大视场凝视型红外共形光学系统设计

为提高导弹整流罩气动性能,增强导引头系统稳定性,增大观察视场,完成了共形整流罩结合红外鱼眼镜头的新型红外凝视成像导引头光学系统设计。光学系统采用的椭球形共形整流罩将反远距结构与f-θ成像相结合,通过控制像方视场角提高像面照度的均匀性。对不同结构共形系统的像差特性进行了分析。光学系统解决了大视场光阑像差问题,最终获得±90°的无渐晕观察视场,其冷光阑效率为100%,全视场MTF在15 lp/mm处均大于0.5,点斑均方根半径小于30μm,在半径为50μm圆内能量集中度为93%以上,像面相对照度高于85%,满足大视场光学系统的成像要求。     

变F数红外光学系统的进展和关键技术

根据现代战争对夜间进行目标跟踪、侦察及监视的迫切需求,红外光学系统在国防领域获得了广泛的应用。与变焦红外光学系统相比,基于可变冷光阑的变F数红外光学系统可以进行大视场搜索与极小视场监视的转换,提高通光孔径利用率,提高成像质量。随着对视场范围、图像质量、系统小型化等需求的不断提高,变F数红外光学系统逐渐凸显其优势。对变F数光学系统的原理进行了研究,概述了国内外在变F数红外光学系统领域的研究进展。通过分析,提出了系统关键结构可变冷光阑实现的技术路线。最后简要分析了可变冷光阑设计的关键技术。     

凝视型红外成像系统中冷像的仿真分析

在凝视型红外成像系统中,虽然焦平面阵列的非均匀性校正可以消除冷像的影响,但是校正后工作条件发生改变时,冷像变化的影响会显现出来,因此,在设计凝视型红外成像系统时冷像的分析显得很重要.通过分析红外光学系统中冷像形成的原因,根据辐射学原理分析各表面的冷像贡献,并建立了冷像等效温差(NITD)的数学模型.以该数学模型和动态数据交换接口(DDE)技术为基础,运用光学软件ZEMAX及仿真软件MATLAB进行联合仿真,实现了凝视型红外成像光学系统的冷像等效温差的计算和分析,并给出了焦平面阵列上冷像的效果图.实现了在凝视型红外成像系统光学设计过程中对冷像的评估.     

中波红外弹载共形光学系统研制

以优化系统整体性能为目的,针对弹载跟踪系统,设计了一种基于共形光学整流罩的红外光学系统。首先,根据载弹信息,通过数值仿真计算及相关验证风洞试验,得到共形整流罩外曲线;通过优化分析,得到整流罩内曲线。应用Wassermann-wolf方程,结合Zernike多项式像差分析方法,设计两片固定式校正片,用于校正共形整流罩带来的附加像差。选择F=2的制冷型中波红外探测器,设计折反式成像光学系统,通过ZEMAX软件优化共形光学整体系统,并进行了公差分析。共形光学系统焦距120 mm,冷阑效率100%,设计传函在各视场范围内均大于0.6,公差分析后,均大于0.4。通过成像测试试验,结果表明,共形光学系统成像质量良好,满足跟踪设备对光学成像系统的要求。     

可变冷光阑红外探测器研究进展和关键技术分析

为了进一步提高红外变焦光学系统的性能,兼顾其空间分辨率和灵敏度的要求,基于可变冷光阑技术的制冷型变F数红外探测器需求迫切。相较于传统的红外变焦光学系统,变F数红外变焦光学系统可在大视场和小视场切换时保持分辨率和灵敏度的平衡,提高光学系统的孔径利用率,进而缩小光学系统的径向尺寸,有利于红外光学系统成像质量的提升和小型化设计。本文对变F数与变焦之间的关系进行研究,概述了国内外在可变冷光阑红外探测器技术领域的研究进展,并对主流技术路线的关键技术难点进行了分析。     

滚仰式导引头红外光学系统设计

滚仰式红外光学系统由物镜前组、折转镜组和成像后组组成,其平台内框架俯仰范围可达到90,外框架可以实现360滚转,使光学系统观察视场覆盖整个前半球。光学系统实现了100%冷光阑效率。为适应较大的工作环境温度变化,对光学系统开展了被动无热化设计,给出了被动无热化实现的计算公式,并利用虚拟色差技术,快速确定了满足无热化条件的光学系统最优初始解。针对制冷型红外光学系统的冷反射效应,给出了冷反射诱导温差（NITD）的计算公式,并对敏感表面进行了优化控制。设计结果表明,光学系统焦距为58 mm,视场大小为4.0,F数为2.0,在-50~60℃工作温度范围内系统MTF值接近衍射极限,并对冷反射效应具有较好的抑制能力。经样机测试,光学系统成像清晰稳定,性能良好,满足设计及使用要求。     

用于高分辨率光谱仪的离轴三反射镜光学系统的设计

面对空间遥感,尤其在目标特性的精细化识别中,要求成像光谱仪具有高灵敏度、高光谱分辨率与高能量通过力等优点．在同轴三反射光学系统的基础上,采用视场离轴方式,设计了一个三镜无遮拦全反射光学系统．次镜和光阑重合,无中间像,实现了高分辨率、大视场、长焦距的要求．光学系统的基本参数为：焦距f’=1600mm,视场角为2w=18°×0．148°,相对孔径为1／10,3个反射面均为二次曲面．设计结果表明,成像质量接近衍射极限,用此方法设计的光学系统在航天遥感领域具有很好的应用前景．     

制冷型大面阵自由曲面离轴三反光学系统设计(特邀)EI北大核心CSCD

针对超大面阵红外遥感探测的需求,设计了一个基于自由曲面的超大矩形视场制冷型离三反光学系统。系统采用一个偶次非球面反射镜和两个自由曲面反射镜组成二次成像的结构,具有实出瞳并与冷光阑匹配,能够实现100%的冷光阑效率。与其他离轴三反系统相比,该系统最大特点在于其适配了4 k分辨率的大面阵红外探测器,具有视场大、无遮拦、成像质量好等技术特点。系统焦距为150 mm,工作波段为1.5~5μm,工作F数为5,视场为30°×25°。结构上,主镜采用偶次非球面,次镜和三镜采用XY多项式自由曲面,以校正大视场下的各种像差,系统在各个视场下调制传递函数在25 lp/mm处均大于0.4,满足大面阵红外探测器的成像质量要求。     

像方扫描机制的红外成像制导光学系统设计

提出了一种新型的像方扫描机制的红外成像制导光学系统设计构型。该扫描系统体积小、结构简单,具有大视场搜索和小视场分辨的特点。设计了一个红外光学系统实例,工作波段为3.7~4.8 μm,焦距为80 mm,扫描视场为±15°,瞬时视场为5°。系统全视场MTF在17 lp/mm处均大于0.5,点斑均方根直径小于30 μm,满足光学系统的成像要求。     

结合矢量像差理论的离轴三反红外光学系统设计

多谱段、大相对口径、大视场红外光学系统具有探测精度高、噪声低、能够以凝视方式获取大场景红外图像等优点,因此成为光学系统设计的一个重要研究方向。文中介绍了此类系统的一般设计思路,提出了一种结合矢量像差理论的离轴三反红外光学系统的设计方法,该方法能够大幅度提高系统的设计效率。给出了一个设计实例,其焦距值为90 mm,F数为3.0,视场角为20°×20°,能够在中波红外和长波红外两个波段清晰成像,并且在各个视场下的MTF都能够达到或者接近衍射极限,该设计实例验证了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks