厌氧活性污泥发酵制氢系统中的同型产乙酸作用及其控制

为提高厌氧活性污泥发酵生物制氢反应系统的产氢效能,以CSTR的运行为基础,通过系统活性污泥的间歇培养试验,探讨了同型产乙酸菌群对发酵制氢系统产氢效能的影响,并以CHCl3和二溴乙烷磺酸钠(BES)为抑制剂,研究了抑制同型产乙酸菌群活性的方法。结果表明:CSTR发酵产氢系统中,存在较强的同型产乙酸作用,是导致发酵气氢含量较低的主要原因;向反应体系中投加0.1%~1.0%(V/V)的CHCl3,可有效抑制同型产乙酸作用;在初始葡萄糖浓度5000mg/L、pH=7.0、污泥接种量1.6g MLVSS/L等条件下,CHCl3加入量为0.5%时,活性污泥的比产氢速率可达8.9mmolH2/gMLVSS,是不加抑制剂反应体系的2倍。10mmol/L剂量的BES,不仅对同型产乙酸菌无抑制作用,且可削弱CHCl3的抑制效果。     

海洋光合菌群利用乙酸产氢的实验研究

通过富集获得产氢海洋光合菌群,该菌群可以有效利用发酵产氢的关键副产物乙酸作为产氢碳源.温度、光照强度、起始pH和乙酸浓度都对该菌群产氢和生长有明显影响.当在30℃、4000lx光照和起始pH=8.0的条件下培养时,此光合菌群产氢量和底物转化效率较高.乙酸浓度对产氢影响巨大,低浓度乙酸的底物转化效率较高,但总产氢量不高;高浓度乙酸的底物转化效率不高,但总产氢量较高.此实验结果为海洋光合细菌与海洋发酵细菌偶联产氢提供科学参考.     

产氢菌的投加方式对强化发酵菌群产氢的影响

通过间歇培养研究了产氢菌Ethanoligenens sp B49的投加方式对生物制氢反应器的混合发酵菌群生物强化作用的影响.结果表明,产氢菌的投加方式对发酵菌群的产氢能力有显著影响.产氢菌发酵液的直接投加使发酵菌群的产氢能力下降,并引起培养液中发酵产物乙醇和乙酸浓度的显著增加.分析认为,产氢菌发酵液对发酵菌群的末端产物抑制和低pH值抑制作用是导致产氢作用受到抑制的主要原因.离心后单独投加产氢菌菌体可提高发酵菌群的产氢能力,起到强化产氢的作用.投加10.8%的产氢菌强化发酵菌群时,培养45h的累计产氢量为155.0 mL.比强化前发酵菌群培养的产氢量提高了21.5%.因此在利用产氢菌生物强化发酵菌群的研究中,应采用离心分离后单独投加产氢菌菌体的方式进行生物强化.     

生物制氢反应器产氢产乙酸菌群对挥发酸的转化

采用间歇培养的方式,利用取自生物制氢反应器的厌氧活性污泥考察了活性污泥中产氢产乙酸菌群对乙醇、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸和乳酸的转化和产氢。结果表明,培养时间为44h时,厌氧活性污泥发酵葡萄糖的累计产气量为356mL,累计产氢量为209mL,氢气含量为58.7%。发酵产物的组成成分乙醇为427.1mg/L、乙酸为716.5mg/L、丙酸为172.5mg/L、丁酸为689.4mg/L、戊酸为123.6mg/L。发酵生物制氢反应器厌氧活性污泥中产氢产乙酸菌群能够对乙醇和乳酸进行产氢产乙酸转化,厌氧污泥转化乙醇形成的乙酸含量约为270mg/L,累计产氢量为15mL;转化乳酸形成的乙酸含量约为190mg/L,累计产氢量为7mL。厌氧污泥不能对乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和戊酸进行产氢产乙酸转化,培养过程中也没有气体生成,分析认为产氢产乙酸菌群对挥发酸的转化不是发酵生物制氢反应器产氢的主要途径。     

秸秆发酵产氢的碱性预处理方法研究

以麦秆、稻草和滤纸为发酵底料,以厌氧活性污泥为接种物,采用不同的预处理方法去除木质素并提高纤维素的降解率,从而提高其发酵产氢能力。试验表明对于相同的底料,经过NaOH预处理和纤维素酶解后的还原糖含量、总产气量、总产氢量和氢气浓度都要高于经过氨水预处理的底料,而未经过预处理的底料发酵产氢能力最差。利用10g经过NaOH预处理的麦秆和稻草,经纤维素酶解后在发酵产氢过程中的降解率分别为23.2%和12.5%,总产氢量分别为363.3mL和254.9mL,发酵产气中氢气浓度分别为23.8%和29.1%。发酵液相中主要产物为乙醇、乙酸和丁酸。     

