采样间隔对分布光度计测量LED总光通量的影响

利用计算机仿真LED单管球面空间各点照度值的方法,模拟了分布光度计标定4种典型LED单管总光通量值的过程,利用计算结果分析了分布光度计测量所采用的不同采样间隔对标定结果的系统误差。这4种LED单管的光强分布曲线分别为准朗伯、长茄形、双翼形和窄光束,涉及轴对称或非轴对称光强分布。计算结果显示,对于常见的LED单管光源,利用分布光度计采用2°等间隔法,在球带份数m值大于12的情况下,采样间隔选择所带来的系统偏差可控制在0.3%以内。     

直接亮度法测量逆反射亮度系数的研究

采用直接亮度法针对逆反射亮度系数测量展开研究。搭建了测试系统,以逆反射标志为测试对象进行了实验测试,并将直接亮度法与直接发光强度法进行了对比。实验结果表明,直接亮度法在暗室杂散光要求、测试对象、测试距离以及结果的准确度等方面均比直接发光强度法有明显优势,而且测试过程简单,结果不确定度为3.27%(k=1.96)。     

Photometry and colorimetry of reference LEDs by using a compact goniophotometer

In the development, production control, quality assurance and during the selection of appropriate LEDs for very different applications, it is essential to know their photometric and colorimetric quantities very precisely. The calibration of the measuring devices required for this purpose is performed via LED transfer standards. These LED standards transfer photometric, spectroradiometric and colorimetric units and characteristics, from the National Metrology Institute (NMI) to the user. Finally, LED standards serve as references for the user. Usually a set of LED reference standards consists of at least four different LED colours (blue, green, red and white), sometimes even more. Further more it is very often necessary to have more than only one set of reference standards as a backup. This generally causes a large number of calibrations. To handle this work load, a special reference standard and a compact goniophotometer prove to be a considerable advantage. PTB developed a special LED transfer standard which operates under controlled conditions: a controlled LED chip temperature and a controlled chip current help to keep the photometric and colorimetric properties constant. On the other hand, a compact goniophotometer was designed to measure luminous flux, luminous intensity and colorimetric quantities of LED transfer standards in a relatively short time with low measurement uncertainties.     

逆反射测量标准装置的测量不确定度评定

通过对逆反射测量标准装置的测量原理和测量过程的研究,建立标准装置测量发光强度系数和逆反射系数时的数学模型,对两个模型中影响测量结果的分量进行了分析,得到了标准装置测量不确定度的主要来源和分布特征。采用标准不确定度评定方法对各不确定度分量进行了评定,进而利用各分量合成和扩展标准装置的测量不确定度。评定结果表明在不同的值区间范围内,逆反射测量标准装置的测量不确定度为4.0%或4.3%。     

Influence of Non-ideal Blackbody Radiator Emissivity and a Method for its Correction

Demands for accurate temperature measurement and calibration are increasing along with the wider use of radiation thermometry in industry. However, the deviation of a ‘blackbody’ radiator emissivity from the emissivity of an ideal blackbody remains one of the main uncertainty contributions in the calibration of radiation thermometers, although the performance of blackbody radiators has been continually improving. Nevertheless, the influence of this deviation was often ignored due to the complexity of the correction. In this paper, general methods to evaluate the influence of the emissivity deviation of a blackbody radiator from unity for typical radiation thermometer models are described. An approximate practical method for wide-band radiation thermometers is proposed. Moreover, the concept of equivalent wavelength and the corresponding calculation method are introduced to simplify the mathematical model. The calculation result and a mathematical expression for the equivalent wavelength applicable to most popular radiation thermometers with a spectral range of 8–14 μm are given. The analysis and calculation show that the influence of blackbody radiator emissivity on longer working-wavelength radiation thermometer calibrations at mid or high temperatures cannot be ignored.     

380~780 nm总光谱辐射通量量值导出及不确定度评定

叙述了光源380~780 nm总光谱辐射通量量值导出的基本原理。该量值基于测量灯的总光通量及用变角辐射计测量灯的光谱辐射强度相对分布,溯源至总光通量国家基准和高温黑体光谱辐射照度国家基准。总光谱辐射通量量值导出的不确定度主要影响因素包括总光通量、光谱辐射标准灯、光谱辐射计自身特性、变角辐射计(机械部分)和测量系统重复性,扩展不确定度U=3.3%~1.6%, k=2。     

Contemporary State of Providing Uniformity of Luminous Quantity Measurements

The article is devoted to the state primary standard of the luminous intensity unit (candela) and luminous flux unit (lumen) of continuous and pulsed radiation GET 5-03 created at VNIIOFI and also the contemporary state of providing uniformity of light quantity measurements based on a new edition of the state verification scheme GOST 8.023-2003. __________ Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 11, pp. 34–37, November, 2005.     

