多层鼓泡塔中液体轴向混合的研究

本文分两部分,在第Ⅰ部分中以实验验证了级内完全混合——级间有返混模型用于多层鼓泡塔的适用性。在空气-水系统中,用稳态示踪方法分别测定各级间的返混系数。从统计力学的观点,将本文及西胁昭雄在大孔径、大开孔率范围的实验结果进行了统一关联,得到一较普遍的关系式。第Ⅱ部分研究了碳酸镍铵溶液中不饱和硫化物在鼓泡塔中的氧化行为,应用返混模型及氧化速度方程,对塔内轴向不饱和硫浓度分布进行了计算,与实验结果比较,两者能基本相符。解析求出了塔内最佳氧化温度,也能与实验结果符合。     

多级鼓泡塔中液相返混系数与交换速度的研究

采用示踪方法对高2 000 mm,内径282 mm多级筛板鼓泡塔内液相返混系数进行测量研究,并通过扩散-返混模型以及RTD曲线给出鼓泡塔内筛板上下二侧液体交换速度,同时考查了表观气速、开孔率等因素对轴向扩散系数与液体交换速度的影响.根据实验得出鼓泡塔内轴向返混系数以及液体交换速度与表观气速、开孔率有很大关系,均随表观气...     

多级鼓泡塔内液体速度分布的实验研究

液体循环流动是多级鼓泡塔重要流体力学特征之一,文中在内径为282 mm,高2000 mm的鼓泡塔内,采用不同类型的筛板将普通鼓泡塔分割成双级气液鼓泡塔.采用Pavlov管测液速的方法考察了不同筛板、不同表观气速下该鼓泡塔中上下二侧的液体速度分布.根据实验结果得出了液体速度在塔中心处最大,且与表观气速有关,随着表观气速的...     

Liquid phase mixing in trayed bubble column reactors

The compartmentalization of conventional bubble columns by perforated trays constitutes a very effective method to reduce the liquid backmixing. The effect of tray design and operating conditions on the overall liquid mixing was studied in a bench-scale trayed bubble column. The extent of liquid backmixing in the column was investigated in light of liquid-phase tracer response experiments. In average, a three fold reduction in the liquid backmixing was achieved in the trayed column as compared to the column without the trays. Moreover, the tray open area and the superficial liquid velocity were found to have the strongest effects on the liquid backmixing. The N-CSTR with Backmixing Model was found to match the experimental tracer response curves better than the Axial Dispersion Model.     

LIQUID PHASE BACKMIXING IN BUBBLE COLUMN REACTORS—A NEW CORRELATION

Bubble column reactors are widely used in many industrial applications due to their simplicity of operation. Although simple to operate, bubble columns are difficult to scale-up due to the uncertainties in the estimation of some non-adjustable design parameters. One of these design parameters is the liquid phase backmixing.

The present work proposes a new correlation to estimate the liquid phase backmixing in bubble column reactors. The correlation is based on principles originally developed for flow through porous media and uses experimental data obtained over a wide range of operating conditions. This correlation is simple to use and requires parameters which are easily available or can be measured on a small scale apparatus. The proposed correlation shows a significant improvement over available literature correlations and is applicable to three phase systems as well.     

Studies on hydrodynamics of turbulent slurry bubble column（Ⅲ）Effect of vertical pipe bundles

浆态床反应器内部往往安装有密集的竖直列管换热内构件,有关列管束对流场分布的影响还少有研究。本文在Φ500 mm×5000 mm的大型冷模实验装置中测定了安装不同密度列管束时的速度分布和气含率分布。实验表明,列管的存在一方面会显著提高浆料轴向速度,促进大尺度流体循环,另一方面也抑制了液体与气泡的径向湍动,使速度和气含率的径向分布更不均匀,造成液体与气体轴向返混加剧,增大了有列管束的浆态床反应器的放大风险。在低气速湍动鼓泡条件下,列管加入造成的“烟囱效应”将更为显著。     

气液反应器中气泡有效利用率(Ⅱ)──实验验证与应用研究

通过空气氧化亚硫酸钠水溶液验证了单气泡有效利用率的参数关系,实验结果与理论计算符合较好;利用气泡有效利用率对化学法和物理法测量气液间传质系数的差别进行修正．以鼓泡塔为例用气泡有效利用率修正了鼓泡塔反应器模型,讨论了气泡有效利用率在反应器设计中的应用．     

PREDICTION OF GAS-PHASE HOLDUP IN A BUBBLE COLUMN

Hydrodynamic properties of bubble columns play a significant role in many chemical and biochemical processes. Recent theoretical and experimental work conducted by Krishna et al. (1991, 1994), and Wilkinson et al. (1992) have been examined in conjunction with a bubble column and data for the air-water system operating at ambient conditions. The bubble column is 0.108 m in internal diameter, has a 1.70 m tall test section, and is equipped with a perforated plate distributor having 91 holes of 0.8 mm diameter. The data are taken for five values of the slumped water column height in range from 0.79 to 1.15 m, and for superficial air velocities up to about 0.4 m/s.

