地铁轮轨耦合不平顺激励对轨道振动影响分析

轮轨动态输入激励直接影响车辆-轨道耦合模型的计算结果。目前在地铁列车环境振动振源研究中,大多只考虑了轨道不平顺的激励而忽略了车轮不圆顺的影响。为了构建地铁轮轨耦合不平顺激励、综合分析轨道不平顺以及车轮、钢轨的磨耗状态对轨道动力响应的影响,对一列地铁列车进行了车轮不圆顺的现场测试,同时对一段区间隧道内的轨道不平顺和钢轨粗糙度均进行了测试。基于车辆-轨道耦合频域解析模型计算了轨道动力响应,比较了不同轮轨激励模式对计算结果的影响。同时,在同一区间隧道内实测了钢轨振动响应,用以验证不同激励模式计算结果的准确性。结果表明:美国谱和Sato谱会低估车轮不圆顺典型波长控制频段的振动响应,从而难以准确获得8 Hz~200 Hz频段的振动响应;按能量叠加方法获得的轮轨耦合不平顺谱可反映完备的轮轨激励信息,以此作为激励,在8 Hz~200 Hz频段,可计算获得与实测值更相近的模拟计算结果。     

数学形态学分形维数广义估算方法及其应用

预测特征提取是设备故障预测中的关键问题,它直接关系到故障预测的可信性。滚动轴承故障信号具有典型的非线性特征,利用分形维数可以定量描述其复杂性和不规则度。首先对分形维数的形态学计算方法进行介绍,然后对形态学覆盖的定义进行扩展,提出了三种形态学分形维数广义估算方法,对其精确性和计算效率进行了对比分析。最后,提出基于形态学分形维数的和灰色关联分析的性能退化状态识别方法,采用轴承实测数据验证了该方法的有效性。     

On effects of track random irregularities on random vibrations of vehicle–track interactions

As the integrated reflection of track substructure deformations and the most important excitation for vehicle–track interactions, track irregularities show random nature, and generally being regarded as weak stationary random processes. To better expose the full statistical characteristics of track random irregularities on amplitude and wavelength, a time–frequency transform and probability theory based model is developed to simulate representative and realistic track irregularity sets by combining with random sampling methods. Moreover, a three-dimensional (3-D) vehicle–track coupled model is established by finite element method and dynamic equilibrium equations, where the nonlinearity of wheel/rail interaction is considered. Finally, a probability density evolution method (PDEM) is introduced to solve the probabilistic transmission issues between track irregularity sets and dynamic responses of vehicle–track coupled systems. There is a clear demonstration that the results derived by proposed methods are comparable to the experimental measurements. Through effectively applying the above methodologies, the probabilistic and random characteristics of vehicle–track interaction can be properly revealed.     

横向地震作用下震致钢轨几何不平顺研究

铁路运输作为抗震救灾的重要生命线,在抗震救灾期和灾后重建期承担了极其重要的运输任务,研究震致钢轨不平顺是保证震后行车安全的基础.该文以高速铁路CRTS Ⅱ型轨道-桥梁系统为对象,建立了有限元模型并开展了试验验证,从PEER强震数据库中筛选出40条和设计反应谱匹配程度最高的地震波并对有限元模型开展了非线性时程分析,研究了...     

轨道随机不平顺影响下高速铁路地基动力分析模型

考虑轨道随机不平顺影响,建立了移动车辆-有砟轨道-路基-层状地基垂向耦合振动解析模型。模型中,将虚拟激励法和解析的波数-频率域法有效结合起来,直接由轨道不平顺的功率谱密度得到准确的动态轮轨力功率谱。将移动列车轴荷载和轨道随机不平顺引起的动态轮轨力考虑为傅里叶级数表示的谐波叠加形式,根据线性系统叠加原理,求得地基动力响应功率谱估计值与时程结果。利用在波数域内直接计算位移频谱、划分合适谐波区间等技术,显著提高了随机振动响应功率谱和时程的计算效率。对比分析了地基表面测点垂向振动加速度时程与频谱的理论计算与现场实测结果,证明了本文模型的合理性。     

A method of determining geometric stress for fatigue strength evaluation of steel welded joints

