铝合金6082和5083 MIG焊接头的微观组织和性能

对高速列车车体常用铝合金6082与5083板材进行熔化极氩弧焊(MIG)对接,利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜分析异种材料焊接接头的显微组织特点,利用显微硬度计、拉伸试验机和电化学工作站对接头的力学性能和耐腐蚀性能进行测试和分析。研究结果表明,焊缝成型良好,焊缝区由细小的胞状树枝晶和等轴晶构成,熔合线附近为粗大的柱状晶;焊接接头抗拉强度为199.92 MPa,断后伸长率为5.18%,断裂位置在铝合金6082的焊接热影响区(HAZ),为韧性断裂,接头的正弯性能较差,背弯性能良好;铝合金5083侧的热影响区宽为4mm,6082侧的热影响区宽为15mm,接头两侧的硬度分布有明显差别,在6082侧距焊缝中心12.5mm的显微硬度最低为63HV;6082-5083异种铝合金焊缝的耐蚀性能优于母材5083,但比母材6082差。     

异种铝合金MIG焊工艺研究

目的 研究汽车用铸铝和铝型材MIG焊接头质量特性.方法 对铸铝AlSi10MnMg和铝型材6005A-T6进行MIG搭接焊,探讨焊接速度对焊缝成形的影响规律,研究接头的显微组织.结果 其他焊接参数相同,焊接速度为4 mm/s时,易导致压铸铝合金产生氢气孔.MIG搭接焊接接头型材和铸材的熔合区晶界均有不同程度的粗化,铸材...     

Einfluss der Schweißparameter auf das Ermüdungsverhalten hochfester Baustähle

High strength low alloy steels are used in many different engineering areas. A commonly used joining technique for those steels is fusion welding. Generally, these components have to withstand fatigue due to dynamic loading. Using thermal joining techniques affect the mechanical properties of the steel. This study focuses on the influence of the heat input on the microstructure of high strength low alloy steels (S690). Furthermore, the fatigue behaviour with special regard to crack initiation and crack propagation is characterized.     

Achieving ultra-high strength friction stir welded joints of high nitrogen stainless steel by forced water cooling

The microstructure and properties of water-cooled and air-cooled friction stir welded (FSW) ultra-high strength high nitrogen stainless steel joints were comparatively studied. With additional rapid cooling by flowing water, the peak temperature and duration at elevated temperature during FSW were significantly reduced. Compared to those in the air-cooled joint, nugget zone with finer grains (900 nm) and heat affected zone with higher dislocation density were successfully obtained in the water-cooled joint, leading to significantly improved mechanical properties. The wear of the welding tool was significantly reduced with water cooling, resulting in better corrosion resistance during the immersion corrosion test.     

7050铝合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊组织与性能研究

目的 研究2.5 mm厚的7050-T74511铝合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊工艺参数,焊点组织与力学性能之间的关系。方法 通过显微组织观察和断口扫描,分析接头形貌特征和缺陷对断裂模式的影响。通过拉伸剪切测试,分析工艺参数与力学性能之间的关系。采用三因素三水平BBD响应面法进行工艺优化,建立拉剪失效载荷与工艺参数之间的二阶响应模型并求得最优工艺。结果 工艺优化的最佳参数为扎入深度2.7 mm,焊具转速为1500 r/min,焊接时间为8 s,在此参数下接头拉剪失效载荷为8.294 kN。当焊接工艺参数选择恰当时,可得到无缺陷接头。结论 焊接工艺窗口较窄;在高热输入条件下（扎入深度3.1 mm,转速2100 r/min）易产生孔洞、弱连接等缺陷,且这些缺陷主要分布在搅拌区与热力影响区界面上;在低热输入条件下（扎入深度2.7 mm,转速1500 r/min）,接头拉剪载荷较高,这与焊点在低热输入情况下组织缺陷较少有关。     

Effect of welding parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded joints of AA7039 aluminum alloy

A high strength Al–Zn–Mg alloy AA7039 was friction stir welded by varying welding and rotary speed of the tool in order to investigate the effect of varying welding parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties. The friction stir welding (FSW) process parameters have great influence on heat input per unit length of weld, hence on temperature profile which in turn governs the microstructure and mechanical properties of welded joints. There exits an optimum combination of welding and rotary speed to produce a sound and defect free joint with microstructure that yields maximum mechanical properties. The mechanical properties increase with decreasing welding speed/ increasing rotary speed i.e. with increasing heat input per unit length of welded joint. The high heat input joints fractured from heat affected zone (HAZ) adjacent to thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) on advancing side while low heat input joints fractured from weld nugget along zigzag line on advancing side.     

