稀疏植被地区气溶胶光学厚度反演

研究了稀疏植被地区地表反射率的精确确定方法,构建了精确确定稀疏植被地区地表反射率的地面光谱模型,实现了该类地区气溶胶光学厚度的卫星数据反演.分析表明,所构模型的地表反射率确定误差在0.015以内.通过对气溶胶光学厚度反演的不确定性分析,确定稀疏植被地区的气溶胶光学厚度的卫星反演误差在0.15以内,并使用MODIS数据反演了北京市区及周围地区的气溶胶光学厚度.用太阳分光光度计测量的气溶胶光学厚度对MODIS数据的气溶胶光学厚度反演结果进行了验证.     

气溶胶光学厚度的双角度多光谱反演方法研究

给出了利用角度和光谱两方面信息进行气溶胶光学厚度反演的方法,依据反演方法要求研制了机载双角度多光谱大气辐射计,并通过航空模拟实验验证了用其进行空间对地气溶胶光学厚度反演的可行性。实验结果显示,利用双角度和多光谱的方法,可以摆脱传统方法对地面反射率数据的依赖,在一般区域能够实现实时空间对地气溶胶光学厚度的反演,从而显示出了该方法在对卫里光学遥感数据校正和研究全球气溶胶对气候影响上的潜力。     

渤海海域上空大气衰减光学厚度的研究

利用太阳光度计和臭氧监测仪的测量数据,对渤海海域上空8月中下旬的大气衰减进行了分析,结果发现：对大气衰减贡献最大的是气溶胶散射,约占86％;从时间和空间上看,气溶胶的浑浊度因子α和Augstrom指数β的变化都很大。在所测量的海域和时间内,α主要分布范围为2～9,β的主要分布范围为-1．4～-1．2;由于α和β日变化较大,观测气溶胶的时间尺度不应大干1天。从海域位置上讲,黄河口附近海域的气溶胶散射光学厚度比其它海域都要大。以上研究结果对于有效地获取我国近岸二类水体海域上空的大气校正所需的资料具有重要意义。     

星载遥感器的可见和近红外波段的绝对定标

在洁净海洋上空,卫星遥感器在可我谱区中接收到的信号主要来自于大气分子 射,根据大气辐射传输机理利用观测海洋的方法,对星载遥感器的可见和近红外通道进行绝对辐射定标。为了克服大气气溶胶散射对辐射定标 影响,利用组合可见和近红外通道同时观测高亮云层和洁净海面对ＮＯＡＡ－１４ ＡＶＨＲＲ作出了精确的辐射定标。     

两种方法测量大气气溶胶折射率的对比分析

针对气溶胶折射率在分析大气气溶胶光学特性中的重要性,介绍两种综合利用黑碳仪、浊度计、光学粒子计数器和微脉冲激光雷达测量大气气溶胶折射率的新方法。两种方法都是根据球形粒子的Mie散射理论计算大气气溶胶的折射率,使用以上两种方法对厦门地区气溶胶折射率进行了计算和对比分析,证明了它们的合理性,分析了它们的测量精度和误差来源。     

沙尘和灰霾天气下毛乌素沙漠地区大气气溶胶的光学特征

利用AERONET榆林站点的数据比较分析了在沙尘和灰霾两种不同天气条件下毛乌素沙漠边缘地区大气气溶胶的光学和物理特性。分析的主要内容包括:气溶胶光学厚度、单次散射反照率、复折射指数、不对称因子、气溶胶粒子的粒度分布、Angstrom波长指数、体积浓度、气溶胶粒子半径等光学和物理参数。分析结果表明,榆林地区大气气溶胶光学特性主要是受到沙尘和人为气溶胶的共同影响。在沙尘天气和灰霾天气下,大气气溶胶的光学特性有显著的差异。     

沙尘和灰霾天气下毛乌素沙漠地区大气气溶胶的光学特征

利用AERONET榆林站点的数据比较分析了在沙尘和灰霾两种不同天气条件下毛乌素沙漠边缘地区大气气溶胶的光学和物理特性.分析的主要内容包括:气溶胶光学厚度、单次散射反照率、复折射指数、不对称因子、气溶胶粒子的粒度分布、Angstrom波长指数、体积浓度、气溶胶粒子半径等光学和物理参数.分析结果表明,榆林地区大气气溶胶光学特性主要是受到沙尘和人为气溶胶的共同影响.在沙尘天气和灰霾天气下,大气气溶胶的光学特性有显著的差异.     