This paper presents a new method for evaluating the geometric or structural stress in welded constructions. The method is based on the computed stress value 1-mm below the surface in the direction corresponding to the expected crack path. The total stress distribution along the crack path direction is considered to be the sum of the geometric stress caused by the structural geometry change and the non-linear local stress produced by the weld itself. Linear elastic fracture mechanics is used to correlate the total stress based crack propagation life and the local stress based crack propagation life to explain the geometric stress evaluated 1-mm below the surface. Validity of the method is further verified by analyzing fatigue test results for several typical welded joints reported in literature. When compared to the surface extrapolation technique for structural hot spot stress evaluation, the proposed method has the additional advantage in that it is able to account for the size and thickness effect observed in welded joints.     

Dynamic finite element modeling and fatigue damage analysis of thermite welds

Railway track comprises of continuous welded rail mounted with rail clips on sleepers integrated to a ballast track form system. Modeling the rail structure with thermite weld subjected to the complex dynamic loadings is a challenging problem. Fatigue failures at the head‐to‐web, web‐to‐foot, and foot regions of weld collar are investigated. In this paper, a combined method of multibody system dynamic analysis and dynamic finite element analysis was used. A train roll‐in experiment was conducted at a train depot test track to validate modeling results predicted at the strain gauge location. Three critical plane‐based multiaxial fatigue criterions incorporated with a smallest enclosing circle algorithm were implemented in Python code to study the fatigue behavior at weld collar. Parametric studies were also conducted to investigate the effects of track component materials, track curvature, and train velocity. This approach provides a method for predicting the failures of thermite welded joints in railway tracks.     

分形几何在内燃机振动信号分析中的应用

本文将分形几何引入内燃机振动信号的分析之中,用分维数描述振动信号的复杂程度。对缸盖振动信号的谱分析表明,可以用分维数描述缸盖振动信号。当气门发生故障时,分维数将较正常时小,由此可判断气门状态正常与否及故障类型。     

轮轨磨耗状态下悬挂参数失效对车辆动力学性能影响

为了研究悬挂参数失效对车辆系统动力学性能的影响,建立高速车辆系统动力学模型和悬挂参数失效模型,针对新轮轨、磨耗后轮轨进行轮轨接触几何关系和动力学仿真计算,分析当悬挂参数正常工作和失效时,车辆动力学性能的变化。结果表明：与新轮轨相比,轮轨磨耗状态下的等效锥度、滚动圆半径差和左右轮轨接触角度差变大;轮轨磨耗造成蛇行失稳临界速度下降,运行平稳性和曲线通过能力变差;悬挂系统失效方式不同,对车辆系统动力学的性能和车体的动态响应影响程度不同;车辆的悬挂参数优化应考虑轮轨磨耗的影响。     

Fatigue assessment of high‐frequency mechanical impact (HFMI)‐treated welded joints subjected to high mean stresses and spectrum loading

The fatigue strength of welded joints can be improved with various post‐weld treatment methods. High‐frequency mechanical impact treatment is a residual stress modification technique that creates compressive residual stresses at the weld toe. However, these beneficial residual stresses may relax under certain loading conditions. In this paper, previously published fatigue data for butt and fillet welded joints subjected to high stress ratios and variable amplitude cyclic stresses were evaluated in relation to the current International Institute of Welding (IIW) recommendations on fatigue strength improvement and a proposed IIW design guideline for high‐frequency mechanical impact‐treated welded joints. The evaluation showed that the current IIW recommendations resulted in both non‐conservative and overly conservative fatigue strength estimations depending on the applied stress level, whereas the proposed fatigue assessment guideline fitted the current data well.     

