High-precision soft x-ray polarimeter at Diamond Light Source

The development and performance of a high-precision polarimeter for the polarization analysis in the soft x-ray region is presented. This versatile, high-vacuum compatible instrument is supported on a hexapod to simplify the alignment with a resolution less than 5 μrad, and can be moved with its own independent control system easily between different beamlines and synchrotron facilities. The polarimeter can also be used for the characterization of reflection and transmission properties of optical elements. A W/B(4)C multilayer phase retarder was used to characterize the polarization state up to 1200 eV. A fast and accurate alignment procedure was developed, and complete polarization analysis of the APPLE II undulator at 712 eV has been performed.     

Gas gun shock experiments with single-pulse x-ray phase contrast imaging and diffraction at the Advanced Photon Source

The highly transient nature of shock loading and pronounced microstructure effects on dynamic materials response call for in situ, temporally and spatially resolved, x-ray-based diagnostics. Third-generation synchrotron x-ray sources are advantageous for x-ray phase contrast imaging (PCI) and diffraction under dynamic loading, due to their high photon fluxes, high coherency, and high pulse repetition rates. The feasibility of bulk-scale gas gun shock experiments with dynamic x-ray PCI and diffraction measurements was investigated at the beamline 32ID-B of the Advanced Photon Source. The x-ray beam characteristics, experimental setup, x-ray diagnostics, and static and dynamic test results are described. We demonstrate ultrafast, multiframe, single-pulse PCI measurements with unprecedented temporal (<100 ps) and spatial (～2 μm) resolutions for bulk-scale shock experiments, as well as single-pulse dynamic Laue diffraction. The results not only substantiate the potential of synchrotron-based experiments for addressing a variety of shock physics problems, but also allow us to identify the technical challenges related to image detection, x-ray source, and dynamic loading.     

Soft x-ray tomography for real-time applications: present status at Tore Supra and possible future developments

This paper is focused on the soft x-ray (SXR) tomography system setup at Tore Supra (DTOMOX) and the recent developments made to automatically get precise information about plasma features from inverted data. The first part describes the main aspects of the tomographic inversion optimization process. Several observations are made using this new tool and a set of shape factors is defined to help characterizing the emissivity field in a real-time perspective. The second part presents a detailed off-line analysis comparing the positions of the magnetic axis obtained from a magnetic equilibrium solver, and the maximum of the reconstructed emissivity field for ohmic and heated pulses. A systematic discrepancy of about 5 cm is found in both cases and it is shown that this discrepancy increases during sawtooth crashes. Finally, evidence of radially localized tungsten accumulation with an in-out asymmetry during a lower hybrid current drive pulse is provided to illustrate the DTOMOX capabilities for a precise observation of local phenomena.     

Hard x-ray transmission crystal spectrometer at the OMEGA-EP laser facility

The transmission crystal spectrometer (TCS) is approved for taking data at the OMEGA-EP laser facility since 2009 and will be available for the OMEGA target chamber in 2010. TCS utilizes a Cauchois type cylindrically bent transmission crystal geometry with a source to crystal distance of 600 mm. Spectral images are recorded by image plates in four positions, one IP on the Rowland circle and three others at 200, 400, and 600 mm beyond the Rowland circle. An earlier version of TCS was used at LULI on experiments that determined the x-ray source size from spectral line broadening on one IP positioned behind the Rowland circle. TCS has recorded numerous backlighter spectra at EP for point projection radiography and for source size measurements. Hard x-ray source size can be determined from the source broadening of both K shell emission lines and from K absorption edges in the bremsstrahlung continuum, the latter being a new way to measure the spatial extent of the hard x-ray bremsstrahlung continuum.     

Calibration of a microchannel plate based extreme ultraviolet grazing incident spectrometer at the Advanced Light Source

We present the design and calibration of a microchannel plate based extreme ultraviolet spectrometer. Calibration was performed at the Advance Light Source (ALS) at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). This spectrometer will be used to record the single shot spectrum of radiation emitted by the tapered hybrid undulator (THUNDER) undulator installed at the LOASIS GeV-class laser-plasma-accelerator. The spectrometer uses an aberration-corrected concave grating with 1200 lines/mm covering 11-62 nm and a microchannel plate detector with a CsI coated photocathode for increased quantum efficiency in the extreme ultraviolet. A touch screen interface controls the grating angle, aperture size, and placement of the detector in vacuum, allowing for high-resolution measurements over the entire spectral range.     

Linac Coherent Light Source soft x-ray materials science instrument optical design and monochromator commissioning

We present the x-ray optical design of the soft x-ray materials science instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source, consisting of a varied line-spaced grating monochromator and Kirkpatrick-Baez refocusing optics. Results from the commissioning of the monochromator are shown. A resolving power of 3000 was achieved, which is within a factor of two of the design goal.     

多通道时间延迟积分CCD辐射标定和像元实时处理

剖析了时间延迟积分CCD(TDICCD)像元校正对信噪比和调制传递函数测试的影响,设计了基于辐射标定和地面控制的多通道TDICCD像元响应非均匀性实时处理方法以提高星上实时图像的像元响应非均匀性。该方法基于辐射标定去除图像的固定图形噪声,并校正图像奇异点;通过分析星上实时传输图像,处理奇异点像元的图像问题,实现地面控制像元响应非均匀性的实时调整。提出的系统实时处理方式可以不改变硬件结构即有效改善图像的视觉效果,对于坏像元、像元性能降低、像元污染等特定情况有很强的纠错能力。实际成像试验的对比表明,该方法对信噪比、调制传递函数有很好的修正作用,其精确调整能力分别达到0.1db及0.01;在50%饱和值下测试的图像非均匀性指标达到1.25%。该方法结构简单,在工程实践中有很好的应用前景。     

基于USB接口的DSP实时数据采集处理系统

已成为PC标准的通用串行总线USB具有宽带宽、高速和智能化串口的互连技术。该文介绍了基于USB接口技术对高速光弹调制偏振光信号进行DSP实时数据采集处理的系统。可以实现较传统方式更有效、更经济、更高速的数据采集、处理和传输。针对光学各向异性样品的数据采集和处理过程能在1ms内完成，实现真正意义上的实时处理。     

基于LabVIEW和PXI的实时数据测量系统的研究

在分析传统减振器扭转特性检测系统组成及存在问题的基础上,介绍了基于LabVIEW和PXI的减振器扭转特性检测系统的组成结构,测试软件功能模块以及功能的实现。从而对基于LabVIEW和PXI的实时数据测量系统的应用作了进一步的研究。     

Photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy at the Canadian Light Source: commissioning experiments

The commissioning of synchrotron radiation (SR) photoacoustic (PA) infrared spectroscopy at the Canadian Light Source is described in this article. Aperture tests demonstrated an exponential relationship between the wavenumber where SR and thermal-source PA intensities are equal and beam diameter. Total PA intensity increased linearly with aperture size up to 1.5 mm (SR) or 3 mm (thermal source). At larger apertures, this intensity approached a limiting value. The SR beam diameter in the spectrometer was estimated to be about 0.8 mm in these tests. The low-frequency noise and dc offset that characterize SR PA spectra are suppressed through the calculation of average interferograms prior to Fourier transformation.     

Soft x-ray array system with variable filters for the DIII-D tokamak

Recent upgrades to the soft x-ray (SXR) array system on the DIII-D tokamak are described. The system consists of two 32-channel arrays at one toroidal location and three toroidally distributed 12-channel arrays. The 32-channel arrays have been completely rebuilt to allow the switching of SXR filters without breaking vacuum. The 12-channel arrays have had upgrades performed to detectors, view slits, and data acquisition. Absolute extreme ultraviolet (AXUV) photodiodes are used as detectors in all arrays, allowing detection of photons ranging in energy from 2 eV to 10 keV. In the fixed-filter arrays, 127 μm Be filters are used. In the variable-filter arrays, filter wheels are used to switch between five different possible pinhole/filter combinations.     

Grazing incidence wide angle x-ray scattering at the wiggler beamline BW4 of HASYLAB

We present an upgrade of the available measurement techniques at the wiggler beamline BW4 of the Hamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor (HASYLAB) to grazing incidence wide angle x-ray scattering (GIWAXS). GIWAXS refers to an x-ray diffraction method, which, based on the measurement geometry, is perfectly suited for the investigation of the material crystallinity of surfaces and thin films. It is shown that the overall experimental GIWAXS setup employing a movable CCD-detector provides the capability of reliable and reproducible diffraction measurements in grazing incidence geometry. Furthermore, the potential usage of an additional detector enables the simultaneous or successive measurement of GIWAXS and grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS). The new capability is illustrated by the microbeam GIWAXS measurement of a thin film of the conjugated polymer poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3OT). The investigation reveals the semicrystalline nature of the P3OT film by a clear identification of the wide angle scattering reflexes up to the third order in the [100]-direction as well as the first order in the [010]-direction. The corresponding microbeam GISAXS measurement on the present morphology complements the characterization yielding the complete sample information from subnanometer up to micrometer length scales.     