杂光对微光物镜系统中心分辨率的影响与分析

当微光物镜系统中产生杂散光后，将会降低物像的对比度，从而使系统分辨率降低、像质变坏。本文将从理论上加以分析，将杂光系数这一因子，引入于以A·ROSE理论为基础建立的探测方程式之中，并就荣光系数对系统分辨率的影响作了估算，再对有关资料数据进行分析处理，以期使理论与实际结合起来说明问题。     

Role of error in spectral measurements in the photometry of thermal and quasimonochromatic radiation

A metrological analysis of the influence of errors in spectral measurements on the error of light calibrations of thermal and quasimonochromatic radiation sources and photometers is presented. It is shown that quasimonochromatic light-emitting diodes, rather than thermal filament lamps, should be used as primary sources in order to maintain low errors in the measurement of the luminous quantities of quasimonochromatic radiation. Translated from Izmeritel'yana Tekhnika. No. 9, pp. 9–14, September, 1998.     

Optimization of near-infrared spectroscopic process monitoring at low signal-to-noise ratio

An approach for the optimization of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic process monitoring at low signal-to-noise ratio is presented. It compromises the combined adjustment of different measurement variables and data pretreatments considering the prediction error, economic aspects of the application, and process constraints. The integration time, light intensity, and number of averaged spectra were varied; their mutual influence on the prediction error of partial least squares (PLS) models (i.e., root-mean-square error of cross-validation (RMSECV)) was evaluated in the laboratory. At low signal levels, the spectral uncertainty had a strong impact on the prediction error. It leveled off with increasing values of all three parameters and was finally dominated by other sources of uncertainty. The experimental findings could be characterized and explained by a mathematical equation, which was deduced from theoretical principles. The knowledge about the interaction of the measurement variables allowed their combined adjustment resulting in a reduced impact of spectral uncertainty on the prediction error (i.e., root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP)) without additional costs or process modifications. Moreover, a convenient procedure to compensate the stray light caused by strongly absorbing windows was developed. The whole approach was successfully applied to a challenging process, namely, the NIR inline monitoring of the liquid content of two model substances in a rotating suspension dryer.     

Determination of the error in measurements of thermophysical characteristics of heat-insulating materials

A method of combined determination of thermophysical characteristics (TPC) of heat-insulating materials that is based on solving the inverse heat-conduction problem is discussed. The influence of the parameters of the calculation algorithm and the uncertainty in specifying the parameters of the measuring device on the TPC measurement error is analyzed. It is shown that the measurement error considerably exceeds the scatter of the results of repeated measurements of the same sample without disassembling the measuring device. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 106–111, January–February, 1998.     

Direct comparison between the NIST 10 V Compact Josephson Voltage Standard and the 2.5 V Programmable Josephson Voltage Standard

The NIST 10 V Compact Josephson Voltage Standard (CJVS) and 2.5 V Programmable Josephson Voltage Standard (PJVS) were directly compared at 1.018 V and 2.511 V in February 2007. The difference between the two systems at 1.018 V (CJVS — PJVS) was −0.09 nV with an expanded uncertainty of 4.72 nV or a relative uncertainty of 4.64×10⁻⁹ at the 95 % confidence level where as the difference between the two systems at 2.511 V was 0.00 nV with an expanded uncertainty of 4.04 nV or a relative uncertainty of 1.61×10⁻⁹ at the 95 % confidence level. These intercomparison results demonstrated the satisfactory performance of the CJVS system handling minor trapped flux in the array and the effectiveness of the “NISTVolt software” to manage step jumps in the measurements.     

