Development of freeform grinding methods for complex drill flank surfaces and cutting edge contours

This paper details the development of an innovative freeform grinding method that enables the generation of complex drill flank surfaces and cutting edge contours that are non-quadratic model based. This method allows a direct and independent design of drill cutting angle distributions—normal rake angle (γ_n) and relief angle (α_f). Mathematical formulations were first developed for γ_n and α_f in terms of drill geometric parameters such as helix angle, flute contour, and cutting edge contour. The developed freeform grinding methods enhance the flexibility of the grinding process by enabling the production of drills with convex and concave flank surfaces and complex cutting edge contours with standard wheel sets, eliminating the need to manufacture specially designed form grinding wheels.     

三坐标数控磨轮修整器的无累积误差插补控制方法

本文从成型磨削特点出发,引出新型计算机数控成型磨轮修整概念,提出了平面三座标数控修整方法,为了提高修整精度,从原理上详细介绍和分析了无累积误差插补计算机控制方法。     

蜗杆砂轮磨齿机切向差动磨削的研究

对蜗杆砂轮磨齿机磨削斜齿轮的工艺进行了深入的研究,提出在无差动结构的蜗杆砂轮磨齿机上进行切向差动磨削的技术方案,并在YKA7232蜗杆砂轮磨齿机上的实现了这一方法。利用该方法可有效地提高对斜齿轮的磨削精度,同时也扩大了蜗杆砂轮磨齿机磨削斜齿轮的规格范围。     

低温陶瓷结合剂CBN平面磨砂轮的制备工艺研究

本文系统地研究了用低温陶瓷结合剂制作CBN平面磨砂轮的工艺过程,确定了合适的工艺参数。结果表明:选用烧制温度范围较宽(660～800℃)的低温陶瓷结合剂,可以通过调节烧结温度调整砂轮的硬度和强度,缓慢的升温和降温速度是抑制砂轮产生裂纹的有效方法;加入造孔剂既能得到满足客户需要的孔隙率,又能保证其抗折强度不低于30MPa。砂轮强度随气孔率增加而快速降低,当气孔率为18.02%时,其抗折强度为67.33MPa;当气孔率增加到37.60%时,其抗折强度降为33.09MPa;当气孔率进一步增加到47.85%时,其抗折强度下降到20.44MPa。通过合理选用工艺参数,所制备的陶瓷结合剂CBN平面磨砂轮,具有磨削效果好,生产效率高,寿命长及性价比高的综合特性。     

CBN高效深磨砂轮主轴的建模分析与实验研究

基于对CBN端面砂轮的研究,提出一种高效率深度端面磨削的砂轮主轴系统.主轴单元的静态特征和影响因素分析了理论计算和建模仿真分析,并验证主轴结构和参数的合理性.基于模态分析理论,砂轮主轴系统的模态测试是由锤击方法,并得到了前6阶模态参数和分析结果.结果表明:该磨削主轴系统满足了高效深磨技术要求.最后,研磨应用开发测试平台应用了磨削主轴单元和一些实验来完成高效深磨的研究.对Cr12Mo1V1工件在砂轮转速为80 ～ 100 m/s时进行了端面磨削实验,其结果为:切削深度0.175～0.5 mm,表面粗糙度0.8～3.2 μm以及圆柱度5-10 μm.     

Modelling of the mist formation in a segmented grinding wheel system

It has been found that using a segmented grinding wheel with a fluid chamber can significantly minimise the quantity of coolant while improving the ground surface integrity. The present investigation aims to explore the fluid flow mechanism in such a wheel system. To this end, the Weber theory for Newtonian jet instability was applied to quantitatively determine the contribution of coolant flow rate to mist and ligament modes. A semi-analytical model was then developed to predict the mist flow rate by taking into account both the grinding parameters and fluid properties. It was shown that the model prediction was in good agreement with experimental measurements. Because of the comprehensive integration of variables in the formulation, the model provides a good fundamental understanding of the mist formation and offers a practical guideline for the selection and use coolant in minimising the mist flow rate.     

cBN砂轮在低速磨削中的应用

cBN砂轮在高速设备上使用非常广泛,但在老式低速磨床上采用cBN砂轮的非常少。我们在这方面做了大胆的尝试,就是在老式磨床上不做任何改进,直接更换相同直径的陶瓷cBN砂轮,通过更换皮带轮改变传动比,把砂轮速度从51.4 m/s提升到64.8 m/s,增大冷却液流量、压力,确定冷却液冲刷位置,改变切削的进给量,使cBN砂轮的一个修整频次内寿命大幅提升。最后证明陶瓷cBN砂轮在低速磨床中一样可以替代刚玉砂轮,并且不需要大的改造投资,可以获得非常好的综合经济效益。     

A survey of recent grinding wheel topography models

This paper provides a survey of grinding wheel topography models. Recent 1D, 2D, and 3D models are reviewed, and the important model components for a state-of-the-art 3D topography model are identified. Future directions for topography modeling are recommended and, based on this survey, a general modelling approach using grain size, shape, arrangement, and wheel dressing is proposed.     

