Steady-state load shedding schemes: a performance comparison

This paper presents a formulation of the optimal steady-state load shedding problem that uses the sum of the squares of the difference between the connected active and reactive load and the supplied active and reactive power. The latter are treated as dependent variables modelled as functions of bus voltages only. The equality constraints associated with the power system load curtailment problem are the power flow equations in polar form utilizing the nodal admittance matrix approach. The inequality constraints are characterized by limits on line flows, voltage magnitudes and angles, and active and reactive power generations. The MINOS nonlinear optimization package is used to implement the optimization process. Testing is done using IEEE 14- and 30-bus power systems, and results obtained. The optimal results are compared with results obtained using two earlier approaches. The results obtained using the proposed approach appear to give a better optimal state of the power system.     

多负荷水平下的配电网无功优化规划方法

针对目前多负荷水平无功优化方法计算相对复杂,实用难度较大等不足,提出了结合免疫算法和最优覆盖理论的配网无功优化规划的新方法。该方法通过改进的免疫算法,在最大负荷水平下获得无功最优补偿点和总补偿容量;运用聚类分析思想处理历史负荷数据,简化和统一数据量;根据最优覆盖原理,考虑折算生成各补偿点的无功需求概率分布曲线,以降损和提高电容利用率为目标,最终实现各补偿点的电容分组配置。实际配网应用中的良好效果,充分验证了所提方法计算便捷,配置实用的优点。     

基于动态无功电压灵敏度的有源配电网移动式储能优化调度

随着城市负荷尖峰以及分布式电源渗透率的持续攀升,有源配电网存在负荷峰谷差进一步增大以及电压越限的风险。移动式电池储能系统(MBESS)具备时间-空间灵活性和四象限输出能力,考虑其有功出力参与削峰填谷、无功出力参与电压调节,提出了一种基于电压灵敏度分析的有源配电网MBESS的优化调度方法。首先,针对MBESS出力与接入位置之间的耦合影响,推导定有功功率条件下满足仿射关系的无功电压修正灵敏度;其次,考虑不同网络结构下不同节点电压的调整需求,提出一种动态无功电压修正灵敏度的计算方法,旨在确定MBESS的时序最优接入方案;然后,构建充分考虑运行经济性与可靠性的MBESS双层优化调度模型;最后,以IEEE 33节点配电系统为例,采用增强烟花算法对所提模型进行求解,结果表明所提方法能够在保证MBESS具备较好经济效益的同时,有效减小负荷峰谷差以及提升配电系统的整体电压水平。     

Power system operating state forecasting for security analysis applications

A methodology for power system operating state forecasting with applications in the study mode security analysis is described. Additional application areas are advance or dynamic dispatch and measurement replacement. The operating state is represented by the active and reactive nodal injections which are forecast using a four-step procedure: bus active and reactive load forecast, simulation of the economic dispatch and on-line load flow. The multivariate Box and Jenkins approach and the adaptive Kalman filter are used for the active and reactive bus load forecast, respectively. The results of numerical experiments with the proposed methodology indicate a performance with potential for practical applications.     

配电网中基于网络分区的高比例分布式光伏集群电压控制

随着高比例分布式光伏的接入,配电网的过电压问题愈发严重,传统对所有光伏进行集中式电压控制的方法变得过于复杂,难以满足控制时间尺度的要求。文中提出了一种改进的模块度函数分区算法,结合无功/有功平衡度指标与区内节点耦合度指标,自动形成最佳分区,对含高比例分布式光伏的配电网进行无功与有功两个层面的光伏集群控制。在分区基础上,针对光伏逆变器有功与无功的控制能力,采用先无功后有功的电压控制策略,在子分区内部通过对关键光伏节点的控制来调节关键负荷节点的电压,有效地缩小对可控光伏的搜索范围,减少控制节点数目,加快控制响应时间,适合未来高比例分布式光伏接入配电网的电压控制。最后,以某一10kV实际馈线系统为例,验证所提方法的有效性。     

