持续开发利用地热资源的实例分析

通过对西安工程技术学院地热资源开发利用的实例分析，证明通过采用梯级地热供暖的方法可以扩大原供暖面积，并取得显著的经济和社会效益。开采回灌井，通过回灌地热尾水，不但增加地热供暖面积，还有效控制地热井水位下降过快。     

加强地热回灌 小汤山热田水位显著回升

为有效保护地热资源，促进北京市地热资源的可持续利用。近年来，北京市地热管理处不断加强地热采暖回灌的管理，拟定并发布了《关于加强地热回灌保护地热资源的通知》，对本市地热采暖单位明确提出了限期进行地热采暖尾水回灌的要求。用地热水供暖单位中的大多数均采用了“对井”回灌技术，供暖尾水实时回灌到同一热储层中，全市年回灌量近100万m^3。     

西藏地热发电的回顾与思考

1 我国自主勘探的第一个高温地热田 在20世纪70年代我国地热开发的热潮中，西藏的高温地热勘查也随之首次启动。1974年西藏地质局安排了羊八井地热详查的任务，1975年试钻了2眼地热勘探孔。作为我国首次高温地热钻进，虽遭遇塌陷，但已充分显示了高温地热资源的潜力。于是，西藏地质局在1976年组建了全国第一个地热地质大队，专门承担羊八井地热资源的详查任务。     

地热发电综述

从地热工程着眼，本文简要地叙述了地热系统、地热发电概况和不同的地热发电系统。介绍了国内外地热电站的前期准备工作、设计、建造和运行，以及热田管理的一些经验。在此基础上展望了今后几年地热发电技术的进展。     

我国地热干燥现状和前景

介绍了我国目前运行的七座地热干燥装置，对其干燥技术特点进行了分析。认为，我国地热干燥的特点为：绝大多数用于地热干燥的地热流体温度在１００℃以下，地热干燥利用大都和地热综合梯级利用相结合，有些地热干燥装置具有多功能和多能互补性能。最后，对我国地热干燥前景提出几点看法：结合我国的国情应坚持地热干燥作为地热综合梯级利用的一部分，要注意地热干燥装置选型与地热资源温度的关系和地热干燥产品与市场经济的关系，要     

雄县地热资源开发利用经济、社会、环境效益分析

雄县的地热资源开发已经有近20年的历史，目前主要用于地热采暖、温泉洗浴和旅游娱乐，在创造巨大经济效益的同时，还带来了良好的社会和环境效益。根据雄县地热资源开发总体规划，雄县将大力促进地热采暖的发展，把县城建设成为“无烟城”，还将扩大白洋淀温泉城的地热资源开发利用规模，在北部建设现代农业地热利用区和温泉生态观光园。     

中国城市地热的商业化经营与科学管理

跟随世界潮流，我国从20世纪70年代初开始的地热开发打破传统温泉利用的模式。走上了作为能源开发的新路。我国的地热开发在计划经济时代是政府行为，在市场经济时代是商业行为。总结30多年来我国地热开发的历程，有许多经验可以指导今后的发展。由于我国地热开发经历了从农村到城市、又从城市到农村的反复，使我们更加理解地热产业化发展的理念和商业化经营的优越性。地热开发更应该面向城市，其形式可以灵活，而原则仍是商业化经营和必要的科学管理。这是循环经济与地热可持续发展的必要基础。     

中国地热发电现状与展望

介绍了中国高温地热资源概况，中国地热发电现状，估算了中国地热发电潜力，指出了存在的问题，提出了中国地热发电发展战略和规划、设想和建议。     

法国大力开发地热能源

地热在法国是继水利、生物质能、城市固体垃圾之后的第四位可再生能源，占总能源的比例为0．44％。为了充分利用自然资源、降低温室效应，法国将大力推动地热的发展。主要措施存改进地热场评估和开发方法，提高钻探科学信息的利用率，使海外领地能够更好地利用地热发电；继续“断裂热岩石”型深层(5000m以下)地热开发的技术、经济可行性研究，     

中国地热发电开发现状与前景

回顾了我国地热发电的发展历程，应该克服“技术上可行、经济上不可行”的“历史性的偏见”。地热发电技术成熟，虽投资成本稍高．但可以替代和节省常规能源，减少污染和二氧化碳排放；再从国际原油价格大幅波动，最高时已接近每桶150美元来看。肯定是有竞争力的。我国藏滇地热带有高温地热资源分布，可用于地热蒸汽发电；中低温地下热水中温度较高者可以先发电，再将排水作综合利用。我国已开始增强型地热系统这一领域的研究工作。     