Soft X-ray coherent scattering: instrument and methods at ESRF ID08

An experimental setup has been developed to perform soft x-ray coherent scattering at beamline ID08 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. An intense coherent beam was obtained by filtering the primary beam with the monochromator and a circular pinhole. A pinhole holder with motorized translations was installed inside the UHV chamber of the diffractometer. The scattered intensity was recorded in reflection geometry with a back-illuminated charge coupled device camera. As a demonstration we report experimental results of resonant magnetic scattering using coherent beam. The degree of coherence is evaluated, and it is shown that, while the vertical coherence is much higher than the horizontal one at the source, the situation is reversed at the diffractometer. The intensity of the coherent beam is also discussed.     

基于多MCU通信的实时数据采集处理系统的设计

提出了一种基于多个MCU通信的实时数据采集处理系统方案，该系统由数据处理单元与多个现场采集器组成，且以点对点的方式串行通信，在数据处理单元内部，各个通道的数据以双CPU并行通信方式进行处理，处理结果以串行方式送入监控主机。实际运行证明，该方案具有良好的实时性。     

A highly modular beamline electrostatic levitation facility, optimized for in situ high-energy x-ray scattering studies of equilibrium and supercooled liquids

High-energy x-ray diffraction studies of metallic liquids provide valuable information about structural evolution on the atomic length scale, leading to insights into the origin of the nucleation barrier and the processes of supercooling and glass formation. The containerless processing of the beamline electrostatic levitation (BESL) facility allows coordinated thermophysical and structural studies of equilibrium and supercooled liquids to be made in a contamination-free, high-vacuum (～10(-8) Torr) environment. To date, the incorporation of electrostatic levitation facilities into synchrotron beamlines has been difficult due to the large footprint of the apparatus and the difficulties associated with its transportation and implementation. Here, we describe a modular levitation facility that is optimized for diffraction studies of high-temperature liquids at high-energy synchrotron beamlines. The modular approach used in the apparatus design allows it to be easily transported and quickly setup. Unlike most previous electrostatic levitation facilities, BESL can be operated by a single user instead of a user team.     

实时综合实验教学管理系统数据处理关键技术

在实时综合实验教学管理系统实现中,针对数据实时性、准确性及有限带宽限制下对数据流量的要求,采用C/S和B/S两种模式相结合实现实时综合实验教学管理,提出解决两种模式下数据一致性、实时性及有限带宽限制下数据的处理机制及实现方法;通过某高校金工实训课程的检验,该系统能很好地满足对数据处理的要求,探讨了一种实时综合实验教学管理平台下数据的处理机制及实现方法.     

自动站故障个例的分析和数据处理

文章以本站2013年5月21日遭遇雷击造成部分仪器故障、观测数据缺测的事件为例,探讨了自动气象站常见故障的排除以及气象要素数据缺测时正点上传文件的处理方法,并介绍了日常数据的维护方法。     

一种简易轻质软路面力学模型的分析研究

为给路面器材强度和刚度的校核以及增强杆截面的优化设计提供理论基础,以一种应用于松软滩基的简易轻质路面为对象,依据去粗存精的原则,提出一些假设,对路面体的受力进行抽象和简化,建立相应的力学模型.以温克尔(E.Winkler)地基模型为基础,对该模型进行了初步的分析计算,给出路面体承载与沉陷的关系表达式,为后续研究奠定了基础.     

Commissioning and performance of the variable line spacing plane grating monochromator beamline at the Canadian Light Source

The variable line spacing plane grating monochromator beamline at the Canadian Light Source (CLS) employs three grazing incidence variable line spacing gratings to cover a photon energy range of 5-250 eV. It uses a 185 mm period length planar permanent magnet insertion device as the photon source, sharing a straight section with another soft x-ray beamline at the CLS. The commissioning and performance of the beamline is reported. The high resolution photoabsorption spectra of Ar and PF(5) gases are reported. A resolving power of over 40,000 for photons in the low energy region and >10,000 for a wider energy range (8-200 eV) can be achieved. A photon flux of up to 2 x 10(12) photons/s per 100 mA with slit settings of 50 microm has been measured.     

基于图像处理的油液污染度实时分析系统的研究

油液的污染度等级检测是提高设备工作可靠性和延长使用寿命的重要手段.传统的检测方法多基于实验室离线式检测,不能满足工业现场实时性的要求.该系统结合显微成像和图像处理技术,进行了相关的软硬件设计,并根据油液图像的特征,提出了一种基于平均背景的颗粒识别算法,快速、准确地提取出了颗粒图像,为后续油液污染等级的界定奠定了基础.经过工业现场测试,该系统测试结果较为准确,为油液污染度检测提供了新的途径和方法.