Electricity market equilibrium of nonlinear power systems with reactive power control

The impact of reactive power control on the electricity market equilibrium is investigated. The effects of limitations on the reactive power generation and absorption, and load power factor adjustments, are examined using a novel electricity market equilibrium model that solves large-scale nonlinear power systems with asymmetric strategic firms. The algorithm implemented employs the linear supply function theory for bid-based pool markets. AC power flow analysis is used to represent the electricity network, incorporating variable price-responsive active and reactive load demands. The significance of the reactive power modeling in the electricity market equilibrium is demonstrated using the IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems. It is shown that variations on the reactive power in the system result in different market outcomes, as incentives are given to the strategic generating firms to alter their bidding strategies. The convergence characteristics of the IEEE 118-bus system are graphically presented and discussed to demonstrate the superior computational performance of the proposed algorithm in producing results under strict binding constraints and heavy transmission congestion conditions.     

考虑多种调节手段的配电网经济运行优化

由于配电网中有功与无功功率存在强耦合关系,传统将有功、无功分别优化的处理方法无法让配电网处于最优经济运行状态,且负荷需求和分布式发电出力的不确定性也给配电网运行带来巨大挑战。基于此,以支路潮流模型为基础,提出一种考虑多种调节手段（包括有载调压变压器、电容器组、静止无功补偿装置、储能装置以及开关重构）的配电网两阶段鲁棒经济运行优化方法,并将非线性潮流约束进行二阶锥松弛,从而将经济运行优化模型转化为混合整数二阶锥规划问题进行有效求解。为解决负荷需求和分布式发电出力的不确定性,采用两阶段鲁棒优化方法,并通过列与约束生成（column-and-constraint generation,CCG）算法进行求解获得各调节措施的最优鲁棒运行策略。最后通过IEEE 33节点验证了所提模型的有效性。     

Optimal reactive power control of DGs for voltage regulation of MV distribution systems using sensitivity analysis method and PSO algorithm

This paper addresses the problem of reactive power control of distributed generation (DG) units in the medium voltage (MV) distribution systems to maintain the system voltages within the predefined limits. An efficient approach for the load flow calculation is used here which is based on the topological structure of the network. It has been formulated for the radial distribution systems. A direct voltage sensitivity analysis method is developed in this paper which is also based on the topological structure of the network and independent of the network operating points. Thus, the sensitivity matrix is calculated once with the load flow program and it is used in all the system working conditions. The problem of DGs reactive power control is formulated as an optimization problem which uses the sensitivity analysis for linearizing the system around its operating points. The objective of the optimization problem is to return the system voltages inside the permitted range by using the reactive power of DGs in an optimal way. The optimal solutions are obtained by implementing particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Then, the results are verified by running a load flow considering new values of DGs reactive power. The procedure is repeated as long as a voltage violation is observed. Simulation results reveal that the proposed algorithm is capable of keeping the system voltages within the permitted limits.     

一种基于潮流追踪的电力系统无功补偿方法

提出了一种旨在改善电力系统无功传输和降低有功网损的无功补偿点选择和补偿容量确定方法。该方法通过无功潮流追踪,获得负荷无功功率的传输路径,结合无功流动与支路有功网损的关系,定义了节点的网损分摊系数,进而根据系数的大小选择无功补偿点;推导了网损分摊系数对负荷无功功率的近似表达式,结合网损优化的近似模型,推导出了各补偿点最优补偿容量的计算公式;通过39节点测试系统,验证了该方法的有效性。所提出的网损分摊系数的物理概念清晰,计算便捷,据此进行的无功补偿对改善无功分布和降低网损均有较好的效果。     

Load modeling at electric power distribution substations using dynamic load parameters estimation

This paper is focused on electric power distribution substations load modeling using dynamic load parameters estimation. The load parameters are estimated using two models: the exponential and the ZIP load models. Since the load bus voltage and parameters are known one can determine the active and reactive power injections of this bus and include these pseudo-measurements in the state estimation in order to improve observability and estimation accuracy. The dynamic parameter estimation is developed using the weighted least squares method in a recursive form and the tests are carried out based on actual measurements. It is shown that the estimated parameters (for both load models) at a distribution substation are valid, since the obtained active and reactive power residuals are very close to zero.     