Mikrostrukturelle,mechanische und korrosive Eigenschaften reibrührgeschweißter Stumpfnähte in Aluminiumlegierungen

Microstructural, mechanical and corrosive properties of friction stir welded aluminium joints Friction stir welding (FSW) is a novel solid state welding process. It allows joining of high strength aluminum alloys, generally considered as difficult-to-weld with conventional technologies, without loss in joint strength. Results of investigations on selfmade FSW butt joints of the aluminum alloys 2024-T3 and 6013-T4 are presented. First, the microstructure of the weld seam and heat affected zone is characterised metallographically and by hardness measurements. By tensile, fatigue endurance (SN) and fatigue crack propagation tests it is demonstrated, that especially the FSW-joints of 2024–T3 sustain high mechanical loadings. Investigations on the corrosion properties reveal a certain sensitivity of the 2024-T3 joints to intergranular and exfoliation corrosion.     

Modeling pull-out resistance of corroded reinforcement in concrete: Coupled three-dimensional finite element model

Aggressive environmental conditions, such as exposure to the sea climate or use of de-icing salts, have considerable influence on durability of reinforced concrete structures due to reinforcement corrosion-induced damage. In the present paper, a recently developed coupled three-dimensional chemo-hygro-thermo-mechanical model for concrete is discussed [1], [2]. The model takes into account the interaction between non-mechanical processes and mechanical properties of concrete (damage). The mechanical part of the model is based on the microplane model. It is validated through a 3D transient finite element analysis of a pull-out of corroded steel reinforcement from a concrete beam-end specimen, which was exposed to aggressive environmental conditions. For the corrosion phase, the influence of the anode and cathode position on the electric potential, current density, corrosion rate and corrosion induced damage is investigated. Moreover, the effect of corrosion on the pull-out capacity of reinforcement and the influence of transport of corrosion products through cracks are studied.     

Effect of Tool Pin Profile and Tool Rotational Speed on Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded AA6061 Aluminium Alloy

AA6061 aluminium alloy (Al-Mg-Si alloy) has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures requiring a high strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. Compared to many of the fusion welding processes that are routinely used for joining structural aluminium alloys, the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt and recast. This process uses a nonconsumable tool to generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. The welding parameters such as tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force, etc., and tool pin profile play a major role in deciding the joint properties. In this investigation, an attempt has been made to study the effect of rotational speed and tool pin profile on mechanical properties of AA6061 aluminium alloy. Five different tool pin profiles (straight cylindrical, tapered cylindrical, threaded cylindrical, triangular, and square) have been used to fabricate the joints at five different tool rotational speeds (800-1600 RPM). Tensile properties, microhardness, and microstructure of the joints have been evaluated. From this investigation it is found that the joints fabricated using square pin profiled tool with a tool rotational speed of 1200 RPM exhibited superior mechanical properties compared to other joints.     

焊缝性能影响因素的研究进展

埋弧焊和氩弧焊的焊缝合金元素及其含量、热输入、晶粒长大、预热温度、冷却速度和峰值温度对焊缝组织与力学性能均有一定的影响。总结了国内外对焊缝组织和力学性能的各种影响因素的相关研究,研究结果表明合金元素(如Mn、Cr、Ni、Mo等)能明显提高焊缝力学性能,每种元素都有合适的添加范围;焊缝接头强度和韧性以及伸长率随热输入的增大而减小;冷却速度的范围是8～12s。通过控制添加合金元素可以有效提高焊缝力学性能并改善焊缝组织,控制合理的热输入范围和冷却速度可提高焊缝的韧性。     

热循环、腐蚀和自然时效对 2024 铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头力学性能的影响

研究了焊接过程中热循环、焊后腐蚀和自然时效对2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)接头力学性能的影响。结果表明,同一焊缝不同位置的力学性能存在一定的差异,靠近插入点位置的屈服强度和抗拉强度明显低于其他位置,之后不断升高,趋于稳定,屈服强度和抗拉强度的最大值分别约为310 MPa和415 MPa;随着自然时效时间的增加,接头屈服强度和抗拉强度在前2个月增长较快,增长率最大分别为2%和1.5%,之后趋于稳定,而伸长率的增长率先较快,增长率最大为6%,之后变缓;在不同的自然时效时间下,腐蚀均明显降低2024铝合金FSW接头的屈服强度、抗拉强度和伸长率,减小率的最大值分别为6.5%,6.1%和19.8%;随着自然时效时间的增加,腐蚀后接头的力学性能下降更严重。     