陶瓷零件精密成形磨削新工艺研究

本研究开发采用金刚石磨料砂轮精密成形磨削陶瓷材料新工艺,实现采用金刚石磨料砂轮精密(微米级)成形磨削复杂形状陶瓷零件.文章介绍了磨削工艺中采用的提高成形磨削砂轮工作形面精度保持性、金刚石磨料砂轮的高效精密成形修整、砂轮修锐等关键技术.采用的砂轮是1A1 305×20×127×10 MBD 150 B 100,其特别之处是采用了新型树脂结合剂,具有良好的高温强度性能,磨削速度为40 m/s,新的砂轮修正方法将金刚石砂轮修整过程分为修形、修磨和修锐几个阶段.采用切入式成形磨削,磨削余量约1 mm,磨削得到的陶瓷零件形面圆弧精度可达到:0.005 mm,齿距误差:0.0025 mm;此外还进行了磨削陶瓷轴承环试验,磨削后获得的陶瓷零件圆弧精度达0.005 mm,沟道形位精度:0.003 mm,尺寸分散度在微米级.采用本方法可以成形磨削几乎任意形面的陶瓷或其他适合金刚石磨料砂轮加工的材料零件.     

铁路钢轨的修磨及修磨用砂轮

铁路机车速度的提高对钢轨的材料和尺寸磨损提出了更高的要求。为了适应这种提速的要求,必须对新铺设的钢轨进行预防性修磨处理,并对在线使用的钢轨必须进行修磨,从而消除钢轨中固有的缺陷、钢轨顶面的不平顺以及钢轨焊接头的不半顺和钢轨的疲劳破坏层。通过对钢轨的修磨可减少由于滚动接触疲劳引起的钢轨损伤,减少钢轨侧面磨损,可延长钢轨的使用寿命0．5～1倍。本文分析了铁路钢轨产生磨损的原因和磨损的种类,介绍了钢轨的修磨方法、修磨工艺和修磨设备,提出了钢轨修磨用砂轮的基本设计原则,同时对砂轮的生产工艺和配方进行了简要介绍。     

CBN砂轮和刚玉砂轮磨削45淬硬钢的对比试验研究

通过分别采用国产陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮与刚玉砂轮对45淬硬钢工件进行磨削试验，对磨削过程中的参数：磨削比和砂轮磨损进行对比。试验结果表明：砂轮线速度对磨削比有显著影响。①当采用普通速度（Vs=35m／s）对45淬硬钢工件进行磨削时，陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮的磨削比是白刚玉砂轮的36倍；②当把砂轮线速度Vs提高到50m／s时，陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮的磨削性能得到了显著提高，其磨削比为白刚玉砂轮的300倍左右。试验结果说明，陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮在高速磨削条件下，砂轮磨损率低，而且具有较高的磨削能力和效率。     

碟轮修整单层钎焊金刚石砂轮的试验研究

单层钎焊金刚石砂轮在制作完成之初由于砂轮基体加工存在误差以及磨粒粒径大小不一等原因造成磨粒等高性不一致,这使其难以在硬脆材料的精密磨削中得到广泛的应用。采用自制的钎焊碟轮对80/100#单层钎焊金刚石砂轮进行了修整试验研究。在修整试验前后跟踪了砂轮磨粒等高性的变化,进行了SiC陶瓷的磨削试验,并观测了工件表面质量的变化情况。试验结果表明:采用此方法能够实现单层钎焊金刚石砂轮的高效精密修整。修整试验结束后砂轮磨粒等高性较好,磨削SiC陶瓷的表面质量得到明显改善,表面粗糙度Ra值达到了0.1μm以下。     

A wavelet-based methodology for grinding wheel condition monitoring

Grinding wheel surface condition changes as more material is removed. This paper presents a wavelet-based methodology for grinding wheel condition monitoring based on acoustic emission (AE) signals. Grinding experiments in creep feed mode were conducted to grind alumina specimens with a resinoid-bonded diamond wheel using two different conditions. During the experiments, AE signals were collected when the wheel was ‘sharp’ and when the wheel was ‘dull’. Discriminant features were then extracted from each raw AE signal segment using the discrete wavelet decomposition procedure. An adaptive genetic clustering algorithm was finally applied to the extracted features in order to distinguish different states of grinding wheel condition. The test results indicate that the proposed methodology can achieve 97% clustering accuracy for the high material removal rate condition, 86.7% for the low material removal rate condition, and 76.7% for the combined grinding conditions if the base wavelet, the decomposition level, and the GA parameters are properly selected.     