基于UASB反应器的厨余厌氧发酵产氢研究

针对目前厨余连续流发酵产氢处理负荷不高、产氢率较低的难题,采用UASB反应器进行厨余发酵产氢研究。在温度为30℃,进水COD浓度为2 000~10 000 mg/L,水力停留时间为2~6 h条件下,产氢速率最大达到17.04 L/(L.d)。反应器内有颗粒污泥的形成,平均生物量达到6.17 g/L,为氢气的产生提供了有利保障。当出水pH为4.2~4.4,碱度为260~340 mg/L的条件下,乙醇和乙酸占挥发酸总量的89.2%,形成稳定的乙醇型发酵类型,反应器最高处理负荷COD达到60 kg/(m3.d)。试验结果表明,UASB反应器具有更高的产氢效能和更加稳定的产氢效果,能够为厨余发酵产氢提供有利的保障。     

固定化光合细菌利用低分子有机酸的产氢特性

通过固定化光合细菌对低分子有机酸进行了光合产氢的批式试验研究.利用修正的Gompertz方程进行产氢动力学分析,并且对产氢过程中pH变化、有机酸的氢转化率以及有机酸初始浓度对产氢的影响等进行了分析.结果表明固定化能提高产氢率,以海藻酸钠为固定化载体的产氢效果最佳.同时发现有机酸产氢存在最佳初始浓度,其中乳酸产氢的最佳初始浓度为0.049mol/L,对于乙酸、丙酸和丁酸这3种小分子羧酸,其最佳初始浓度的大小随着有机酸碳原子数的增加而减小,即乙酸(0.043mol/L)丙酸(0.029mol/L)丁酸(0.022mol/L).乙酸的最大氢转化率最高,达到65.3%.浓度对氢气含量没有影响,而对于乙酸、丙酸和丁酸,氢气含量随着有机酸碳原子数的增加而增大.     

光合细菌小分子酸醇产氢试验研究

以光合产氢混合菌群为研究对象,研究了光合细菌在乙酸、乙醇、乳酸、丁酸几种小分子脂肪酸条件下菌体的生长和产氢特性,详细考察了乙酸和丁酸对光合产氢细菌生长和产氢的影响.研究发现,乙酸、丁酸既是光合细菌良好的生长碳源,也是高效氢供体,光合细菌在乙酸和丁酸条件下产氢率分别达到2.05和2.81molH2/mol.光合细菌以乙酸和丁酸产氢时,乙酸和丁酸的最佳添加浓度均为40mmol/L;光合细菌在乳酸条件下有较高的生长活性,但乳酸并不是光合细菌高效氢供体,光合细菌在乳酸条件下产氢活性较低;乙醇既不是光合细菌良好生长碳源,也不是高效氢供体,乙醇对光合细菌的生长和产氢均有较强的抑制作用.     

木糖厌氧发酵产氢特性研究

以木糖作为厌氧发酵产氢底物,热预处理(100℃,处理20 min)的厌氧颗粒污泥作为接种物,研究了中温条件(37℃)下厌氧发酵产氢特性.结果表明,当反应进行至50 h时,累积产氢量最大,为81.11 mL;乙酸、丁酸和乙醇是液相末端产物中的主要物质,其中乙酸和丁酸的浓度分别为1290 mg/L和1225 mg/L,发酵类型是典型的丁酸型发酵;反应体系的pH值开始降低,最后稳定在4.40左右,形成一个稳定的缓冲体系.     

电解电压对乙酸单池电解协助发酵产氢的影响

采用单池电解协助发酵产氢装置,以厌氧活性污泥为接种物,以产酸发酵末端产物乙酸为底物,在35℃下,研究电解电压对乙酸的微生物电化学辅助产氢的影响.结果表明:电解电压是电解协助发酵制氢的主要控制参数,当电解电压约为250mV时,电解电流开始出现,随后有气体产生,当电解电压从0.8V升至1.0V时,氢气含量从15％升至30％,因此乙酸单池电解协助产氢的适宜电压为0.8～1.0V；在恒定电解电压1.0V下,由于有甲烷的形成,乙酸的氢转化率仅为0.039mol H2/mol乙酸.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.