The data accord to the qualitative aspects of Krishna et al. model but lead to different values of the bubble swarm rise velocity, and superficial transition air velocity characterizing the transition from homogeneous bubbly flow regime to heterogeneous churn-turbulent flow regime. The quantitative reproduction by the model expressions of these recent works of the experimental data is poor. This may be partly attributed to the geometry of the column, diameter and distributor design.

The qualitative features of Krishna et al. model for the two regimes are confirmed by the present data. For quantitative predictions of gas-phase holdup, a new model is proposed in which the large bubble flow in the churn-turbulent regime is formulated following the drift-flux theory. The proposed theory and experimental data are in good agreement.     

湍动浆态床流体力学研究（Ⅲ）垂直列管内构件的影响

浆态床反应器内部往往安装有密集的竖直列管换热内构件,有关列管束对流场分布的影响还少有研究。本文在Φ500 mm×5000 mm的大型冷模实验装置中测定了安装不同密度列管束时的速度分布和气含率分布。实验表明,列管的存在一方面会显著提高浆料轴向速度,促进大尺度流体循环,另一方面也抑制了液体与气泡的径向湍动,使速度和气含率的径向分布更不均匀,造成液体与气体轴向返混加剧,增大了有列管束的浆态床反应器的放大风险。在低气速湍动鼓泡条件下,列管加入造成的“烟囱效应”将更为显著。     

非牛顿型浆液鼓泡塔内气含率轴向分布实验研究

通过实验研究，得到了非牛顿型浆液鼓泡塔内压力的轴向分布关联式，进而得到了塔内气含率的轴向分布式。为进一步研究非牛顿型浆液鼓泡塔流体力学行为打下基础。     

Non-intrusive determination of bubble size in a gas–solid fluidized bed: An evaluation

Bubble sizes measured in a column of diameter 290 mm with FCC particles utilizing both an intrusive optical probe and non-intrusive pressure analysis are compared. The pressure signals were decoupled by differential pressure analysis and incoherence analysis. It is shown that pressure fluctuations induced by jetting/bubble formation can be effectively filtered out by differential pressure and incoherence analysis. The differential pressure signals measured across a vertical interval less than half the maximum bubble size unreasonably damps the power spectral density intensity, leading to underestimation of bubble size and overestimation of mean frequency. In the present work, the incoherence analysis tends to estimate greater bubble size than differential pressure analysis. Bubble chord lengths are overestimated by optical probe signals because small bubbles are not detected. Bubble sizes calculated by the equation of Horio and Nonaka (1987) agree reasonably well with that estimated by incoherence analysis at relatively high superficial gas velocities.     

填料特性对鼓泡填料萃取塔性能影响

填料的结构与表面性能对鼓泡填料萃取塔性能有直接影响。利用空气 煤油 (苯甲酸 ) 水体系 ,测定了未装填料和分别装填板波填料、丝网填料、压延孔环填料的鼓泡萃取塔水力学性能和传质性能。实验表明 ,对未装填料和装有填料的萃取塔 ,气相搅拌都可以显著提高液液两相的接触与传质性能 ;液泛速度随表观气速的增大而下降 ;流道设计合理的规整填料传质性能明显高于散装填料 ;表面光滑的填料分散相滞存率低 ,因而液泛速度较高 ;填料的作用有利于降低轴向返混 ,明显提高萃取塔传质性能。     

Liquid-phase backmixing in bubble columns, structured by introduction of partition plates

Installation of perforated sieve plates into a bubble column has the effect of introducing structure into an otherwise chaotic hydrodynamic behaviour. In this study, we focus on the reduction of backmixing of the liquid phase in compartmentalised bubble columns. Liquid-phase residence time distribution (RTD) measurements were carried out in bubble columns with diameters D_T=0.10, 0.15 and 0.38 m with air–water system operating at superficial gas velocities of U_G=0.05–0.4 m/s. Partition sieve plates with open areas of 18.6 and 30.7% were used in the studies. The measured data on RTD were interpreted in terms of an axial dispersion model extended to allow for liquid interchange between compartments. The interchange velocity was found to be strongly dependent on the free area of the plates but practically independent of the column diameter.     