藏北高原典型草甸下垫面与HEIFE沙漠区辐射平衡气候学特征对比分析

利用中日合作“全球能量与水分平衡试验一青藏高原季风试验(GAME—Tibet)”和中日合作“黑河地区地一气相互作用野外观测实验研究(HEIFE)”IOP、FOP资料,计算分析了藏北高原典型草甸下垫面安多站和HEIFE沙漠站的辐射平衡各相关特征量时频变化的气候学特征。结果表明：无论是高原安多站还是黑河沙漠站,夏季均出现超太阳常数现象(只是安多更为明显);总辐射、大气逆辐射、地表长波辐射、地表有效辐射和地表辐射平衡等的日变化(晴天)无论是安多站还是沙漠站均表现为早晚出现最小值而正午附近(地方时)达到最大值,而地表反照率的日变化(晴天)相反表现为早晚大而正午附近小的规律;上述各分量均表现有程度不等的季节变化规律：总辐射、大气逆辐射、地表长波辐射和地表辐射平衡均表现为夏半年增大达到最大值百而冬半年降低量出现最小值;另外,大气长波辐射、地表有效辐射和地表反照率在沙漠站的年际变化的振幅较安多站更为显著和有规律。     

Hydrogen in China: Policy,program and progress

The paper introduces the role of energy in China economy context, criteria for sustainable development in energy sector, China's hydrogen vision, the role of hydrogen in China's R&D plan, recently launched national programs, and progresses and achievements in research, development and demonstration. The paper concludes that with fast economy development in the new era in China, the energy sector has been confronted with severe challenges in terms of supply security, environment pollution and greenhouse gas emission, and China has attached significant priority on research and development in hydrogen and fuel cell areas, as one of effective counter-measures to address these challenges. Transition to the hydrogen economy in China, a long-term, non-carbon energy solution, is believed to play a significant role, complementary to electricity, in the future sustainable energy system. It is recommended that more priority be attached for R&D in secondary industry, especially the utilization of hydrogen and fuel cell in stationary power generation from coal gasification.     

The effects of different greenhouse covering materials on energy requirement,growth and yield of aubergine

Effects of UV stabilised polyethylene (UV+PE), IR absorbers polyethylene (IR+PE), double layers of polyethylene (D-Poly) and single layer of polyethylene (PE), as greenhouse covers, on aubergine growth, productivity and energy requirement were investigated in a late autumn season (2001). The late and final yields of plants grown in D-Poly houses were higher than those grown in UV+PE, IR+PE and PE. Light transmission was the highest in PE, intermediate in UV+PE and IR+PE, and the lowest in D-Poly houses. Relative humidity was the highest in D-Poly, intermediate in IR+PE and UV+PE, and the lowest in PE houses. The plants in D-Poly houses grew and developed faster (more leaves and flowers) than those in IR+PE, UV+PE and PE houses. Plant growth and development in UV+PE and IR+PE houses was similar. Economic analyses showed that aubergine production was economically viable in D-Poly, UV+PE and IR+PE houses. For aubergine production in climatic conditions similar to Black Sea Region, the D-Poly greenhouse is strongly recommended, because there was a higher productivity and a lower heating requirement in comparison to UV+PE, IR+PE and PE houses.     

Introduction to the Asian Energy Security project: Project organization and methodologies

The spectacular recent economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region in general, and in many of the economies of Northeast Asia in particular, has spurred a vast expansion in the need for energy services, and an expansion in the demand for the fuels that help to supply these services. Future projections suggest that the growth of fossil fuel use in Northeast Asia, especially in China, will have major consequences for financial and fuel markets and pollution both regionally and globally. Before the project described in this paper was initiated, there was no ongoing forum for energy experts from all of the countries of the region to meet, informally and in an unofficial capacity, to discuss openly and in a targeted fashion the energy situations in their countries, and to work together to evaluate the energy efficiency costs and benefits of different ways of meeting regional demand. The Asian Energy Security (AES) project provides such a forum, and as such constitutes a unique resource in the engagement of the countries of Northeast Asia on the topic of energy security.     

