微波宽带单片集成电路二分频器的设计与实现

采用D触发器进行分频,设计了基于主从D触发器的1:2分频器,该分频器主要由输入缓冲电路、分频器内核、输出缓冲电路和电流偏置电源四个模块组成.HBT工艺具有速度快、相位噪声低的优点,采用HBT工艺,成功地设计了输入频率范围为50 MHz～7 GHz的静态二分频器.测试结果表明,该分频器在输入频率为3.7 GHz,输入-20 dBm功率时,输出功率4 dBm;电源电压5 V,工作电流85 mA,芯片尺寸为0.85 mm×0.85 mm.     

注入锁相分频器

注入锁相分频器可在较低输入信噪比下工作,这是其他分频电路不能比拟的优点。本文对注入锁相分频器作了以下工作:(1)给出了输入信号含附加噪声时注入锁相分频器的通用相位方程和等效模型;(2)研究了无噪声条件下调相信号通过注锁分频器的特性及分频器的同步带宽;(3)讨论了输入附加噪声对注锁分频器特性的影响。注锁放大器是本文中n=1的特例,本文的结果也适用于注入锁相放大器。     

低相噪硅雷达射频频率源的研究与设计

分析了频率源中各个模块的噪声传递函数,确定影响近端噪声的模块分别是鉴频鉴相器-电荷泵(PFD-CP)、分频器;在默认分频器相位噪声为-158dBc/Hz,通过matlab建模推断,需要PFD-CP模块在10kHz频偏处的输入噪声达到-143dBc/Hz,才能实现频率源输出信号在10kHz频偏处相位噪声-107dBc/Hz。采用0.18μmSiGe BiCMOS工艺,设计了整块芯片,着重优化了PFD-CP模块的输入噪声,经过spectre仿真,PFD-CP模块的输入噪声为-146dBc/Hz,经过实测,输出信号在10kHz频偏处相位噪声为-108dBc/Hz,达到设计预期。     

微波再生式分频器的实验研究

介绍一种微波再生式分频器的设计与实现。再生式分频器与数字分频器相比,它的工作频率高,相位噪声和杂散指标更为优越。设计出8GHz的微波分频电路,经过2次分频,输出信号为4GHz。实验结果表明,该微波再生式分频器输出信号比输入信号的相位噪声改善了约6dB,接近理论值,杂散指标优于-80dBc。     

5 GHz 0.18-μm CMOS 可编程分频器

提出了一种2.4GHz ZigBee 应用的可编程分频器,其分频模值在2403-2480之间变化。该分频器基于双模分频器和吞咽计数器架构,功耗和面积得到了有效降低。芯片采用0.18-μm CMOS混合信号工艺实现,当输入信号达到7.5dBm时,分频器可正常工作的频率范围覆盖1-7.4 GHz,在100KHz频偏处的输出相位噪声为-125.3dBc/Hz。分频器核心电路消耗电流4.3mA（1.8V电源电压）,核心面积0.015mm2。测试结果表明该可编程分频器能很好的应用在所需的频率综合器中.     

一种相位开关型分频器电路的噪声分析

介绍了一种相位开关型分频器电路的噪声分析方法。这种方法基于频率综合器的频域模型,能比较准确地预测分频器的相位噪声和它对整个频率综合器相位噪声的影响。分频器电路采用0.18μm CM O S工艺设计,用于W CDM A通讯系统中。在分析过程中,针对此电路的相位开关结构,提出了一些改进其噪声性能的方法。最后用仿真结果进行分析验证,仿真结果和理论相符合。     

一种0.18 μm CMOS可编程分频器的设计

采用标准0.18 μm CMOS工艺,设计了一种可编程分频器。基于基本分频单元的特殊结构,对除2/除3单元级联式可编程分频器的关键模块进行改进,将普通的CML型锁存器集成为包含与门的锁存器,提高了电路的集成度,有效地降低了电路功耗,提升了整体电路速度,并使版图更为紧凑。后仿真结果表明,在1.8 V电源电压,输入频率f_in=1 GHz的情况下,可实现任意数且步长为1的分频比,相位噪声为-173.1 dBc/Hz @ 1 MHz,电路功耗仅为9 mW。     

应用于高速串行接口的低噪声时钟发生器

设计了一种应用于28 Gbit/s高速串行接口的低噪声时钟发生器,包括全差分电荷泵、差分环路滤波器、差分压控振荡器。为了降低相位噪声,采用全差分结构来降低共模噪声和电流失配。为了进一步降低小数分频器引入的噪声,提出一种基于计数器的分频器。为了保证时钟发生器在各种工艺和温度偏差下均能自动锁定,设计了自适应调谐电容电路。采用65 nm CMOS工艺进行设计,芯片面积为0.36 mm²,整体功耗为36 mW。后仿真结果表明,该时钟发生器在14 GHz 锁定后的相位噪声是-113 dBc@1 MHz,压控振荡器的调谐范围是12.8~15.0 GHz,自动锁定电路能在全调谐范围内对电路进行自动调整和锁定。     

具有量化噪声抑制的小数分频器

介绍了一款用于分数分频频率综合器的具有量化噪声抑制功能的小数分频器。使用4/4.5双模预分频器,将分频步长降为0.5,使带外相位噪声性能提高6 dB。ΣΔ调制器和分频器的配合使用一种非常简单的编程方式。采用同步电路消除异步分频器的抖动。采用该分频器的频率综合器在SMIC 0.18μm RF工艺下实现,芯片面积为1.47 mm×1 mm。测试结果表明,该频率综合器可以输出1.2～2.1 GHz范围的信号。测试的带内相位噪声小于-97 dBc/Hz,在1 MHz频偏处的带外相位噪声小于-124 dBc/Hz。在1.8 V的电源电压下,消耗的电流为16 mA。     

应用于UHF RFID阅读器中低相位噪声LC VCO设计

设计了一种应用于860～960 MHz UHF RFID阅读器低相位噪声的CMOS LC压控振荡器.电路经过一个SCL结构的1/2分频器输出四相正交信号.电路设计采用SMIC 0.18μm CMOS工艺库和Cadence SpectreRF仿真器.仿真结果表明:VCO在分频前,实现了调频范围为1620～2020MHz;在振荡频率为1.8GHz时,相位噪声为-127.5dBc/Hz@lMHz;VCO经过2分频电路后,实现了调频范围为810～1010MHz;在频率900MHz,其相位噪声-133.5dBc/Hz@1MHz.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks