基于SVM的高通量dPCR基因芯片荧光图像分类研究

目的 为了实现高通量dPCR基因芯片荧光图像的亮点分类与计数,提出一种基于支持向量机（SVM）的荧光图像分类与计数方法。方法 首先对荧光图像进行去噪、对比度增强等图像预处理,对预处理后荧光图像进行亮点区域提取标注,去除背景与暗点的冗余信息,利用方向梯度直方图（Histogram of Oriented Gradient, HOG）提取鉴别特征,计算合并所有样本的亮点特征得到HOG特征向量,根据已得到的HOG特征向量创建一个线性SVM分类器,利用训练好的SVM分类器对荧光图像亮点进行分类与计数。结果 对比传统算法,文中算法具有较高的分类识别精度,平均准确率高达98%以上,可以很好地实现荧光图像亮点分类与计数。结论 在有限的小样本标注数据下,文中算法具有良好的分类性能,能够有效识别荧光图像中的亮点,对其他荧光图像分类研究也具有一定参考价值。     

M-IDM: A Multi-Classification Based Intrusion Detection Model in Healthcare IoT

In recent years, the application of a smart city in the healthcare sector via loT systems has continued to grow exponentially and various advanced network intrusions have emerged since these loT devices are being connected. Previous studies focused on security threat detection and blocking technologies that rely on testbed data obtained from a single medical IoT device or simulation using a well-known dataset, such as the NSL-KDD dataset. However, such approaches do not reflect the features that exist in real medical scenarios, leading to failure in potential threat detection. To address this problem, we proposed a novel intrusion classification architecture known as a Multi-class Classification based Intrusion Detection Model (M-IDM), which typically relies on data collected by real devices and the use of convolutional neural networks (i.e., it exhibits better performance compared with conventional machine learning algorithms, such as naïve Bayes, support vector machine (SVM)). Unlike existing studies, the proposed architecture employs the actual healthcare IoT environment of National Cancer Center in South Korea and actual network data from real medical devices, such as a patient’s monitors (i.e., electrocardiogram and thermometers). The proposed architecture classifies the data into multiple classes: Critical, informal, major, and minor, for intrusion detection. Further, we experimentally evaluated and compared its performance with those of other conventional machine learning algorithms, including naïve Bayes, SVM, and logistic regression, using neural networks.     

Deep Learning and Machine Learning for Early Detection of Stroke and Haemorrhage

Stroke and cerebral haemorrhage are the second leading causes of death in the world after ischaemic heart disease. In this work, a dataset containing medical, physiological and environmental tests for stroke was used to evaluate the efficacy of machine learning, deep learning and a hybrid technique between deep learning and machine learning on the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) dataset for cerebral haemorrhage. In the first dataset (medical records), two features, namely, diabetes and obesity, were created on the basis of the values of the corresponding features. The t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbour Embedding algorithm was applied to represent the high-dimensional dataset in a low-dimensional data space. Meanwhile,the Recursive Feature Elimination algorithm (RFE) was applied to rank the features according to priority and their correlation to the target feature and to remove the unimportant features. The features are fed into the various classification algorithms, namely, Support Vector Machine (SVM), K Nearest Neighbours (KNN), Decision Tree, Random Forest, and Multilayer Perceptron. All algorithms achieved superior results. The Random Forest algorithm achieved the best performance amongst the algorithms; it reached an overall accuracy of 99%. This algorithm classified stroke cases with Precision, Recall and F1 score of 98%, 100% and 99%, respectively. In the second dataset, the MRI image dataset was evaluated by using the AlexNet model and AlexNet + SVM hybrid technique. The hybrid model AlexNet + SVM performed is better than the AlexNet model; it reached accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 99.9%, 100%, 99.80% and 99.86%, respectively.     