Exploration of the land potential for the production of biomass for energy in the Netherlands

The energy potential for energy crops and biomass residues in the Netherlands is assessed. The analysis explores the possible use of land for biomass production in the future. Various government memorandums and analyses of the expected future land use in various sectors have served as the basis for the assessment of the supply of and the demand for land in the future. In this study the potential supply of agricultural land is based on expected productivity increments in agriculture and assumptions with respect to the future demand for agricultural products. Various future claims for infrastructure, forestry, urban areas and nature are subtracted from the expected supply. The net projected supply of land ranges from zero to 52 000 ha in 2000 to 110 000-250 000 ha in 2015. The supply of agricultural land depends however on a number of supra-national factors, such as the European agricultural policy, world market developments and the agricultural production in the countries in Eastern Europe. Uncertainties remain, therefore, and the projected supply of agricultural land should be considered as a possible scenario based on current trends. If the calculated land potential is used for energy crops like miscanthus and short rotation coppice, this land could contribute 0-10 PJ in 2000 and 27-59 PJ in 2015. Secondary biomass yields, such as those from forestry, agricultural residues, wood from prunings, etc., could contribute a further 34 PJ in 2000, decreasing to approximately 28 PJ in 2015. Taken together these potentials could satisfy 1-1.5% of the energy requirements of the Netherlands in 2000 and 1.5-2.5% in 2015, provided that energy farming is an economically feasible activity for farmers.     

氯对连续重整反应的影响

中国石油长庆石化公司60×10^4t／a连续重整装置采用法国AXENS公司连续重整工艺技术．催化剂采用中国石化石油化工科学研究院PS-Ⅵ型连续重整催化剂。装置在运行16个月后,出现重整反应温降逐渐减小,重整生成油辛烷值和芳烃含量下降,苯、液化气和氢产量降低,以及催化剂积炭升高等现象。引起这些现象的原因主要有重整原料性质变化,催化剂硫、氮中毒和催化剂活性下降等。经分析探讨,认为再生催化剂氯含量偏低是造成装置生产和产品质量异常的原因。对重整注氯系统进行检查后,发现再生系统注氯分配器堵塞。无法正常注氯。对再生系统注氯线进行疏通后,操作恢复正常,产品质量好转。在日常生产过程中,可通过加强DCS操作监控力度、提高氧氯化区氧含量和烧焦温度、严格控制催化剂中的氯含量和水含量等措施,保证装置平稳运行。     

梅山矿区煤中微量元素分布规律和赋存状态分析

对梅山矿区煤灰的化学成分、微量元素分布及煤灰的岩石学特征等进行了详细研究,并讨论了微量元素与三态硫、挥发分的相关性.研究结果表明,梅山矿区煤为中低磷煤,煤中U元素的含量低于地壳中的平均含量,煤中Ge和Ga的含量略高于地壳中的平均含量.煤中微量元素的赋存状态对煤炭的加工利用和燃烧工艺起着重要作用,并能为其成因提供相关地质...     

储运油泥热解机理研究

利用管式炉,通入氯气和二氧化碳两种不同气氛,研究储运油泥的热解特性.分析油泥的气、液、渣的不同特性,探讨两种气氛下的不同热解特点.二氧化碳气氛下油泥热解的最佳温度为450℃,而氮气气氛下为500℃2.二氧化碳气氛下的渣是致密性渣,氮气气氛下是薄壁型渣.冷凝液中的低烷烃类、单环芳烃,二氧化碳气氛下比氮气气氛下高.而气体成分中甲烷和氢气含量氮气气氛比二氧化碳下高.得出同温度下,氮气的热解程度大于二氧化碳,而且二氧化碳参与了热解反应.     

王官屯油田官142地区中生界地层特征

王官屯油田地处河北省沧县王官屯乡境内,区域构造位置为黄骅坳陷南区孔店构造带的西南端,处于孔东断裂带两侧。根据钻录井特征、地球物理响应特征,结合区域地层对比,将王官屯油田官142地区中生界地层划分为中下三叠统、中下侏罗统、上侏罗统-下白垩统三套旋回。通过对该区地层特征的分析,认为中下三叠统以棕红、紫红色粉细砂岩和泥岩互层为主;中下侏罗统下部主要为暗色泥岩夹砂岩,上部为一套巨厚砂砾岩,并作为中生界油藏主要储集层;上侏罗统-下白垩统发育紫红色砂岩及安山岩。通过分析各时期的构造运动特征,认为印支运动以整体抬升为主,发育了三叠系地层;燕山早期以走滑和挤压为主,盆地规模较小,发育中下侏罗统的河湖相沉积;燕山中期火山活动强烈,发育火山物质为主的晚侏罗世-早白垩世地层;燕山晚期该区整体抬升遭受剥蚀,缺失上白垩统地层。而喜山时期的升降运动对中生界油气成藏具有重要意义。