钎焊金刚石砂轮磨削硬质合金温度的试验研究

根据半人工热电偶测温原理制备了磨削测温试样,利用感应钎焊金刚石砂轮和电镀金刚石砂轮进行硬质合金YG6的磨削试验,研究了磨削深度、工件进给速度对工件表面磨削温度的影响。试验结果表明:在相同的磨削参数下感应钎焊金刚石砂轮的磨削温度要远低于电镀金刚石砂轮,且随着磨削深度和工件进给速度的增大磨削温度上升较为平缓,钎焊金刚石砂轮磨粒出露高度高、容屑空间大,磨粒呈有序排布是磨削温度较低的主要原因。     

Design and application of CBN shape grinding wheel for gears

In the field of gear precision manufacturing, the CBN shape grinding technique is of great importance. In this research, a mathematical model for the profile of CBN grinding wheel base body has been developed based on the theory of gear engagement; the modification of the gear shape is introduced into the design of the CBN grinding wheel. Biarc segments are used to approximate the theoretical profile. Approximation deviation can be controlled within prescribed tolerance under optimized conditions. A series of wheels were made to ascertain the validity and effectiveness of the presented method, the final gear precision reaches the fifth class of GB10095-88 (China).     

细粒度钎焊金刚石砂轮磨削花岗石的磨削力特征分析

通过测量磨削力,研究细粒度钎焊金刚石砂轮磨削花岗岩过程磨削力随加工参数的变化特征。结果表明:磨削力是随着砂轮线速度的增大而减小,随着工件进给速度的变大而增大,随着磨削深度的增大而增大。回归分析表明,磨削力受磨削深度的影响程度最大。不同加工条件下,法向磨削力与切向磨削力之间存在良好的线性关系,比值约为7.6。磨削过程中,金刚石与花岗石之间的运动符合Coulomb定律描述的滑动摩擦方式。     

不平衡量对砂轮跳动影响的研究

本文利用激光位移传感器,在线采集砂轮基体外圆表面的振动信号,通过对信号的处理分析,得出砂轮基体的跳动值.在相同转速不同不平衡量的条件下,分析了砂轮基体的跳动值,结果表明:砂轮基体的跳动值随着不平衡量的增大而增大;在相同转速、相同不平衡量下,45#钢砂轮基体的跳动值比铝砂轮基体的跳动值平均约大0.05 μm.     

粗磨粒金刚石砂轮精密磨削工程陶瓷的试验研究

为了实现粗磨粒金刚石砂轮延性域磨削加工SiC陶瓷材料,采用碟轮对粒径为297~420μm的粗磨粒金刚石砂轮进行了精密修整。然后,使用经过修整好的粗磨粒金刚石砂轮对SiC陶瓷进行磨削加工。在此基础上,对不同的砂轮线速度、工件进给速度、磨削切深对SiC陶瓷表面粗糙度和表面形貌的影响进行了研究。试验结果表明:经过精密修整的粗磨粒金刚石砂轮是能够实现SiC陶瓷材料的延性域磨削的,表面粗糙度值Ra达到0.151μm;随着砂轮线速度增大、工件进给速度和磨削切深减小,SiC陶瓷表面的脆性断裂减小,塑性去除增加。     

金刚石砂轮磨削铁氧体的表面粗糙度与形貌分析

本文研究了树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮磨削铁氧体材料时,磨削深度、工件进给速度对磨削表面粗糙度和材料去除方式的影响规律,以此探索提高铁氧体磨削表面质量的有效途径。采用单因素法设计试验方案对铁氧体进行磨削,测量表面粗糙度数据并对其进行方差分析,对铁氧体磨削表面形貌进行观察。结果表明：随着磨削深度、工件进给速度的增加,表面粗糙度值升高,同时表面塑性痕迹减少,脆性断裂痕迹增加,且磨削深度对表面粗糙度的影响要比工件进给速度的更显著,因此,制定磨削工艺时,考虑到粗磨为了提高效率,降低表面损伤,优化得到磨削工艺为磨削深度5μm,工件进给速度10 m/min;精磨为了获得较低的表面粗糙度,采用磨削深度5μm、工件进给速度为5 m/min,可以提高磨削表面延展性。     

An integrated form characterization method for measuring ultra-precision freeform surfaces

Ultra-precision freeform surfaces are complex surfaces that possess non-rotational symmetry. Currently, there is a lack of definitive international standards and techniques for the characterization of form accuracy and surface quality of ultra-precision freeform surfaces. This paper presents an integrated form characterization method (IFCM) to measure the form accuracy of ultra-precision freeform surfaces. The IFCM is developed based on the five-point pre-fixture, dual cubic B-spline and an iterative precision adjustment algorithm with coordinate transfer. To verify the capability of the proposed method, a series of computer simulation and measurement experiments were undertaken. The results indicate that the IFCM can realize the precise alignment of measured and normal surfaces with accuracy in nanometer range which provides adequate base for good form characterization of ultra-precision freeform surfaces with form accuracy down to below sub-micrometer range.