支持向量回归算法在梁结构损伤诊断中的应用研究

支持向量机算法具有很优秀的回归特性，所以将其应用于梁结构的损伤诊断方面。以模态频率作为特征参数，训练支持向量机实现对损伤的定位和程度标识，并通过对悬臂梁的损伤识别仿真计算进行了验证。结果表明：支持向量机在结构损伤诊断领域中具有很好的应用前景。     

Mechanical Fault Diagnosis Using Support Vector Machine

The Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a machine learning algorithm based on the Statistical Learning Theory ( SLT), which can get good classification effects even with a few learning samples.SVM represents a new approach to pattern classification and has been shown to be particularly successful in many fields such as image identification and face recognition. It also provides us with a new method to develop intelligent fault diagnosis. This paper presents a SVM-based approach for fault diagnosis of rolling bearings. Experimentation with vibration signals of bearings is conducted. The vibration signals acquired from the bearings are used directly in the calculating without the preprocessing of extracting its features. Compared with the methods based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN), the SVM-based method has desirable advantages. It is applicable for on-line diagnosis of mechanical systems.     

Feature selection and fault‐severity classification–based machine health assessment methodology for point machine sliding‐chair degradation

In this paper, we propose an offline and online machine health assessment (MHA) methodology composed of feature extraction and selection, segmentation‐based fault severity evaluation, and classification steps. In the offline phase, the best representative feature of degradation is selected by a new filter‐based feature selection approach. The selected feature is further segmented by utilizing the bottom‐up time series segmentation to discriminate machine health states, ie, degradation levels. Then, the health state fault severity is extracted by a proposed segment evaluation approach based on within segment rate‐of‐change (RoC) and coefficient of variation (CV) statistics. To train supervised classifiers, a priori knowledge about the availability of the labeled data set is needed. To overcome this limitation, the health state fault‐severity information is used to label (eg, healthy, minor, medium, and severe) unlabeled raw condition monitoring (CM) data. In the online phase, the fault‐severity classification is carried out by kernel‐based support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Next to SVM, the k‐nearest neighbor (KNN) is also used in comparative analysis on the fault severity classification problem. Supervised classifiers are trained in the offline phase and tested in the online phase. Unlike to traditional supervised approaches, this proposed method does not require any a priori knowledge about the availability of the labeled data set. The proposed methodology is validated on infield point machine sliding‐chair degradation data to illustrate its effectiveness and applicability. The results show that the time series segmentation‐based failure severity detection and SVM‐based classification are promising.     

Deep Learning ResNet101 Deep Features of Portable Chest X-Ray Accurately Classify COVID-19 Lung Infection

This study is designed to develop Artificial Intelligence (AI) based analysis tool that could accurately detect COVID-19 lung infections based on portable chest x-rays (CXRs). The frontline physicians and radiologists suffer from grand challenges for COVID-19 pandemic due to the suboptimal image quality and the large volume of CXRs. In this study, AI-based analysis tools were developed that can precisely classify COVID-19 lung infection. Publicly available datasets of COVID-19 (N = 1525), non-COVID-19 normal (N = 1525), viral pneumonia (N = 1342) and bacterial pneumonia (N = 2521) from the Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM), Radiopaedia, The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) and Kaggle repositories were taken. A multi-approach utilizing deep learning ResNet101 with and without hyperparameters optimization was employed. Additionally, the features extracted from the average pooling layer of ResNet101 were used as input to machine learning (ML) algorithms, which twice trained the learning algorithms. The ResNet101 with optimized parameters yielded improved performance to default parameters. The extracted features from ResNet101 are fed to the k-nearest neighbor (KNN) and support vector machine (SVM) yielded the highest 3-class classification performance of 99.86% and 99.46%, respectively. The results indicate that the proposed approach can be better utilized for improving the accuracy and diagnostic efficiency of CXRs. The proposed deep learning model has the potential to improve further the efficiency of the healthcare systems for proper diagnosis and prognosis of COVID-19 lung infection.     