Investigation on microstructure,mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of AISI 316L stainless steel to ASTM A335-P11 low alloy steel dissimilar welding joints

In the present study, the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel to ASTM A335-P11 low alloy steel dissimilar joints, which are widely employed in the oil and gas industries especially for manufacturing of heat exchangers over 600°C, were investigated. For this purpose, two filler metals of ER309L and ERNiCrMo-3 were selected to be used with GTAW process. The results of microstructural evaluation revealed that the ERNiCrMo-3 weld metal contains dendritic and interdendritic zones, and the ER309L weld metal microstructure includes skeletal ferrites in an austenitic matrix. The maximum impact fracture energy and microhardness values were obtained for the ERNiCrMo-3 weld metal specimens; however, no significant difference was observed between the tension properties. The corrosion test results showed that the ERNiCrMo-3 has a higher corrosion resistance than ER309L. Finally, it was concluded that ERNiCrMo-3 would be a suitable filler metal for joining AISI 316L to A335-P11 for a variety of applications.     

Influence of LDH conversion coatings on the adhesion and corrosion protection of friction spot-joined AA2024-T3/CF-PPS

Layered double hydroxide(LDH)conversion coatings loaded with corrosion inhibitors were suggested for the surface treatment of the aluminum alloy 2024-T3,prior to friction spot joining with carbon-fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide(AA2024-T3/CF-PPS).Vanadate was used as a model corrosion inhibitor.Lap shear testing method revealed an increase of approx.20%of the joint’s adhesion performance when treated with LDH and before exposure to salt spray.The evaluation of the joints after exposure to salt spray demonstrated a significant difference in the corrosion behavior of the joints when the AA2024-T3 is treated with LDH loaded with nitrate and vanadate species.The LDH intercalated with nitrate revealed a clear improvement in the mechanical and corrosion resistance performance of the joints,even after 6 weeks of salt spray.However,the LDH intercalated with vanadate failed in providing protection against corrosion as well as preserving the mechanical properties of the joints.The effect of the galvanic corrosion was further investigated by zero resistance ammeter(ZRA)measurements as well as localized scanning vibrating electrode technique(SVET).     

Carbide precipitates and mechanical properties of medium Mn steel joint with metal inert gas welding

Medium Mn steel was metal inert gas(MIG)welded with NiCrMo-3 and 307Si filler wires.The effect of filler wires on the microstructure and mechanical properties of joint was investigated,and the carbide precipitates were contrastively discussed.The results revealed that the microstructure of weld metal,heat-affected zone and base metal are austenite.Obvious grain coarsening occurred in the heat-affected zone(HAZ),and the maximum grain size grew up to 160 pm.In HAZ,C and Cr segregated at grain boundaries,the carbides was identified as Cr7C3.The dispersive(Nb,Mo)C phase was also found in weld metal with NiCrMo-3 filler wire.All the welded joints failed in HAZ during tensile tests.The tensile strength of welded joint with NiCrMo-3 filler wire was 675 MPa,which is much higher than that with 307Si filler wire.In comparison to base metal,higher microhardness and lower impact toughness were obtained in HAZ for these two welded joints,which was attributed to the precipitation of Cr7C3 phase and grain coarsening.The impact toughness around the fusion line is the worst for these two welded joints.     

HG70钢的焊接性能

HG70钢是一种高强度低合金机械工程用钢。本文研究了焊缝中扩散氢含量与预热温度的关系。通过焊接热影响区最高硬度试验、小铁研试验 ,评估了HG70钢的裂纹敏感性 ,测定了手工焊接接头的力学性能。结果表明 ,HG70钢具有较低的裂纹敏感性 ,其焊接接头具有优良的力学性能     

Low Heat Welding of Titanium Materials with a Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser

Titanium materials exhibit a property profile that is just as versatile as that of steel materials. Titanium materials therefore have outstanding properties, such as excellent resistance to corrosion and high strength values at low densities, which makes them ideal for use in the chemical industry and as structural materials in lightweight construction. Due to the high affinity of titanium to atmospheric gases at increased temperatures above 500 °C, titanium components have to be welded in a sophisticated process under inert shielding gas by TIG welding or by an electron beam in a vacuum. A novel innovative laser beam welding process using a pulsed laser with free pulse shaping will be presented here with which oxidation‐free titanium weld seams with excellent mechanical and technological properties can be produced. For this low heat welding process, the otherwise commonly used inert gas covering can be substituted with a shielding gas nozzle. The process‐specific low heat input and the resulting low energy input per unit length both have a positive effect on the microstructure and thus on the mechanical properties. This welding process offers both technological and economical advantages over the processes used up until now, particularly for the machining of complex components and for series production.     