基于相空间重构和长短期记忆算法的电力系统无功负荷预测模型

为了优化无功控制策略,改善电压质量,减小网损,针对无功负荷的随机性与非线性,提出一种基于相空间重构和长短期记忆神经网络的无功负荷预测模型。利用C-C 法确定最优重构维数和延迟时间;通过计算最大Lyapunov指数说明无功负荷的混沌性;利用相空间重构技术将无功序列映射到高维空间,在高维空间利用长短期记忆神经网络进行预测;最后以海南省某地区的有功及无功负荷数据为例,通过Kolmogorov熵证实无功负荷的混沌程度大于有功负荷的混沌程度,算例验证了该方法的可行性,能提高无功负荷预测结果的准确度,有利于对电力系统无功进行更合理的调配和控制。     

基于最优光伏阵列重构的电网调频策略研究

为实现光伏电站功率输出最大化以及功率输出与调频(FR)信号之间的功率偏差最小化,提出了一种新型光伏电站最优阵列重构(OAR)模型.为快速获取最优Pareto前沿,采用了一种寻优性能高效的多目标黑猩猩优化器(MOBO).采用了一种多准则妥协解排序法(VIKOR)的决策方法,从所获取的Pareto前沿中确定最佳折衷解.为验...     

计及异步化同步发电机的电网可靠性评估模型

通过对异步化同步发电机（ASG）和传统同步发电机（SG）励磁系统主要功能模块故障模式的分析,阐述了二者在不同运行方式下的马尔可夫状态转移过程,并据此建立相应的可靠性模型。在基于交流潮流的最优负荷削减模型中计及了ASG的有功与无功功率解耦控制特性以及SG的主要运行极限约束,比较了二者对电网可靠性的不同影响,并探讨了SG运行极限约束对系统可靠性的制约作用。通过对RBTS和IEEE—RTS79可靠性测试系统的评估分析,表明ASG对电网可靠性有明显改善作用。     

Secure multiobjective real and reactive power allocation of thermal power units

This paper presents best weight pattern evaluation approach to solve multiobjective load dispatch (MOLD) problem which determines the allocation of power demand among the committed generating units, to minimize a number of objectives. Operating cost, minimal impacts on environment, active power loss, are the objectives undertaken to be minimized subject to physical and technological constraints. MOLD problem is decomposed in two stages and is solved sequentially. In first stage, a optimization problem having multiple objectives which are function of only active power generation like operating cost, gaseous pollutant emissions, is solved to get optimal dispatch of active power generation, subject to meet the active power demand, generators’ capacity constraint and transmission active power line flow limits. In second stage, the system real power loss which is a function of reactive power generation is minimized, to get optimal reactive power generation, subject to meet reactive power demand, reactive power generators’ capacity constraint and transmission reactive power line flow limits, when active power generation is known in prior from first stage. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated on 11-bus, 17-lines and 30-bus, 41-lines IEEE power systems.     

An analytical approach for sizing and siting of DGs in balanced radial distribution networks for loss minimization

This paper presents a novel analytical approach to determine the optimal siting and sizing of distributed generation (DG) units in balanced radial distribution network to minimize the power loss of the system. The proposed analytical expressions are based on a minimizing the loss associated with the active and reactive component of branch currents by placing the DG at various locations. This method first identifies a sequence of nodes where DG units are to be placed. The optimal sizes of DG units at the identified nodes are then evaluated by optimizing the loss saving equations and need only the results of base case load flow. To find out the best location for DG placement, a computational method is also developed. The proposed method has been tested and validated on two IEEE test distribution systems (DSs) consisting of 15 and 33-buses and it has been found that a significant loss saving can be obtained by placing DG units in the system using proposed analytical method.     