基于VMD的铣刀破损检测

针对铣削过程中的切削振动信号具有非平稳性的特点,提出了一种基于变分模态分解(VMD)的铣刀破损检测方法。该方法通过VMD将切削振动信号分解成若干个模态分量,由于铣刀发生破损后,不同模态分量的频带分布会发生变化,因此提取各模态分量的中心频率和能量组成特征向量;对特征向量进行归一化处理,最终输入到支持向量机(SVM)进行铣刀破损检测。在多种切削参数下进行铣削加工实验,结果表明该方法比基于EMD的铣刀破损检测方法能抑制模态混叠的发生且具有更高的检测精度。     

路堑开挖爆破中邻近民房风险评价的网格支持向量机模型

应用支持向量机理论并结合路堑开挖爆破特点,提出路堑开挖爆破中临近民房安全性评价的支持向量机回归模型。考虑爆破参数、地质条件和民房结构状况因素,选取最小抵抗线、孔距、排距、炸药单耗和民房的自振周期等16个影响较大的因素作为该模型的输入参数,房屋安全等级系数作为模型输出,利用网格搜索寻优方法对支持向量机模型的参数进行了优化。以19组路堑开挖爆破实测数据作为学习样本进行训练,对另外3组待判样本进行判别,并与多元回归、BP神经网络回归和实测结果进行对比。研究结果表明:建立的支持向量机回归模型对路堑开挖爆破中临近民房安全性评价效果良好,具有较高的预测精度。     

路堑开挖爆破中邻近民房风险评价的网格支持向量机模型

应用支持向量机理论并结合路堑开挖爆破特点,提出路堑开挖爆破中临近民房安全性评价的支持向量机回归模型。考虑爆破参数、地质条件和民房结构状况因素,选取最小抵抗线、孔距、排距、炸药单耗和民房的自振周期等16个影响较大的因素作为该模型的输入参数,房屋安全等级系数作为模型输出,利用网格搜索寻优方法对支持向量机模型的参数进行了优化。以19组路堑开挖爆破实测数据作为学习样本进行训练,对另外3组待判样本进行判别,并与多元回归、BP神经网络回归和实测结果进行对比。研究结果表明:建立的支持向量机回归模型对路堑开挖爆破中临近民房安全性评价效果良好,具有较高的预测精度。     

Machine Learning Based Psychotic Behaviors Prediction from Facebook Status Updates

With the advent of technological advancements and the widespread Internet connectivity during the last couple of decades, social media platforms (such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram) have consumed a large proportion of time in our daily lives. People tend to stay alive on their social media with recent updates, as it has become the primary source of interaction within social circles. Although social media platforms offer several remarkable features but are simultaneously prone to various critical vulnerabilities. Recent studies have revealed a strong correlation between the usage of social media and associated mental health issues consequently leading to depression, anxiety, suicide commitment, and mental disorder, particularly in the young adults who have excessively spent time on social media which necessitates a thorough psychological analysis of all these platforms. This study aims to exploit machine learning techniques for the classification of psychotic issues based on Facebook status updates. In this paper, we start with depression detection in the first instance and then expand on analyzing six other psychotic issues (e.g., depression, anxiety, psychopathic deviate, hypochondria, unrealistic, and hypomania) commonly found in adults due to extreme use of social media networks. To classify the psychotic issues with the user's mental state, we have employed different Machine Learning (ML) classifiers i.e., Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naïve Bayes (NB), and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN). The used ML models are trained and tested by using different combinations of features selection techniques. To observe the most suitable classifiers for psychotic issue classification, a cost-benefit function (sometimes termed as ‘Suitability’) has been used which combines the accuracy of the model with its execution time. The experimental evidence argues that RF outperforms its competitor classifiers with the unigram feature set.     

基于图像序列的运动目标检测识别的关键技术研究

为提高运动目标检测的识别效果,通过分析、综合比较各种运动目标检测算法的优劣性,提出了基于全局自适应帧差法和基于码本模型的背景减除法对同一运动目标进行检测。通过对运动目标检测提取运动目标的掩膜,对掩膜进行外接矩形分析,从而得到包围运动目标的矩形框;将矩形框内的图片截取出来,调整该矩形并提取图片的HOG特征,最后通过训练好的SVM进行分类。在训练过程中,针对难易情况应用自举法对训练器进行优化。实验表明,与传统HOG+SVM多尺度检测算法相比,该方法在速度和准确性上可提升20%左右,可作为运动目标检测与识别的参考方法。     

