Effect of particle size on the electrochemical corrosion behavior of X70 pipeline steel

In this study, by using a standard quartz replace of sandy soil particles, the effect of soil particle size (0.1–0.25 mm, 0.6–1.0 mm) on the electrochemical corrosion behavior of X70 pipeline steel in sandy soil corrosive environment simulated by 3.5 wt% sodium chloride (NaCl) was investigated through polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technology. The results indicated that the polarization resistance of X70 steel decreased with decreasing particle size. For all polarization curves, the right shift of cathodic branch with decreasing particle size, suggesting that the cathode oxygen reduction process is accelerated. The corrosion of X70 steel is controlled by the process of cathode diffusion and oxygen reduction. This can be attributed to the effect of gas/liquid/solid three‐phase boundary (TPB) zone on cathodic process of X70 steel, and the corrosion rate is mainly determined by the cathodic reaction. EIS of X70 steel consisted of two capacitive loops with 7, 60 and 90 days buried corrosion, and the charge transfer resistance of X70 steel increased with increasing particle size.     

Modeling the behavior of natural gas pipeline impacted by falling objects

A numerical approach, based on the finite-element method was established in this paper to simulate impact behavior of buried gas pipeline. A three-dimensional elastic perfectly plastic soil model with plane strain conditions was employed in this analysis. The influence of relative stiffness of pipeline–soil, buried depth of pipeline and impact energy on the stress distribution of buried pipelines was discussed. The analysis results showed that the maximum pipeline stress decreased with the increase of the relative stiffness of pipeline–soil; however, the penetration depth was independent of the relative stiffness of pipeline–soil. Pipeline stress decreased with the increase of buried depths and began to stabilize when the buried depth was more than 3 m. The results of impact load and penetration depth considering the plasticity of soil were much larger than those not considering it. To minimize the discrepancy of results between the current approaches and the actual situation, a new method was put forward to improve the accuracy of the proposed formula computing impact load and penetration depth. The results from the new theoretical method were closer to those from the finite element analysis and tests.     

油气管道腐蚀缺陷分类识别技术研究

缺陷准确量化是管道漏磁检测领域中长期存在的一个难点,而对缺陷进行科学的分类是实现准确量化的重要前提。针对不同形态的缺陷,分析其特征参数对漏磁信号的影响因素,建立用于缺陷分类的BP神经网络模型,设计改进的Levenberg-Marquardt算法用于网络训练,并利用Ansoft Maxwell 3D建立仿真缺陷数据作为样本进行测试。结果表明:改进后的神经网络系统可实现对缺陷的有效分类,改善传统算法分类精度低、误差大的缺点,收敛速度大幅度提高。该方法已成功应用于大型油气田软件工程领域,为实现缺陷准确量化提供基础和依据。     

X100管线钢在含SRB的盐碱土壤溶液中的SCC行为

为证实SRB对X100管线钢在土壤中应力腐蚀行为的影响,采用慢应变速率拉神(SSRT)实验和SEM研究了X100管线钢在含有SRB的海滨模拟盐碱土壤溶液的应力腐蚀开裂行为.结果表明:X100钢母材和焊缝在无菌的海滨模拟盐碱土壤溶液的断裂模式为穿晶+沿晶SCC混合断裂,而在有菌的海滨模拟盐碱土壤溶液的断裂模式为穿晶SCC断裂;且X100钢母材和焊缝在无菌的海滨模拟盐碱土壤溶液中的SCC敏感性高于有菌时的,说明SRB的存在抑制了X100钢的脆变,导致X100钢的SCC敏感性降低.     