新型转轨空间动态耦合模型

基于车辆－轨道耦合动力学理论,建立了新型轮轨空间动态耦合模型。详细研究了充分考虑钢轨横向、垂向和扭转振动以及轨道不平顺作用下,轮轨空间动态接触几何关系、轮轨法向力以及轮轨蠕滑力的求解模型。突破了传统车辆力学中关于轮轨刚性接触和始终接触的假设。最后,与国际著名软件NUCARS的数值仿真比较和与我国线路试验的结果比较表明,本文所建立的新型轮轨耦合关系模型是正确有效的。     

Fatigue strength analysis of laser-hybrid welds in thin plate considering weld geometry in microscale

Utilization of thin plates together with laser-based welding processes allows manufacturing of large weight efficient steel structures. However, the fatigue strength of welds in thin-plate structures with plate thicknesses below 5 mm is observed to have large variation, which brings challenges to fatigue strength assessment. One possible reason for this variation is the increased influence of actual weld geometry that is neglected in common fatigue strength assessment approaches utilizing geometry idealization. To reveal this influence the fatigue strength of 3 mm thick laser-hybrid welded butt joints were studied using the measured microscale weld geometry and the notch stress approach. Notch stresses were defined using Neuber’s stress averaging approach which allows the determination of the fatigue-effective stress without fictitious geometric modifications. For the studied specimens the large scatter of fatigue strength in the high-cycle region could be explained using this approach with high-resolution weld profile measurements combined with thorough finite-element analysis. It was observed that axial misalignment in narrow laser-hybrid welds causes a significant notch stress increase on the root side reducing the fatigue strength dramatically in terms of structural and nominal stress. In order to capture the increased notch stress it is crucial to use a significantly smaller stress averaging length than commonly assumed for welded joints.     

基于分形理论分析裂缝形态对纤维/混凝土渗透性的影响

分形维数可以表征裂缝形态,能够用来分析混凝土裂缝断面的粗糙程度。裂缝形态对开裂混凝土的渗透性有重要影响,为研究这种影响,利用劈裂试验获得不同宽度的裂缝,使用不同的纤维种类,并设置多种纤维掺量,得到粗糙程度不同的裂缝断面,通过水渗透试验测量不同裂缝宽度时混凝土的渗透系数。采用激光扫描仪扫描裂缝断面并重构3D断面几何形态,采用立方体覆盖法计算断面分形维数。采用分形维数将实测裂缝宽度和有效裂缝宽度联系起来,联立达西定律和泊肃叶定律建立开裂混凝土渗透系数和分形维数的函数关系。结果表明:使用相同的网格划分法,分形维数随着纤维掺量的增加而增大;渗透系数随着纤维掺量的增加而减小;函数关系式中分形维数的指数绝对值和修正系数都随裂缝宽度增加而减小。      

THE EFFECT OF UNDERCUT, MISALIGNMENT AND RESIDUAL STRESSES ON THE FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF BUTT WELDED JOINTS

Abstract— A mathematical model is developed to predict the effect of weld toe undercut, misalignment and residual stresses on the fatigue behaviour of butt welded joints subjected to zero-to-tensile loading. Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM), Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and superposition approaches have been used for the modelling. It has been found that an undercut at the toes of welded joints is one of the most important weld geometry parameters. The reduction of fatigue strength of welded joints with a weld toe undercut is at least twice that of joints without an undercut in comparison with flush-ground welded plate. A misalignment of 5% of plate thickness and an undercut of 2% of plate thickness are fairly representative for the lower boundary of S-N curves of butt joints. The improvement of fatigue limits by means of surface treatments is shown to be effective for both undercut and misaligned joints. This approach is practical for a "Fitness-for-Purpose" assessment of welded joints subject to fatigue conditions.     

Study on welding process and prosperities of AA5754 Al-alloy welded by double pulsed gas metal arc welding

In this paper, the effect of double pulsed gas metal arc welding (DP-GMAW) on metal droplet transfer, weld pool profile, weld bead geometry and weld joint mechanical properties of Al alloy AA5754 are presented. A high speed camera was utilized to reveal the metal transfer behavior and weld pool profile. A self-developed electrical signal acquire system was adopted to record the current waveform during welding process. The results indicated that the metal transfer, weld pool profile and weld bead geometry in DP-GMAW significantly differ with P-GMAW. The microstructure showed that grain size of the weld bead decreased with increasing of thermal pulse frequency, and the eutectic precipitates Mg₂Si were homogeneously distributed at fusion zone. The mechanical properties of welded joints were improved.     