内禀模态特征能量法在滚动轴承故障模式识别中的应用

针对滚动轴承振动信号和状态信息非线性映射关系,提出一种基于内禀模态函数（IMF）特征能量的轴承特征向量提取方法,并与支持向量机（SVM)相结合实现轴承的故障识别。该方法对滚动轴承振动信号进行经验模态分解（EMD）得到若干能反映轴承故障信息的IMF分量,选取包含主要信息的IMF能量作为振动信号的特征向量,并将其输入到SVM分类器中实现轴承故障模式识别。对滚动轴承的正常状态、外圈故障、内圈故障和滚动体故障进行仿真试验,结果表明,该方法能够有效、准确地识别轴承故障。     

Damage detection in initially nonlinear systems

The primary goal of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is to detect structural anomalies before they reach a critical level. Because of the potential life-safety and economic benefits, SHM has been widely studied over the past two decades. In recent years there has been an effort to provide solid mathematical and physical underpinnings for these methods; however, most focus on systems that behave linearly in their undamaged state—a condition that often does not hold in complex “real-world” systems and systems for which monitoring begins mid-lifecycle. In this work, we highlight the inadequacy of linear-based methodology in handling initially nonlinear systems. We then show how the recently developed autoregressive support vector machine (AR-SVM) approach to time-series modeling can be used for detecting damage in a system that exhibits initially nonlinear response. This process is applied to data acquired from a structure with induced nonlinearity tested in a laboratory environment.     

Applying Feature-Weighted Gradient Decent K-Nearest Neighbor to Select Promising Projects for Scientific Funding

Due to its outstanding ability in processing large quantity and high-dimensional data, machine learning models have been used in many cases, such as pattern recognition, classification, spam filtering, data mining and forecasting. As an outstanding machine learning algorithm, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) has been widely used in different situations, yet in selecting qualified applicants for winning a funding is almost new. The major problem lies in how to accurately determine the importance of attributes. In this paper, we propose a Feature-weighted Gradient Decent K-Nearest Neighbor (FGDKNN) method to classify funding applicants in to two types: approved ones or not approved ones. The FGDKNN is based on a gradient decent learning algorithm to update weight. It updatesthe weight of labels by minimizing error ratio iteratively, so that the importance of attributes can be described better. We investigate the performance of FGDKNN with Beijing Innofund. The results show that FGDKNN performs about 23%, 20%, 18%, 15% better than KNN, SVM, DT and ANN, respectively. Moreover, the FGDKNN has fast convergence time under different training scales, and has good performance under different settings.     

Obscure bleeding detection in endoscopy images using support vector machines

Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) is a recently established imaging technology that requires no wired device intrusion and can be used to examine the entire small intestine non-invasively. Determining bleeding signs out of over 55,000 WCE images is a tedious and expensive job by human reviewing. Our goal is to develop an automatic obscure bleeding detection method by employing image color features and support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The bleeding lesion detection problem is a binary classification problem. We use SVMs for this problem and a new feature selection procedure is proposed. Our experiments show that SVM can be very efficient in processing unseen instances and may yield very high accuracy rate, in particular with our new proposed feature selection. More specifically, for this bleeding detection problem, training an SVM with 640 samples can be completed in as little as 0.01  second on a Dell workstation with dual Xeon CPUs, and classifying an image using the trained SVM can be done in as little as 0.03 milliseconds. The accuracy for both sensitivity and specificity can be over 99%. This work was partially supported by National Science Foundation grant IIS-0722106, IIS-0737861, and Texas ARP 003594-0020-2007.     

基于进化蒙特卡洛方法的特征选择在机械故障诊断中的应用

特征选择可以从原始特征集中去除冗余特征,选择出优化特征子集,提高机械故障诊断精度和诊断效率。将进化蒙特卡洛方法引入机械故障诊断的特征选择。应用支持向量机(SVM)作为故障决策器,采用Wrapper式特征子集评价标准,并采用进化蒙特卡洛算法搜索最优特征子集。运用滚动轴承故障振动信号数据对提出的方法进行验证,实验结果表明该方法是有效的。