except,but,except for,but for用法辨析

本文概述了except与but,except与except for,except for与but for在具体应用时的异同点。     

浅述“除……之外”的几种表达法

在日常英语教学和课外阅读材料中,我们会遇到意为“除…之外”的种种表达法。如:apart from,aside from,bar,besides,beyound,but,except,except for,in addition to,other than,save 等。这些表达法(此处均指其介词性),在含义上有的相同,有的则相反。现就它们在含义和用法上的异同作一浅述。     

Concentration, Distribution, and Occurrence of REEs in Coals from Chongqing, Southwest China

The concentration, distribution, and occurrence of rare earth elements （REEs） in coals as well as stone coals in different geological periods from Chongqing were studied. The results show that the REE content in coals from Chongqing is much higher than that of the ordinary Chinese coals, the Late Paleozoic coals from North China, US coals, and the world coals. Although the concentration of light rare earth elements （LREE） is higher than that of heavy rare earth elements （HREE）, the ratio of LREE to HREE is as low as 5.11. The REE content decreases with the coal-formation periods from old to new. The REE content in the Sinian stone coal is the highest, but it is the lowest in Early Jurassic coals. The similar REE contents in bituminous coals and anthracite show that the metamorphism has a little influence on REE content in coal. In addition, silicate association dominates the occurrence mode of REEs in coals from Chongqing.     

Preparation of High Performance Foamed Concrete from Cement, Sand and Mineral Admixtures

The titled high performance foamed concrete was developed from Portland cement, ultra fine granulated blast-furnace slag, pulverized fly ash and condensed silica fume by means of pre-foaming process. The resultant foamed concrete presents its thermal conductivity of about 0.16-0.75 W/（m·℃） and 28 d compressive strength of about 1.1-23.7 MPa when its mix proportion varies in the range of cement content 280 kg-650 kg/m^3, fly ash 42-97 kg/m^3, slag 64-146 kg/m^3, silica fume 34-78 kg/m^3, and sand 0-920 kg/m^3. The compressive strength of the foamed concrete with oven dried bulk density of 1500 kg/m^3 in appropriate mix proportion and with small amount of superplasticizer reached as high as 44.1 MPa. Meanwhile, the flesh foamed concrete behaves like an excellent flow-ability, therefore, is especially suitable for the application in case of massive foamed concrete casting in situ and in the case of filling casting into large volume underground irregular voids, except for pre-casting of building components like blocks, bricks, and wall panels.     

Properties of Water Blown Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Different Funetionality

Water blown rigid polyurethane foams with different functionality were prepared.The physical properties of rigid foams were measured with rotational viscometer(NDJ-1),universal testing machine (Instron3365),scanning electron microscope(SEM)and differential scanning calorimeter(DSC).The results show that the viscosity of polyether polyol increases exponentially from 62 mPa s to 6 000 mPa s with the increase of functionality from 2 to 5.6,respectively.The overall density of foam increases slightly from 31.7 kg/m~3 to 37.4 kg/m~3 with increasing functionality while core density exhibited little difference.Compressive strength of foam shows the similar behavior with density except for 2-functional sample.At the same time, dimensional stability becomes better with increasing functionality except for 5.6-functional foam that has worse stability than 4.8-functional foam.From the SEM results,the functionality is not an important factor in determining distribution of cell size of foam,According to the results of thermal analysis,the glass transition temperature(T_g)shifts to a higher temperature from 128.9℃to 166.3℃for the 2 to 5.6 functional foam, respectively.     

Properties of water blown rigid polyurethane foams with different functionality

Water blown rigid polyurethane foams with different functionality were prepared. The physical properties of rigid foams were measured with rotational viscometer （NDJ-1 ）, universal testing machine （Instron3365）, scanning electron microscope （SEM） and differential scanning calorimeter （DSC）. The results show that the viscosity of polyether polyol increases exponentially from 62 mPa s to 6 000 mPa s with the increase of functionality from 2 to 5.6, respectively. The overall density of foam increases slightly from 31.7 kg/m^3 to 37.4 kg/m^3 with increasing functionality while core density exhibited little difference. Compressive strength of foam shows the similar behavior with density except for 2-functional sample. At the same time, dimensional stability becomes better with increasing functionality except for 5.6-functional foam that has worse stability than 4.8-functional foam. From the SEM results, the functionality is not an important factor in determining distribution of cell size of foam. According to the results of thermal analysis, the glass transition temperature （T） shifts to a higher temperature from 128.9 ℃ to 166.3 ℃ for the 2 to 5.6 functional foam, respectively.     

Origin,migration and mixing of oilfield brines: Stable iso-topic evidence from Kuqa Foreland Basin

87Sr/86Sr, 8 D and δ180 together with chemistry of oilfield brines, were measured from Cambrian to Neogene strata in the Kuqa Foreland Basin, northwest China. The brines have 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.70944 to 0.71716, 8D values from -33‰ to -67‰ and δ18O from -9.0‰ to 3.9‰. The most radiogenic 87Sr brines have relatively heavy δ18O in the Cambro- Ordo-vician carbonates, and are suggested to originate from crystalline basement. 8 D and δ18O sys-tematics show that all the brines slope to Global Meteoric Water Line, and intersect at 8 D = -60‰ and δ18O = -8.8‰, close to that of present-day local meteoric water, suggesting that meteoric water has mixed with evaporated ancient meteoric water. More saline samples have the lowest δD and δ180 contents and molar Na/CI ratios of more than 0.9, resulting from salt dissolution.     