空气动力学粒径的光学修正

针对空气动力学粒径和光学等效粒径之间存在的差异,本文提出对空气动力学粒径进行光学修正的方法.该方法根据黑碳仪(AE)、浊度计(IN)和光学粒子计数器(OPC)的测量结果,对气溶胶折射率进行反演,再利用反演的折射率结合黑碳仪和浊度计的测量结果对厦门地区空气动力学粒度仪(3321)测量的空气动力学粒径数据进行光学修正,与光学粒子计数器测量结果对比表明修正的结果是合理的.最后还对引起空气动力学粒径和光学等效粒径之间差异的原因进行了分析.     

考虑大气颗粒物对辐照度影响的光伏功率预测

太阳辐射强度受大气颗粒物浓度影响显著,对光伏发电功率预测准确度的影响不容忽视。为提高太阳辐射强度以及光伏发电功率预测准确度,通过K-means算法对大颗粒物浓度以及相对湿度历史数据进行聚类,基于聚类数据利用径向基神经网络分别建立大气气溶胶光学厚度预测模型;在预测的大气气溶胶光学厚度基础上,结合双波段太阳辐射大气传输模型与倾斜面辐射模型,预测光伏电池板面接收到的太阳辐射强度;最后利用气温和预测光伏电池板面接收到的太阳辐射强度,结合光电转换模型实现光伏发电功率预测。通过实验验证,预测模型平均误差为6.07%,考虑大气颗粒物浓度对太阳辐射强度影响的光伏发电功率预测模型具有较高准确度。     

海洋二号卫星扫描辐射计海洋参数反演算法研究

针对海洋二号(HY-2)卫星扫描辐射计,利用辐射传射方程模拟,建立了海面温度、海面风速、大气水汽含量、大气液态水含量和雨率的反演算法,并利用扫描辐射计在轨数据对上述参数进行反演。经过对反演的海面温度和风速全球产品的真实性检验表明,算法合理可行,能够反演大气海洋参数,反演精度满足设计指标需求。目前,其他参数的反演产品的检验还在进行,而且反演算法还要根据对辐射计测量值定标的深入而进一步优化。     

Development and testing of a detection method for liquid chromatography based on aerosol charging

Aerosol-based detection methods for HPLC in which HPLC effluent is converted to an aerosol and detected optically have been employed in the past. This paper describes a new aerosol-based detection method for HPLC, which we name aerosol charge detection. This detection method also involves generation of an aerosol but with aerosol detection by charging aerosol particles and measuring the current from the charged particle flux. A commercial electrical aerosol size analyzer was used for the aerosol detection. The constructed detector was tested using flow injection analysis with water as the mobile phase, and the signal response was found to be linear for sodium sulfate over the concentration ranges of 0.2-100 microg mL(-1) using one of the nebulizers. Minimum mass and concentration detection limits using the more efficient nebulizer were estimated to be 0.2 ng and 10 ng mL(-1), respectively. Behavior for most of the other compounds tested was similar with some differences in sensitivity. Testing the detector using reversed phase HPLC for glucose gave a range of linear response and detection limits that were similar to the flow injection analysis studies. Under most HPLC conditions, the noise will primarily be a function of solvent impurities; however, the electrical aerosol size analyzer allows the removal of small charged particles to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.     

基于ELPI测量系统的撞击器分离特性曲线刻度

为对设计完成后的应用于气溶胶分级采样测量中的撞击器进行实验刻度,在分析原有单分散粒子刻度法的基础上,针对其存在的问题,建立基于电子低压碰撞器(ELPI)测量系统的混合源刻度方法;利用该方法对某撞击器的分离曲线进行刻度,并使用单分散粒子刻度法对其进行对照验证。结果表明,混合源刻度法的分离特性曲线拟合后判定系数R2为0.928 35,比单分散粒子刻度法的拟合曲线更好。     

Evaluation of the aerosol models for SeaWiFS and MODIS by AERONET data over open oceans

The operational atmospheric correction algorithm for Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) uses the predefined aerosol models to retrieve aerosol optical properties, and their accuracy depends on how well the aerosol models can represent the real aerosol optical properties. In this paper, we developed a method to evaluate the aerosol models (combined with the model selection methodology) by simulating the aerosol retrieval using the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data. Our method can evaluate the ability of aerosol models themselves, independent of the sensor performance. Two types of aerosol models for SeaWiFS and MODIS operational atmospheric correction algorithms are evaluated over global open oceans, namely the GW1994 models and Ahmad2010 models. The results show that GW1994 models significantly overestimate the aerosol optical thicknesses and underestimate the ?ngstr?m exponent, which is caused by the underestimation of the scattering phase function. However, Ahmad2010 models can significantly reduce the overestimation of the aerosol optical thickness and the underestimation of the ?ngstr?m exponent as a whole, but this improvement depends on the backscattering angle. Ahmad2010 models have a significant improvement in the retrieval of the aerosol optical thickness at a backscattering angle less than 140°. For a backscattering angle larger than 140°, GW1994 models are better at retrieving the aerosol optical thickness than the Ahmad2010 models.     

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for ambient air particulate monitoring: correlation of total and speciated aerosol particle counts

A statistical analysis of ambient air particle monitoring, namely PM2.5, is presented to elucidate the correlations between laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)-based speciated aerosol monitoring and non-speciated aerosol monitoring (i.e., total particle counts). LIBS was used in a real-time, conditional-processing mode to identify individual aerosol particles containing detectable quantities of either calcium or sodium, as based on the resulting atomic emission signals. Using this technique, real-time measurements of speciated aerosol particle concentrations and analyte mass concentrations were evaluated for a total of 60 1-hour sampling periods spread over a 5-week period. For each 1-hour sampling period, total aerosol counts were simultaneously monitored using a commercial light scattering-based instrument. Over the 30 sampling periods, aerosol counts (both total and LIBS-based) were found to vary by more than one order of magnitude. For aerosol particles in the 500 nm to 2.5 microm size range, significant correlations were found between the two sampling methods, resulting in correlation coefficients (r2) ranging from 0.22 to 0.93. In addition, transient fluctuations in aerosol counts on a timescale of 5 to 10 minutes were successfully observed simultaneously with the two monitoring techniques, thereby demonstrating the temporal resolution of LIBS.     

Aerosol retrievals over the ocean by use of channels 1 and 2 AVHRR data: sensitivity analysis and preliminary results

We outline the methodology of interpreting channels 1 and 2 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) radiance data over the oceans and describe a detailed analysis of the sensitivity of monthly averages of retrieved aerosol parameters to the assumptions made in different retrieval algorithms. The analysis is based on using real AVHRR data and exploiting accurate numerical techniques for computing single and multiple scattering and spectral absorption of light in the vertically inhomogeneous atmosphere-ocean system. We show that two-channel algorithms can be expected to provide significantly more accurate and less biased retrievals of the aerosol optical thickness than one-channel algorithms and that imperfect cloud screening and calibration uncertainties are by far the largest sources of errors in the retrieved aerosol parameters. Both underestimating and overestimating aerosol absorption as well as the potentially strong variability of the real part of the aerosol refractive index may lead to regional and/or seasonal biases in optical-thickness retrievals. The Angstr?m exponent appears to be the aerosol size characteristic that is least sensitive to the choice of aerosol model and should be retrieved along with optical thickness as the second aerosol parameter.     

Identification of organic acids in secondary organic aerosol and the corresponding gas phase from chamber experiments

Organic acids in the gas and aerosol phase from photooxidation of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene in the presence of 300 ppb propene and 300 ppb NOx in smog chamber experiments were determined using a wet effluent diffusion denuder/aerosol collector coupled to ion chromatography (IC) with conductivity detection. Behind the IC, the samples were collected using a fraction collector, for identification of unresolved/unidentified organic acids with IC-mass spectrometry (MS). In total, 20 organic acids were found with MS of which 10 were identified. The organic acids identified offline by IC-MS were then further quantified based on the online IC data. The identification was additionally confirmed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. At the maximum aerosol concentration, organic acids comprised 20-45% of the total aerosol mass. The method has a detection limit of 10-100 ng/m3 for the identified carboxylic acids.     