砂土强度和剪胀性的颗粒力学分析

基于广义塑性理论与临界状态概念,研究提出了一个统一三维砂土本构模型,通过一组参数实现了砂土由压缩至剪切过程中状态参量的统一表述。基于ABAQUS提供的用户自定义材料子程序UMAT接口,利用Fortran语言编程实现了该三维弹塑性本构关系模型在软件中的二次开发。分别利用Toyoura砂、Fuji River砂以及Tokachi砂的剪切试验数据与数值模拟结果进行对比,结果表明：提出的有限元计算模型可以有效反映加载过程中不同围压和砂土初始密度对应力-应变曲线的影响,能够准确描述密砂的剪胀特性与应变软化特性以及松砂的剪缩特性与应变硬化特性,从而更加真实地反映三维应力状态下土的变形和强度特性。研究成果进一步扩展了ABAQUS在岩土工程中的应用范围,能够为岩土工程领域的数值分析计算提供更加快捷的解决方案。     

Mass-specific scattering coefficient for natural minerogenic particle populations: particle size distribution effect and closure analyses

The relationship between the particulate scattering coefficient (b(p)) and the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM), as represented by the mass-specific scattering coefficient of particulates (b(p)*=b(p)/SPM), depends on particle size distribution (PSD). This dependence is quantified for minerogenic particle populations in this paper through calculations of b(p)* for common minerals as idealized populations (monodispersed spheres); contemporaneous measurements of b(p), SPM, and light-scattering attributes of mineral particles with scanning electron microscopy interfaced with automated image and x-ray analyses (SAX), for a connected stream-reservoir system where minerogenic particles dominate b(p); and estimates of b(p) and its size dependency (through SAX results-driven Mie theory calculations), particle volume concentration, and b(p)*. Modest changes in minerogenic PSDs are shown to result in substantial variations in b(p)*. Good closure of the SAX-based estimates of b(p) and particle volume concentration with bulk measurements is demonstrated. Converging relationships between b(p)* and particle size, developed from three approaches, were well described by power law expressions.     

Superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles for cancer cells treatment via magnetic hyperthermia: effect of natural capping agent,particle size and concentration

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics - Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPMNPs) continue to emerge as one of the most potential candidates in biomedical applications....     

Effect of particle size on gas holdup in three-phase reactors

Gas holdups were measured in a batch three-phase cocurrent column in which glass beads ranging from 17 to 5000μm were suspended up to 20 vol %. The effect of particle size on gas holdup was found to be different in three types of reactors such as the gas-sparged slurry reactors, three-phase bubble columns and three-phase fluidized beds. An increase of particle size reduced gas holdup in three-phase bubble columns, while raising it in gas-sparged slurry reactors and three-phase fluidized beds. The maximum and minimum gas holdup were observed respectively for particle size of about 88–250μm and 500μm, but the values of particle size were dependent on solid content and gas velocity. This paper is dedicated to Dr L K Doraiswamy on his sixtieth birthday.     

Effect of rubber particle size on the impact tensile fracture behavior of MBS resin with a bimodal particle size distribution

We performed impact tensile fracture experiments on methylmethacrylate–butadiene–styrene (MBS) resin with small and large particles in a bimodal size distribution, and examined the effects of particle size on fracture behavior by fixing the total rubber content (28 wt%) and the small particle size (about 140 nm), and varying the size of large particles (about 490 nm or 670 nm). Dynamic load P′ and displacement δ′ of single-edge-cracked specimens were measured using a Piezo sensor and a high-speed extensometer, respectively. A P′−δ′ diagram was used to determine external work U _ex applied to the specimen, elastic energy E _e stored in the specimen, and fracture energy E _f for creating a new fracture surface A _s. Energy release rate was then estimated using G _f = E _f/A _s. Values of G _f were correlated with fracture loads and mean crack velocity v _m determined from load and time relationships. We then examined the effect of particle size on G _f and v _m, and results indicated that particle size plays an important role in changing the values of G _f and v _m.     

Understanding the influence of particle size on strain versus fatigue life,and fracture behavior of aluminum alloy composites produced by spray deposition

The strain versus fatigue life and fracture behavior of spray-formed Al–Si composites reinforced with SiC particles of two different sizes were studied under total strain amplitudes. Both composites exhibit short low-cycle fatigue (LCF) which follows a Coffin-Manson relationship, and display cyclic hardening at all strain amplitudes. The LCF endurance of the composite with large particles is higher than that of composite containing small particles in the high strain amplitudes, however, at low strains the difference in fatigue endurance between the two composites decreased. Moreover, the decrease in particle size results in a higher degree of hardening at low and middle strains, but reduces the magnitude of hardening at highest strain. Fractographic analysis reveals that particle/matrix debonding is the main mechanism of failure in composite with small particles, while fracture and debonding of SiC particle are predominant in the large particle reinforced composite.     

纳米级NiZnCu铁氧体粉的晶粒尺寸对瓷体性能影响

用柠檬酸盐溶胶-凝胶法制备的(Ni0.2Zn0.6Cu0.2)Fe2O4铁氧体粉体,通过不同的预烧温度控制粉体的粒径,制得不同晶粒大小的纳米粉体,采用两种烧结工艺实现NiZnCu铁氧体的低温烧结.利用XRD、SEM、TEM,频谱仪等分析了不同初始晶粒尺寸对烧结性能和铁氧体陶瓷电磁性能的影响,总结了烧结后晶粒尺寸对瓷体性能的影响规律,研制出细晶、高磁导率、高电阻率的低温烧结NiZnCu铁氧体陶瓷材料,其初始磁导率≥1000,电阻率比固相法提高了两个数量级.     

The effect of particle size distribution on barite reduction

The present study is a follow-up of investigation on barite reduction to barium sulfide as a function of starting particle size distribution and temperature of reaction. In this work we study the high temperature reduction process of barite from the view point of particle size distribution. Conversion-time data have been obtained using iodometry method in each isothermal condition. A modified kinetic model used to express the carbothermic reduction process. To obtain the values of activation energy and frequency factor, the same expression was selected for each sample at all temperatures. The rate of reaction is found to be related to the particle size distribution and the gasification reaction of coke which has influence on reduction process. The kinetic parameters calculated from standard analysis of isothermal kinetic data indicated that the particle size of barite controlled the reaction when it was coarser than 400 mesh both in presence and absence of catalyst.     

Effect of soil compositions on the electrochemical corrosion behavior of carbon steel in simulated soil solution

In this study, effect of cations, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, and anions, SO₄^2–, HCO₃^–, NO₃^– on electrochemical corrosion behavior of carbon steel in simulated soil solution was investigated through potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results indicate that the Ca²⁺and Mg²⁺ can decrease the corrosion current density of carbon steel in simulated soil solution, and K⁺, SO₄^2–, HCO₃^–, and NO₃^– can increase the corrosion density. All the above ions in the simulated soil solution can decrease its resistivity, but they have different effect on the charge transfer resistivity. This finding can be useful in evaluating the corrosivity of certain soil through chemical analysis, and provide data for construction engineers.     

The effect of metakaolin on the corrosion behavior of cement mortars

In this paper the effect of metakaolin addition on the corrosion resistance of cement mortar is studied. A poor Greek kaolin with a low kaolinite content was thermally treated and the produced metakaolin (MK) was ground to the appropriate fineness. In addition, a commercial metakaolin (MKC) of high purity was used. Several mixture proportions were used to produce mortar specimens, where metakaolin replaced either sand or cement. Mortar specimens were then exposed to the corrosive environment of either partial or total immersion in 3.5% w/w NaCl solution. For the evaluation of the performance of metakaolin, the following methods were used: compressive strength, corrosion potential, mass loss, electrochemical measurements of the corrosion rate by the Linear Polarization method, carbonation depth and porosity. It is concluded that metakaolin improves the compressive strength and the 10% w/w addition shows the optimum contribution to the strength development. In addition, the use of metakaolin, either as a sand replacement up to 20% w/w, or as a cement replacement up to 10% w/w, improves the corrosion behavior of mortar specimens, while when metakaolin is added in greater percentages there is no positive effect.     