Design and Modeling of a Staged Downflow Bubble Reactor

A staged downflow bubble column for ozonation of drinking and wastewater was developed. Equations for the calculation of head loss, the mass transfer coefficient, and power dissipation were proposed For mathematical modeling, the stagewise backmixing model was used. The validity of the model was verified by experiments with raw lake water Ozone absorption in a staged downflow bubble column was shown to represent a high capacity process for ozone uptake in water and wastewater treatment.     

A structured catalytic bubble column reactor: hydrodynamics and mixing studies

This paper reports the results of a comprehensive experimental study of the hydrodynamics and mixing in two bubble column reactors of 0.1 and 0.24 m in diameter with KATAPAK-S^® as packing material. Total gas hold up and axial dispersion coefficients were measured in the structured bubble columns and the values were compared with experimental results obtained in the same work with empty bubble columns. The results reveal that the gas hold up in structured bubble columns is practically the same as in empty bubble columns when compared at the same superficial gas velocity based on open area available for gas–liquid dispersion. The presence of the structured elements in the bubble column reactor reduces the liquid phase backmixing by one order of magnitude.     

STEADY-STATE PERFORMANCE OF A MULTI-STAGE BUBBLE COLUMN BIOREACTOR WITH SUBSTRATE LIMITED MICROBIAL GROWTH

The steady-state performance of a multi-stage bubble column bioreactor in which substrate limited microbial growth proceeds is investigated numerically. The back-flow model for representing longitudinal mixing of the liquid phase and the Monod kinetic equation for cell growth are employed here. The influence of the endogenous metabolism of cells is also taken into account. The concentration profiles of substrate and cells, the substrate conversion, the washout condition and the cell productivity are discussed. The effects of various model parameters, especially the back-flow ratio, on such reactor characteristics are presented as equations or figures. Optimal reactor conditions are determined.     

Effect of backmixing on the performance of bubble column reactors

The dispersion model was used to account for the effect of backmixing in the liquid phase on the performance of a bubble column reactor. It was assumed that gas phae moves in the plug flow and gas absorption is accompanied by a fast general order reaction. An analytical solution can be obtained when the liquid phase is assumed to move in plug flow. However, for a general case the relevant differential equations were solved numerically. The effect of pertinent variables is discussed.     

Calculation of flow fields in two and three-phase bubble columns considering mass transfer

The dimension of bubble column reactors is often based on empirical correlations. Very popular is the axial dispersion model. However, the applicability of these models is limited to the experimental conditions for which the dispersion coefficients are measured, because backmixing depends strongly on the columns dimension and the flow regime. This paper presents a numerical method for the calculation of the three-dimensional flow fields in bubble columns based on a multi-fluid model. Therefore, the local bubble size distribution is considered by a transport equation for the mean bubble volume, which is obtained from the population balance equation. For comparison with experimental results, the axial dispersion coefficients in the liquid and gas phase are calculated from the instationary, three-dimensional concentration fields of a tracer. The model is then extended to include mass transfer between the gas and liquid phase. Increasing mass transfer rates significantly influence the flow pattern. For several applications, a dispersed solid phase is added. For the calculation of three-phase gas-liquid-solid flow, the solid phase is considered numerically by an additional Eulerian phase.     

Transient behaviour of particles in flow bubble column slurry reactors

An analytical solution is derived for the unsteady-state sedimentation-diffusion model for the transient concentration of particles in flow bubble column slurry reactors. The time required to reach the steady-state distribution of the particles is evaluated from this solution. The effect of backmixing of the particles and the effect of particle diameter, particle density and liquid velocity on the transient behaviour of the particles are evaluated. Numerical evaluation shows that in cocurrent reactors the response becomes faster with increase in particle backmixing, whereas in counter-current reactors the response becomes faster with decrease in particle backmixing. For identical operating conditions, the transient response of the concentration of the particles in counter-current reactors is compared with that in cocurrent reactors. The response is faster in counter-current reactors.     

Pressure drop and bubble-liquid interfacial shear stress in a modified gas non-Newtonian liquid downflow bubble column

A functional form of equation for predicting pressure drop in a modified non-Newtonian downflow bubble column has been formulated. The equation has been developed based on the bubble formation, drag at interface and the wettability effect of the liquid. Also the bubble-liquid interfacial shear stress in two-phase flow is analyzed and correlated with the dynamic, geometric and physical variables. The functional form of equation appears to predict the pressure drop satisfactorily for two-phase dispersed flow in the co-current modified downflow bubble column with carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) solution in water with different concentrations.