Atmospheric correction over case 2 waters with an iterative fitting algorithm: relative humidity effects

In algorithms for the atmospheric correction of visible and near-IR satellite observations of the Earth's surface, it is generally assumed that the spectral variation of aerosol optical depth is characterized by an Angstr?m power law or similar dependence. In an iterative fitting algorithm for atmospheric correction of ocean color imagery over case 2 waters, this assumption leads to an inability to retrieve the aerosol type and to the attribution to aerosol spectral variations of spectral effects actually caused by the water contents. An improvement to this algorithm is described in which the spectral variation of optical depth is calculated as a function of aerosol type and relative humidity, and an attempt is made to retrieve the relative humidity in addition to aerosol type. The aerosol is treated as a mixture of aerosol components (e.g., soot), rather than of aerosol types (e.g., urban). We demonstrate the improvement over the previous method by using simulated case 1 and case 2 sea-viewing wide field-of-view sensor data, although the retrieval of relative humidity was not successful.     

Remote sensing of ocean color and aerosol properties: resolving the issue of aerosol absorption

Current atmospheric correction and aerosol retrieval algorithms for ocean color sensors use measurements of the top-of-the-atmosphere reflectance in the near infrared, where the contribution from the ocean is known for case 1 waters, to assess the aerosol optical properties. Such measurements are incapable of distinguishing between weakly and strongly absorbing aerosols, and the atmospheric correction and aerosol retrieval algorithms fail if the incorrect absorption properties of the aerosol are assumed. We present an algorithm that appears promising for the retrieval of in-water biophysical properties and aerosol optical properties in atmospheres containing both weakly and strongly absorbing aerosols. By using the entire spectrum available to most ocean color instruments (412-865 nm), we simultaneously recover the ocean's bio-optical properties and a set of aerosol models that best describes the aerosol optical properties. The algorithm is applied to simulated situations that are likely to occur off the U.S. East Coast in summer when the aerosols could be of the locally generated weakly absorbing Maritime type or of the pollution-generated strongly absorbing urban-type transported over the ocean by the winds. The simulations show that the algorithm behaves well in an atmosphere with either weakly or strongly absorbing aerosol. The algorithm successfully identifies absorbing aerosols and provides close values for the aerosol optical thickness. It also provides excellent retrievals of the ocean bio-optical properties. The algorithm uses a bio-optical model of case 1 waters and a set of aerosol models for its operation. The relevant parameters of both the ocean and atmosphere are systematically varied to find the best (in a rms sense) fit to the measured top-of-the-atmosphere spectral reflectance. Examples are provided that show the algorithm's performance in the presence of errors, e.g., error in the contribution from whitecaps and error in radiometric calibration.     

Case study of modeled aerosol optical properties during the SAFARI 2000 campaign

We present modeled aerosol optical properties (single scattering albedo, asymmetry parameter, and lidar ratio) in two layers with different aerosol loadings and particle sizes, observed during the Southern African Regional Science Initiative 2,000 (SAFARI 2,000) campaign. The optical properties were calculated from aerosol size distributions retrieved from aerosol layer optical thickness spectra, measured using the NASA Ames airborne tracking 14-channel sunphotometer (AATS-14) and the refractive index based on the available information on aerosol chemical composition. The study focuses on sensitivity of modeled optical properties in the 0.3-1.5 microm wavelength range to assumptions regarding the mixing scenario. We considered two models for the mixture of absorbing and nonabsorbing aerosol components commonly used to model optical properties of biomass burning aerosol: a layered sphere with absorbing core and nonabsorbing shell and the Maxwell-Garnett effective medium model. In addition, comparisons of modeled optical properties with the measurements are discussed. We also estimated the radiative effect of the difference in aerosol absorption implied by the large difference between the single scattering albedo values (approximately 0.1 at midvisible wavelengths) obtained from different measurement methods for the case with a high amount of biomass burning particles. For that purpose, the volume fraction of black carbon was varied to obtain a range of single scattering albedo values (0.81-0.91 at lambda=0.50 microm). The difference in absorption resulted in a significant difference in the instantaneous radiative forcing at the surface and the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and can result in a change of the sign of the aerosol forcing at TOA from negative to positive.     

大气气溶胶对混合相对流云影响的模拟研究

利用二维面对称分档云模式,讨论了气溶胶类型及浓度对混合相对流云及其降水的影响。结果表明:海洋性气溶胶谱分布在一定程度上更有利于降水的形成,随着气溶胶浓度的增加,尤其是在污染大陆性云中,暖云和冷云降水量均大幅减少。海洋性云中的大粒子和较高的过饱和度,加速了暖雨的碰撞过程和冰粒子的凝华增长;初始气溶胶浓度的增加最显著的效应是云滴数浓度和云水含量增加,云滴有效半径减小,云滴的冷却蒸发抑制对流的发展。