碳化硅增强铝基复合材料的力学性能和断裂机制

研究了碳化硅颗粒(SiCp)尺寸对用粉末冶金法制备体积分数为15%的SiCp/2009铝基复合材料力学性能和断裂机制的影响.结果表明,复合材料的强度随着SiCp尺寸的增大而减小,塑性则随着颗粒的增大而增大.当SiCp尺寸为1.5μm时,SiCp/2009A1复合材料的断裂主要以界面处撕裂和基体材料的开裂为主;当SiCp尺寸为20 μm时,复合材料的断裂主要以SiCp断裂为主;当SiCp尺寸处于两者之间时,SiCp/2009A1复合材料界面处撕裂和SiCp断裂的共同作用决定复合材料的断裂.     

On the retrograde condensation behavior of lean natural gas

The occurrence of liquid dropout in natural gas pipelines may cause operational problems during storage, transport, and processing. Therefore, the availability of a model that accurately predicts the amount of liquid formed is of great importance for the natural gas industry. The objective of this study is to develop a thermodynamic model for the accurate prediction of the amount of liquid formed in natural gas pipelines at transportation conditions. As input, the model requires an accurate gas analysis. A modified Peng-Robinson equation of state was selected for the phase equilibrium calculations. Interaction parameters were optimized from experimental data at conditions of practical interest, i.e., at pressures 10 < p < 70 bar and at temperatures 250 < T < 290 K. For a number of keysystems, the interaction parameters were calculated from new accurate solubility data of heavy hydrocarbons in some of the main constituents of natural gas like methane and nitrogen. Also, an extensive experimental program was carried out to study the influence of minute amounts of nitrogen, ethane and carbon dioxide in methane on the solubility behavior of decane in these gas mixtures. From a sensitivity analysis, it could be concluded that the liquid dropout is influenced mainly by the concentration and characterization of C₇-C₁₃ fractions. In this work, two characterization procedures to represent these fractions are compared. For two types of lean natural gas, the model predictions are compared with field measurement data, recently supplied by the Dutch natural gas industry.Invited paper presented at the Twelfth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 19–24, 1994, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.     

混合干涉型分布式光纤天然气管道泄漏检测及定位方法研究

介绍了一种基于马赫-曾德尔和萨格纳克混合干涉仪原理的分布式光纤天然气管道泄漏检测系统.阐述了检测系统的检测原理及泄漏定位方法,在泄漏点距法拉第旋转镜为6 032m处进行了气体管道泄漏检测实验并重复做了20次试验,测试了传感光纤与泄漏点不同夹角对检测系统性能的影响.实验结果表明,该系统可以检测出管道内气体压力为0.3MPa、泄漏孔径为2.5mm的微小泄漏信号并进行定位,平均相对定位误差为1.29%.在40mm的管道外径下,传感光纤与泄漏点夹角在0～180°范围内,检测系统均能检测出泄漏信号并进行定位.     

Studies on the effect of particle size on some properties of dental stone

Most indirect dental restorations of gold or porcelain are constructed on stone working models or dies. If these models or dies are damaged during the construction of these restorations in the laboratory, then the clinical success of the restoration will be jeopardized. This study is related to particle size, surface area, hardness and scratch resistance of twelve gypsum model or die materials. No correlation was found between particle size and hardness or scratch resistance. There was very little difference in hardness and scratch resistance between most of the materials tested.     

Effects of random particle dispersion and size on the indentation behavior of SiC particle reinforced metal matrix composites

This study investigates the effects of particle size, volume fraction, random dispersion and local concentration underneath a spherical indenter on the indentation response of particle reinforced metal matrix Al 1080/SiC composites. The ceramic particles in certain sizes and volume fractions were randomly distributed through the composite structure in order to achieve a similar structure to an actual microstructure as possible. The particle size and volume fraction affected considerably indentation depths and deformed indentation surface profiles. The indentation depth increases with increasing particle size, but decreases with increasing particle volume fraction. The experimental indentation depths were in agreement with numerical indentation depths in case the local particle concentration effect is considered. The local particle concentration plays an important role on the peak indentation depth. For small particle sizes and large volume fractions the random particle distribution affects the deformed surface profiles as well as the indentation depths. However, its effect is minor on residual stress and strain distributions rather than levels in the indentation region.