Bacterial leaching of discarded copper ores from Yongping, China

The elementary and phase analysis of discarded copper ores from Yongping of China has been performed. The experiments of extracting copper from the discarded copper ores were done with the mixed bacteria obtained through a series of enrichment, separation, domestication and combination tests. The results show that in the process of bioleaching, the pH value rises at first and drops gradually. The Eh value keeps rising along with the time and the appropriate Eh value varying between 750 and 800 mV will benefit the bioleaching copper. The high concentration of ferric ions is detrimental to the bioleaching copper. The results of bioleaching copper are good. That is, the copper recovery is 31.8% after 27 days.     

Vision-based Localization from Three-Line Structures （TLS）

This paper presents a novel vision based localization algorithm from three-line structure (TLS). Two types of TLS are investigated: 1) three parallel lines (Structure I); 2) two parallel lines and one orthogonal line (Structure II). From single image of either structure, the camera pose can be uniquely computed for vision localization. Contributions of this paper are as follows: 1) both TLS structures can be used as simple and practical landmarks, which are widely available in daily life; 2) the proposed algorithm complements existing localization methods, which usually use complex landmarks, especially in the partial blockage conditions; 3) compared with the general Perspective-3-Lines (P3L) problem, camera pose can be uniquely computed from either structure. The proposed algorithm has been tested with both simulation and real image data. For a typical simulated indoor condition (75 cm-size landmark, less than 7.0 m landmark-to-camera distance, and 0.5-pixel image noises), the means of localization errors from Structure I and Structure II are less than 3.0 cm. And the standard deviations are less than 3.0 cm and 1.5 cm, respectively. The algorithm is further validated with two actual image experiments. Within a 7.5 m×7.5 m indoor situation, the overall relative localization errors from Structure I and Structure II are less than 2.2％ and 2.3％, respectively, with about 6.0 m distance. The results demonstrate that the algorithm works well for practical vision localization.     

Extraction of gold, palladium, and platinum from acidic media with cyclic sulfoxide derivative

The extraction of gold (Ⅲ), palladium (Ⅱ), and platinum (Ⅳ) from the acidic media with the cyclic sulfoxide derivative of a-dodecyl-tetrahydrothiophene 1-oxide (dtmso) was investigated. Gold (Ⅲ), palladium (Ⅱ), and platinum (Ⅳ) could be separated from the acidic media with suitable sulfoxide concentration and acidity. The extraction reaction of gold (Ⅲ), palladium (Ⅱ) or platinum (Ⅳ) is exothermic when dtmso is used as an extracting reagent. The coordination number was studied by the slope method. The results indicate that, in high acidity, the dtmso coordination number for extracting gold (Ⅲ) or palladium (Ⅱ) is 3, and that for platinum (Ⅳ) is 2. UV and FT-IR spectra were used to analyze the structure of the complex. Gold (Ⅲ) is coordinated with the oxygen atom in S=O group in dtmso, and palladium (Ⅱ) or platinum (Ⅳ) is coordinated with the sulfur atom in S=O group in dtmso.     

Geochemical characteristics and genesis of volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks from porphyrite-type iron deposits in Ningwu metallogenic province,eastern China： Constraints from elements

Ningwu porphyrite-type iron deposits are located in Ningwu Mesozoic volcanic basin,which belongs to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River metallogenic province.The volcanic rocks can be divided into Longwangshan,Dawangshan,Gushan and Niangniangshan Formations from early to late.All these volcanic rocks are rich in alkali,and show the similar patterns in rare earth element（REE） distribution.However,some differences can be found in the trace elements and REE patterns.The study of petrology and REE geochemical characteristics shows that these rocks are derived from the underplating of the lithospheric mantle and are contaminated by crustal materials,undergo AFC process during the magmatic evolution.     

Mullite Refractory Made from Andalusite and α-Al_2O_3

Mullite refractory was made from micropowder of andalusite and α-M2O3 by an " one-step sintering process" . This refractory has a lower linear expansion coefficient, more simple process and the sintering tem-parature can be decreased 200 - 25017 . But the cool strength of the material is near to that of fused casting mullite brick. For this material, the test sum of α-Al2 O3 added is 20% , the favorable sintering temperature is 1400℃.     

