energy intensity index increases over time despite positive developments in energy efficient technologies. In the second part of the paper, the effect of the tourism industry on energy usage in the State of Hawaii is analyzed. The results show that tourism volume, measured in terms of tourist arrival numbers, does not change the energy consumption directly. However, a change in tourism volume does affect per capita income within a few months to a year. In the last part of the study, the energy efficiency index of Hawaii is compared with consumption averages for the US, California and the most energy efficient country in Europe, Denmark. The comparison shows that Hawaii lags behind California and Denmark in terms of energy efficiency. The comparison also shows that an increase in energy efficiency corresponds to an increase in per capita income across the board, which is in agreement with a recent report published by the American Physical Society.     

Photovoltaic marketing in developing countries

Photovoltaic (PV) insolation-harnessing is acknowledged as the most practical economic solution to meet the requirements of one hundred million people without electricity in the developing countries. Industrialized countries in particular, have been active in utilizing such technologies because they can afford the current peak watt prices of US $3–15 for such systems. The market in those countries will soon be close to saturation and attention by suppliers will have to be shifted to the already established larger market in less developed countries (LDCs). PV marketing in these developing countries, i.e. ability to penetrate the potential market, is facing tremendous hurdles. This paper reviews the present status and future directions of the PV market in developing countries as well as discusses the current technical, social, financial or geopolitical barriers and constraints, which are making this market difficult at present. Possible policy frameworks are also proposed which are in line with the trends in the world. The paper concludes by making a global policy package proposal, in terms of an appeal on the global community concerned with PV to propagate this proposal more convincingly, perhaps to emanate from an internationally recognized “forum”, like a PV conference and exhibition, with cooperation and participation of PV manufacturers, suppliers, industrialized countries, NGOs, financial institutions and developing countries.     

Photovoltaic devices in hydrogen production

Hydrogen is an ideal fuel for the increasing human demand of abundant, clean and renewable energy. Various technologies are developed for the production of the hydrogen through water splitting, and in particular the photovoltaic device is widely regarded as an opportunity for the high efficiency, low cost and simple configuration devices. Three main systems are briefly reviewed in this article by demonstrating the typical devices of them, including the III–V group compound semiconductor, the multi-junction Si structure and the dye-sensitized solar cells. Although considerable disadvantages and limitations are obvious in performance, the challenging and competing criteria are outlined for the improvements. Moreover, the introduction of plasmonic metal nanostructures provides an intriguing prospect of extensive applications of the photovoltaic devices.     

Innovations in Solar Photovoltaic Technology

正The advances in photovoltaic(PV) technologies over the last decade have made possible many more smallerscale applications for everyday living,on a more personal level,not just the roofs or giant arrays of glimmering panels in the desert we used to think of.Improvements in design and configuration,energy storage,efficiency,and battery size have created opportunities for solar energy in a variety of situations.Following are some examples of innovative,low-cost ways solar energy has been being used to enhance our daily lives.     

日本光伏发电

一、日本光电的发展阶段 第一阶段第一次石油危机后,日通产省于1974年制订了以发展太阳能为主的可再生能源代油的技术研究开发中长期规划,即有名的阳光计划.在光伏电池方面的目标即把用于宇航的技术移植到地面来应用.初期进展不快,仅把技术成熟的单晶硅、多晶硅电池用在家用计算器、灯标和弧岛柴油发电的补充电源等处.接着发生的第二次石油危机加强了其开发的紧迫感,于是成立了NEDO(原名新能源综合开发机构,现改名新能源产业技术综合开发机构)负责光电产业化的一条龙管理,在政府加大开发资金的条件下,加速了光伏电池产业化的技术开发:(a)继续开发提高光电转换效率高的新材料、新工艺以为长远服务;(b)大力进行降低造价的新材料、新工艺开发,为加速产业化创造基本条件;(c)积极开发配套用的蓄电池、整流器及和电网连接的技术;(d)在上述条件基本过关后,通过大量多种示范实用化验证工程,以在长期运行中发现问题并据以改进,如重点的电源工程,十大电力公司均参与,最大的一户达300kWp.     

Photovoltaic manufacturing in developing countries

The majority of the world's photovoltaic module production is shipped to developing countries for a variety of applications, such as rural electrification, telecommunication, water pumping, cathodic protection, street lighting, etc. This flow of imported modules and systems, coupled with the increased need for energy, prompted many governments and entrepreneurs to establish local photovoltaic manufacturing lines. These manufacturing lines' annual production capacities range from 100 kW to more than 1 MW. Production levels, technology utilized, and whether these lines produce wafers, cells, and modules will be discussed. Also presented is a discussion of the current and anticipated energy requirements of the developing countries compared to the rest of the world. Key benefits of local manufacturing are also presented.     

Lessons from the Acceptance Tests on the CEC Photovoltaic Pilot Plants

Official acceptance tests, involving performance measurement, visual inspection and functioning checks, have been carried out on all fifteen of the photovoltaic pilot plants in the European Commission' second 4-year programme of solar energy R&D. Equipment and procedures developed for on-site performance measurement have been successfully applied throughout the year - even in an English November.

All installations were found to be aesthetically pleasing, in accordance with CEC guidelines, but there is scope for reducing the costs of site preparation, support structures and array installation.

Some of the modules were of high quality but others had low efficiency, poor process control and unsatisfactory arrangements for mounting and interconnection -faults which should be remedied in today's highly competitive market. Measurement discrepancies could be reduced if all manufacturers adhered strictly to the current European standard, CEC Specification 101, Issue 2. A single international standard for reference cell calibration should be an aim for the future.

Varistors used for lightning protection should be carefully chosen to withstand the highest operational voltages over many years without the type of progressive degradation, which, as has been seen, may lead to catastrophic failure.     

光伏系统雷电防护措施研究

为确保太阳能光伏并网发电系统安全可靠运行,分析了典型光伏系统结构及雷电过电压产生危害的可能途径,并针对危害性较大的感应雷击,结合电子设备防雷体系,提出了光伏系统雷击电磁脉冲综合防护措施。     

浅谈光伏产业的发展建议

光伏产业作为新兴产业,尚处于发展阶段,需在政策的扶持下开拓市场,注重产品的科研创新,研究独有技术与产品,通过不断迭代占领光伏市场任意一个领域,增强核心竞争力,从而保证光伏产业在市场中占有一席之地.     

Impact of Residential Photovoltaic Power Systems on the Distribution Feeder

A computer study was conducted to evaluate the impact of distributed residential photovoltaic power system on the feeder. This study indicated that the PV system would not seriously effect the feeder voltage. It also indicated that an inverter power factor of 0.85 would be acceptable.     

Photovoltaic dynamic MPPT on a moving vehicle

In addition to the conversion efficiency of a photovoltaic panel, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method also plays a central role to harvest most energy out of sun. The MPPT unit on a moving vehicle must keep tracking accuracy high in order to compensate rapid change of insolation due to dynamic motion of the vehicle. In this paper, some problems of a PV system associated with a moving vehicle are addressed, and a modified quadratic maximization MPPT algorithm is proposed. Theoretical PV performance is linked to the experimental test followed by the Sandia dynamic test protocol to verify the proposed MPPT method. Finally, experimental result on a model ship is discussed.     

Training and Research on Photovoltaic at HNCT

Translated from the Japanese