医用内窥镜光能传递效率的评价方法

建立医用硬性内窥镜光能传递效率的评价方法.通过影响光能传递效率的原因分析并结合光能传递效率的实际应用意义,提出了有效光度率定义和表达式,以表示医用硬性内窥镜的光能传递效率.运用光度学原理导出有效光度率测量的应用公式,并通过对相关的模拟视场面与光度量关系的理论推导,得出有效光度率测量的应用公式与模拟视场形状无关的结果,并进一步采用几个典型视场面下的实际测量,验证了该应用公式的通用性.此方法可用于医用硬性内窥镜光能传递效率的评价,便于实际测量应用.     

Calibration of the Irradiance Responsivity of a Filter Radiometer for T Measurement at NIM

At the National Institute of Metrology of China (NIM), silicon photodiode-based narrow-band interference filter radiometers (FRs) have been designed for the radiometric determination of the thermodynamic temperature. The FR calibrations were performed on a new spectral comparator with a trap detector which was calibrated against the cryogenic radiometer at several discrete laser lines. The new spectral comparator is constructed from two grating monochromators assembled to give lower stray light and higher transmitted flux. Applying a transmittance measurement of the filter in the out-of-band region and careful control of the temperature, the irradiance responsivity of a 633 nm centered FR has been obtained over a dynamic range of nearly eight decades in the wavelength range from 450 nm to 1200 nm. The relative standard uncertainty of the responsivity is also analyzed and estimated to be less than 7 × 10^?4 at the 1 ?? level.     

Measurement of the extinction of sputtered TiO2 films

In this paper a method for separate measurement of the extinction of optical thin films is presented. The method combines a laser calorimetric technique and a light-scattering goniophotometer. As an example, the spectral extinction properties of r.f. reactively sputtered TiO₂ films were measured. Under certain conditions absorption indices of 10^-5 or less can be achieved. Thus light scattering, rather than absorption, is the dominant optical loss mechanism in sputtered TiO₂ films.     

A Steady-State Apparatus to Measure the Thermal Conductivity of Solids

This paper presents a steady-state apparatus to measure the thermal conductivity of solids based on the use of heat flux sensors. The uncertainty assessment of the experimental apparatus is performed in accordance with the ISO “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement” (GUM): the combined standard uncertainty (k = 1) with reference to the properties of Pyrex Glass CRM 039 at 20°C is ±1.9%. The standard uncertainty has also been assessed in the measurement range from 0.1 to 10W · m⁻¹ · K⁻¹. The experimental apparatus has been used to measure the certified reference material Pyrex Glass CRM 039 in the temperature range from 3.1 to 60.3°C: the standard deviation (k = 1) between the experimental measurements and the certified values is ±1.1% with a maximum deviation of 2.4%. Reasonable agreement is found between the uncertainty assessment and the experimental validation.     

Nano Wave Plates Structuring and Index Matching in Transparent Hydroxyapatite-YAG: Ce Composite Ceramics for High Luminous Efficiency White Light-Emitting Diodes

Replacing traditional luminous silicone or resins with phosphor in ceramics (PiCs) as color converters has been proposed as an efficient way to improve thermal stability of high-power white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs). However, excessive light scattering in existing PiCs results in enormous phosphor-converted light losses, which makes the luminosity of current PiCs color converters less efficient and means that they can only be used in devices working in reflective mode. By introducing nano wave plate structuring and Rayleigh scattering, luminous hydroxyapatite (HA)-YAG: Ce ceramics are prepared from mesoporous HA nanorods and YAG: Ce phosphors at 850 °C, enabling for the first time WLEDs equipped with PiC color converters in transmission mode. With low-temperature sintering and a highly transparent matrix, the quantum yield of HA-YAG: Ce retains ≈90% of the raw phosphor, and WLEDs with the color converters exhibit a record luminous efficiency of 170 lm W⁻¹ and a correlated color temperature below 4500 K. A facile and practical strategy of using nano structural modulation to eliminate birefringence-induced light scattering for fabricating high-performance ceramic converters suitable for multiple mode luminaires is demonstrated.     

测量不确定度在链条疲劳性能试验中的应用

测量不确定度的大小决定了测试结果的可信程度。对于不同产品和测试方法，影响测量不确定度的因素以及不确定度的计算方法不同。本文作者首次在链条疲劳性能试验中引入了不确定度，通过大量的试验测试找出了影响不确定度的主要因素。在此基础上，推导出了计算链条疲劳性能不确定度的理论公式，给出了不确定度在报告中的表述方法，讨论了不确定度对测量结果的影响。