A two-point estimate method for uncertainty modeling in multi-objective optimal reactive power dispatch problem

Due to nonlinear and discrete variables and constraints, optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) is a complex optimization problem in power systems. In this paper, the purpose is to solve multi objective ORPD (MO-ORPD) problem considering bus voltage limits, the limits of branches power flow, generators voltages, transformers tap changers and the amount of compensation on weak buses. The objectives of this paper are real power losses and voltage deviations from their corresponding nominal values, which are conflicting objectives. Because of the stochastic behavior of loads, the MO-ORPD problem requires a probabilistic approach. Hence, in this paper, a two-point estimate method (TPEM) is proposed to model the load uncertainty in MO-ORPD problem. Moreover, the proposed method is compared with some other methods such as deterministic approaches and Monte Carlo simulations (MCS). The obtained results approve the efficiency of the proposed methodology. The proposed models are implemented and solved using GAMS optimization package and verified using IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 30-bus standard test systems.     

具有快速跟踪能力的电压型PWM整流器直接功率控制

在现行电压型PWM整流器的直接功率控制策略中,利用开关表同时对有功功率和无功功率进行调节,对无功功率的调节能力强于对有功功率的调节.则导致了在暂态和抗扰过程中有功功率、直流电压出现较大的波动,系统跟踪给定速度慢,对负载运行不利.对此,提出了根据有功功率瞬时值与给定有功功率的差值设定无功功率给定值的新策略.该新策略有效地抑制了直接功率、直流电压的波动,加快了有功功率、直流电压的跟踪速度,提高了系统的抗扰能力.仿真结果证明了该新策略的可行性.     

电力市场环境下的无功潮流优化

为了满足电力市场环境下的无功潮流优化运行,详细分析了电力市场环境下无功成本的发生;由于系统发生故障或系统负荷增长而造成系统的无功短缺是电压失稳的主要原因,提出了一个简单实用的故障筛选和排序方法,并以严重事故下电压稳定作为约束条件建立了电力市场环境下无功潮流优化的数学模型,再用免疫算法求解此模型。IEEE-30系统算例结果表明该模型的正确性和算法的可行性。详细比较不同电压稳定标准下及不同体制环境下无功潮流优化的结果得出,在电力市场环境下必须将减少无功成本纳入无功潮流优化目标函数中。     

考虑电压稳定约束的无功优化新模型

为了提高电力系统的安全水平,有必要在无功优化中考虑静态电压稳定约束.现有模型以发电机组恒定不变的无功上下限值来确定电压稳定极限,由此可能导致无功的优化运行不满足实际发电机组的运行极限约束.建立了一种含静态电压稳定约束的无功优化新模型.其中,目标函数为正常状态的有功网损最小,约束方程包括正常状态和临界状态的潮流及其他安全约束和电压稳定裕度约束.由于采用一组基于发电机运行极限图的分段函数来准确反映发电机组的无功限制,从而克服了现有模型可能违反发电机组运行极限约束的问题.采用预测-校正原对偶内点法来求解无功优化新模型,通过IEEE30节点系统的仿真计算,验证了本文所建模型的可行性.     

基于最优潮流的实时无功辅助服务定价分析

从发电机的功率运行极限出发,分析无功功率的生产费用曲线。基于最优潮流以有功功率和无功功率生产费用最小为模型、以IEEE30节点系统为算例,总结出无功电价与无功负荷大小并不呈正比关系,而是受无功源距离远近的影响,验证该定价方法能够在比较合理的电价水平上保证有功功率和无功功率生产投资费用的有效回收。在概括国内外研究成果的基础上提出无功定价的研究方向。