Mechanical and corrosion behavior of plain low carbon dual-phase steels

Dual-phase steels are being used in automobile industries for last three decades. The mechanical properties of dual-phase steels can be altered by varying its martensite volume fraction. However, the benefits obtained in mechanical properties have to be viewed in light of other properties such as corrosion resistance. In this work, dual-phase steels with different volume fractions of martensite are obtained after thermal processing using different intercritical soaking times. The mechanical properties of dual-phase steels such as Vickers hardness and tensile properties are measured. Corrosion properties are evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization test and immersion test. It was observed that the tensile strength and hardness increased and ductility decreased with increase in martensite volume fraction. The corrosion rate for dual-phase steels is found to be lower than that for subcritically heat treated ferrite–pearlite steel. The higher corrosion resistance of dual-phase steels is explained on the basis of microstructural features.     

Optimization of laser welding process parameters for super austenitic stainless steel using artificial neural networks and genetic algorithm

The laser welding input parameters play a very significant role in determining the quality of a weld joint. The quality of the joint can be defined in terms of properties such as weld bead geometry, mechanical properties and distortion. In particular mechanical properties should be controlled to obtain good welded joints. In this study, the weld bead geometry such as depth of penetration (DP), bead width (BW) and tensile strength (TS) of the laser welded butt joints made of AISI 904L super austenitic stainless steel are investigated. Full factorial design is used to carry out the experimental design. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) program was developed in MatLab software to establish the relationship between the laser welding input parameters like beam power, travel speed and focal position and the three responses DP, BW and TS in three different shielding gases (argon, helium and nitrogen). The established models are used for optimizing the process parameters using genetic algorithm (GA). Optimum solutions for the three different gases and their respective responses are obtained. Confirmation experiment has also been conducted to validate the optimized parameters obtained from GA.     

The effect of preheat & post weld heat treatment on the laser weldability of AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel

The martensitic stainless steels are widely used in many industries with their excellent mechanical properties and sufficient corrosion resistance. These steels usually are used for a wide range of applications like nuclear power plants, steam generators, mixer blades, pressure vessels, turbine blades, surgical tools, instrument manufacturing and so on. Contrary to good mechanical and corrosion properties of martensitic steels, poor weldability and cold cracking sensitivity are major problems that are faced in joining of these steels. In this study, the weldability of AISI 420 (X30Cr13) martensitic stainless steel by CO₂ laser beam welding method has been investigated. Effects of pre and post weld heat treatments on mechanical properties and microstructure of laser welded AISI 420 martensitic stainless have also been determined. As a conclusion, it was determined that pre and post weld heat treatments sufficiently improved the mechanical properties of the welds.     

Verhalten geschweißter Magnesiumlegierungen unter mechanisch‐korrosiver Komplexbeanspruchung

Corrosion and corrosion fatigue of welded magnesium alloys In addition to the prevalent use of magnesium cast alloys a high potential for lightweight constructions is offered by magnesium‐wrought alloys, in particular in the automobile industry. The use of rolled and/or extruded magnesium alloys (profiles and sheet metals) requires suitable and economic join technologies like different welding procedures in order to join semi finished parts. Thus, the realization of lightweight constructions asks for high standards of materials‐ and joining‐technologies. In this context, the mechanical properties as well as the corrosion behaviour of the joints are of large interest. During welding of magnesium alloys, influences concerning the surface, the internal stresses and the microstructure occur. These influences particularly depend on the energy input and thus, on the welding procedure as well as the processing parameters, which all affect the corrosion behaviour of the joints. Sheets of magnesium alloys (AZ31, AZ61, AZ91) were joined with different welding procedures (plasma‐, laser beam‐ and electron‐beam welding in the vacuum and at atmosphere). The corrosion behaviour (with and without cyclic mechanical loading) of the welded joints was investigated by different methods such as corrosion tests, polarisation curves, scanning electron microscopy and metallography. Furthermore, substantial influencing variables on the corrosion behaviour of welded joints of magnesium alloys are pointed out and measures are presented, which contribute to the improvement of the corrosion behaviour.