Characteristics of tailings from metal mines in Hunan Province, China

The tailing soils were from 10 mining areas in Hunan Province. To predict the potential impact of tailings on nearby environments, the characteristics such as the pH value, loss on ignition, cation exchange capacity, and the concentration and speciation of heavy metals in the railings were investigated. Based on these characteristics, the pollution index and danger index were calculated so as to evaluate the priorities of remediation. The results show that the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn exceed the tolerable levels of the phytotoxicity in the most railings. The large proportion of heavy metals exists in the form of residual fraction in most railings, followed by sulfides/organic and Fe/Mn oxide fractions, and a little in the exchangeable and carbonate fraction. The calculated pollution indices for the tailing samples range from 1.41 to 83.42, which indicates that all the railings contain heavy metals at a level that causes toxicity to the ecosystem. The danger indices for the tailing samples range from 0.06 to 387.00. The highest value of the danger indices is that of Yongzhou sample, reaching 387. 00; the lowest one is that of Xikuangshan sample, only 0.06. Considering the results of pollution index and danger index in combination, the priority of remediation is determined to be Yongzhou, Baoshan, Xiangtan and Lengshuijiang.     

Pure metal extraction from molten oxide slag by short-circuit galvanic cell

The oxygen-ion-permeable membrane galvanic short-circuit method has been developed, in which pure metal was directly extracted from the molten oxide slag, and no external voltage is applied. The galvanic cell employed in the experiment was as follows: graphite rod|[O]Fe C saturation|ZrO2(MgO)|(FeO)(slag) IFe rod. The reduction current in the galvanic cell consisted of an external short-circuit current and an interior short-circuit current in the oxygen-ion-permeable membrane. The real-time variation of external circuit reduction ratio of the molten slag could be obtained from the curve of the external circuit current to the time.     

Phase transition and elastic properties of NbN under hydrostatic pressure

First-principles pseudopotential calculations are performed to investigate the phase transition and elastic properties of niobium nitrides(NbN). The lattice parameters ao and c0/a0, elastic constants C ij, bulk modulus B0, and the pressure derivative of bulk modulus B0 ′ are calculated. The results are in good agreement with numerous experimental and theoretical data. The enthalpy calculations predict that NbN undergoes phase transition from NaCl-type to NiAs-type structure at 13.4 GPa with a volume collapse of about 4.0% and from AsNi-type to CW-type structure at 26.5 GPa with a volume collapse of about 7.0%. Among the four types of structures, CW-type is the most stable structure. The elastic properties are analyzed on the basis of the calculated elastic constants. Isotropic wave velocities and anisotropic elasticity of NbN are studied in detail. The longitudinal and shear-wave velocities, V P, V S and V m increase with increasing pressure, respectively. The Debye temperature Θ D increases monotonically with increasing pressure except for NiAs-type structure. Both the longitudinal velocity and the shear-wave velocity increase with pressure for wave vector along all the propagation directions, except for V TA([100]) and V TA[001]([110]) with NaCl structure and V TA[010]([100]) with the other three types of structures.     

Extracting Gold Fines from Pyrite Slag by Hydrophobic Flocculation Flotation

In order to extract gold fines from pyrite slag, the hydrophobic flocculation flotation (HFF) was studied and compared with conventional flotation. The main parameters of HFF such as flotation reagent, surfactant dosage. the duration of agitation and the amount of non-polar oil were investigated, and the effect of non-polar oil was analyzed particularly. It is demonstrated that the HFF is better for gold extraction from pyrite slag than the conventional flotation, and the non-polar oil and the intensive agitation are the key to improve the Au contents and recovery in the concentrate. HFF was used to treat the pyrite slag from the west of Jiangxi province, whose gold contentsare 2.949/t and the size of which are smaller than 10μm. The gold concentrate with gold grade 126.3 g/t and 51 .35% recovery was obtained. Thus, a new method of extracting gold fines from pyrite slag is developed using HFF.     

Strontium hydrogeochemistry of thermal groundwaters from Baikal and Xinzhou

This paper reports our work on the strontium hydrogeochemistry of thermal groundwa-ters in the Baikal Rift System (BRS) in Russia and Mongolia and the Xinzhou basin of the Shanxi Rift System (SRS) in northern China. Though similar in geological background, groundwaters from the BRS and the Xinzhou basin have different strontium isotope compositions. Both the strontium contents and the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of thermal water samples from Xinzhou are higher than those of most samples from Baikal. The major reason is the difference in hostrock geochemistry. The hos-trocks of the Xinzhou waters are Archaean metamorphic rocks, while those of the Baikal waters except the Kejielikov spring are Proterozoic or younger rocks. In the study areas, cold groundwaters usually show lower 87Sr/86Sr ratio due to shorter water-rock interaction history and lower equilibration degree. Strontium hydrogeochemistry often provides important information about mixing processes. Ca/Sr ratio can be used as an important hydrogeochemical pa     

Research on Existing Pattern of Carbon and Its Removal from Fly Ash

Fly ash is a fine and dispersed powder discharged from power station after the coal being burned.With the deepening of people‘s rccognition about the pollution problem of fly ash, the ways of utilizing fly ash are gradually increasing. Utilizing value of fly ash is closely related to the unburned carbon coment. On the basis of analysis of modern testing mehtod,a fundamental thinking is theoretically posed for decreasing unburned earbon content from fly ash by a dry removing carbon technology. The triboelcctric separation method shown that the above-mentioncd thinking of dry removing removing carbon from fly ash is practial.