A simplified fatigue assessment method for high quality welded cruciform joints

The primary goal of this study was to develop an equation relating the geometric parameters to fatigue strength which can be used is routine design assessment. To attain this, the influence of local geometrical weld variations on the fatigue strength of non-load-carrying cruciform fillet welded joints were systematically studied using plane strain linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). The effects of weld toe radius, flank angle and weld size were considered. Both continuous weld toe cracks and semi-elliptical toe cracks with alternate pre-existing defect depths were considered. A previously developed experimental crack aspect ratio development curve was used for assessing the growth of the semi-elliptical cracks using 2D FE models. A total of 152 experimental fatigue data points from six published studies of welded cruciform joints were evaluated. Details of the actual weld toe radius, flank angle and weld size were available for these joints. For the high quality welds evaluated, an assumed initial crack depth of 0.05 mm was found to correlate best with the experimental data. Of all the geometric parameters considered analytically, weld toe radius was found to have the most dramatic influence on fatigue life. A simple equation is proposed which relates welded joint fatigue strength to the ratio weld toe radius/plate thickness for high quality welds.     

异步轧制Pb-Ca-Sn-Al合金晶界节点分形分析

为了确定晶界节点分形维数是否存在,以低碳钢冷轧薄板标样为研究对象,在MATLAB软件平台上自行开发了晶界分形维数计算程序,采用标准分形图形-koch曲线检验了自开发分形程序的准确性,利用该程序计算了3种标准下(不同晶粒延伸度)不同晶粒度级别的金相图片晶界节点分形维数,并研究了不同工艺条件下Pb-Ca-Sn-Al合金晶界节点的分形维数.结果表明:自开发的分形计算程序准确;晶界节点的分形维数存在;不同工艺条件Pb-Ca-Sn-Al合金晶界节点的分形维数与工艺参数之间存在定量联系.在一定范围内,随着压下率、异速比、退火温度的增加,晶界节点的分形维数随之增加;随退火时间的增加,Pb-Ca-Sn-Al合金晶界节点分形维数先上升后下降;退火张力增加,晶界节点分形维数下降.     

Fractal fracture mechanics—A review

The revolution in geometry, which has recently created the notion of the fractional dimension of real world bodies and has formed fractal geometry, has substantially influenced fracture science. An experimentally measured crack in real materials has appeared to be substantially a fractal, that is, a geometrical object of fractional dimension. In the present paper, an attempt has been undertaken to provide an account of some achievements in this area, herein called “Fractal Fracture Mechanics”.     

基于分形理论的岩石冲击破坏分形分析

利用大直径分离式霍普金森压杆试验系统,对绢云母石英片岩和砂岩进行冲击压缩试验, 采用不同等级标准筛对岩石冲击破碎后试块进行筛分统计,运用分形几何理论,计算出冲击荷载作用下两种岩石破碎块度分布的分形维数,研究冲击速度对块度分维影响,分析两种岩石动态抗压强度随块度分维的变化关系。试验结果表明,绢云母石英片岩块度分维大部分集中在1.9~2.4之间,砂岩集中在2.5~3.0之间;两种岩石分形维数随冲击速度的升高呈上升趋势,近似线性正比关系;绢云母石英片岩动态抗压强度与块度分维无明显函数关系,砂岩动态抗压强度随块度分维的增大呈增加趋势。采用分形维数对岩石试件在冲击破碎过程中动态抗压强度的变化进行定量描述,为探索岩石动态破碎分形特征与冲击力学性能之间的内在规律,开辟新的研究途径。     

轮轨噪声发展机理的材料硬度试验

基于MMS-2A型微机控制摩擦磨损试验机的双轮对滚实验,从时域和频域的角度分析摩擦磨损过程中轮轨噪声与轮轨状态（材料硬度、摩擦系数和磨损量）的关系。结果表明车轮材料的硬度对于轮轨噪声具有显著影响。虽然不同硬度匹配时轮轨噪声发展趋势基本一致,但在声压级上却存在明显差异。轮轨硬度比越大,其轮轨噪声声压级越大。因此,对轮轨材料硬度的研究除了能够在一定程度上降低轮轨磨损量,延长轮轨的使用寿命外,还对研究降低列车运行时的噪声具有一定的指导意义。