A hybrid signal pre-processing approach in processing ultrasonic signals with noise

Ultrasonic techniques have the potential to be used to detect sub-surface defects in aluminium castings. However, ultrasonic sensing techniques have not been successfully used to detect sub-surface defects in aluminium die castings with rough surfaces or in the ‘as-cast’ state due to the poor quality of signals. Ultrasonic signal noise caused by rough surfaces and grain size variations of the castings is difficult to eliminate. Hence, there is a need to process noisy ultrasonic signals to identify defects within the rough surface castings. This paper documents an investigation of ultrasonic signal analysis using artificial neural networks and hybrid signal pre-processing approaches for the purpose of detecting defects from noisy ultrasonic signals. In this investigation, ultrasonic signals were obtained from aluminium castings with different levels of surface roughness. The signals were first pre-processed using hybrid signal analysis techniques and then classified using an artificial neural network classifier. The hybrid pre-processing techniques utilised various combinations of fast Fourier transform (FFT), wavelet transform (WT) and principal component analysis. The best signal classification performance was generally achieved with a hybrid WT/FFT signal pre-processing technique.     

薄壁管道内部径向裂纹的检测

根据含内部径向裂纹圆环中周向导波的信息，采用Gabor连续小波变换进行分析，提取出任一点动态应变中某一频率分量上的信息。通过对回波信号的深入研究，可以由该测点的小波分析结果定量地检测出圆环内部径向裂纹的位置，并可以进一步判断损伤程度。文中提出的方法便于实际应用，有利于推广到工程实际薄壁管道构件内部损伤的检测。     

基于模态声发射和小波变换的薄板中导波传播特性的实验研究

基于小波变换和模态声发射理论。通过声发射实验的方法确定了薄板中导波传播的弥散特性。通过分析声发射信号的Gabor小波变换幅度在时频空间分布特点，确定某一频率下某一模态导波到达传感器的时间，从而确定该频率下该模态导波的群速度，进而确定其弥散曲线。实验确定薄板弥散曲线与理论计算曲线较好吻合，证明小波变换是分析弥散波时频特性的有效工具。     

电触头钎焊接头超声检测信号的集成神经网络分类

研究电触头钎焊接头超声无损检测中的缺陷分类问题,提出了一种新的集成神经网络分类方法。该方法分四步：频率不变性预处理,多分辩分析,特征量预处理,集成 Ｂ Ｐ神经网络分类。使用不同中心频率探头检测得到的缺陷信号首先通过预处理变换到一个等效的参考频率上,然后利用离散小波变换提取特征量。特征量被预处理后,输入到集成 Ｂ Ｐ神经网络分类器中分类。本文用２１３ 个超声检测信号测试了集成神经网络的性能。实验结果表明了频率不变性技术和集成 Ｂ Ｐ神经网络分类技术的有效性。     

A fast multi-level decomposition algorithm for n-dimensional discrete Gabor transforms

Recently, joint spatial and spatial-frequency representations have been used in signal processing of non-stationary signals due to their natural local property and high joint resolution in both the spatial and spatial-frequency domain. However, a major obstacle to their implementation is their large computation requirements. This paper presents a fast n-dimensional Gabor transform and signal reconstruction algorithm employing multi-level parallel decomposition and fast Fourier transform techniques. The algorithm structure lends itself to implementation using VLSI/ASIC technology. Examples of two-dimensional Gabor transform and reconstruction performed on a AT computer demonstrate the substantial computational saving that can be achieved using the fast Gabor transform.     

HHT在Lamb波检测信号分析中的应用

将一种新的超声信号处理技术用于Lamb波波形中多个模式到达时间的提取。通过将希尔伯特-黄变换(Hilbert-Huang transform,简称HHT)与快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform,简称FFT)、小波变换(wavelettransform,简称WT)在时频分辨率方面的比较,表明HHT能够精确识别信号中两种频率分量突变的时刻,显示了HHT方法的优越性。将HHT方法的特性用于Lamb波模式到达时间的提取,从HHT的能量-时间图上可以看出,能量峰值时刻对应着各Lamb波模式的到达时间。试验结果与理论值具有较好的一致性。     

工程信号小波变换分析仪系统的研究

详细介绍小波变换信号分析仪的硬件设计与研制,通过若干应用实例说明小波变换信号分析仪对识别和处理脉冲信号,奇异信号和非平稳信号具有独特的功能,是目前最先进的信号分析仪系统。     

小波变换在超声成像检测中的应用

研究小波变换在粗晶材料超声成像检测中的应用,为了克服粗晶材料噪声对超声图像质量的影响,利用超声图像小波系数的统计特性,提出了一种自适应子带图像选择算法。该算法提高了基于小波变换的超声图像增强技术的实用性。实验结果表明,在粗晶材料超声成像 通过本算法处理能够得到高质量的超声检测图像。     

Fault diagnosis of rotating machinery based on improved wavelet package transform and SVMs ensemble

This paper presents a novel method for fault diagnosis based on an improved wavelet package transform (IWPT), a distance evaluation technique and the support vector machines (SVMs) ensemble. The method consists of three stages. Firstly, with investigating the feature of impact fault in vibration signals, a biorthogonal wavelet with impact property is constructed via lifting scheme, and the IWPT is carried out to extract salient frequency-band features from raw vibration signals. Then, the faulty features can be detected by envelope spectrum analysis of wavelet package coefficients of the most salient frequency band. Secondly, with the distance evaluation technique, the optimal features are selected from the statistical characteristics of raw signals and wavelet package coefficients, and the energy characteristics of decomposition frequency band. Finally, the optimal features are input into the SVMs ensemble with AdaBoost algorithm to identify the different abnormal cases. The proposed method is applied to the fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings, and testing results show that the SVMs ensemble can reliably separate different fault conditions and identify the severity of incipient faults, which has a better classification performance compared to the single SVMs.     

自适应改进双树复小波变换的齿轮箱故障诊断

针对双树复小波变换存在频率混叠以及参数需自定义的缺陷,提出自适应改进双树复小波变换的齿轮箱故障诊断方法。首先,利用双树复小波变换将信号进行分解和单支重构,采用粒子群算法将分解后分量峭度值作为适应度函数,选择双树复小波的最优分解层数;其次,对重构出的低频信号进行频谱分析提取故障特征,将单支重构后的各高频分量进行变分模态分解,通过峭度值获得各高频分量经变分模态分解后的主频率分量信号;最后,分析各主频率分量信号的频谱,识别齿轮箱的故障特征。结果表明,该方法与双树复小波变换和变分模态分解相比,不仅消除了频率混叠现象,提高了信噪比和频带选择的正确性,而且还提高了从强噪声环境中提取瞬态冲击特征的能力。     

超声无损检测中的缺陷识别与噪声抑制

在传统的小波信号处理器基础上,根据解析小波变换能准确提取信号相位的特性,利用超声检测信号的相位信息,提出一种新的多缺陷识别与噪声抑制算法。该算法充分运用超声信号的时域、频率和相位信息,能检测多个具有不同频谱特性的缺陷。实验结果表明该算法不仅消噪性能好,而且提高了缺陷的纵向分辨率。     

Time–frequency analysis for bearing fault diagnosis using multiple Q-factor Gabor wavelets

Rolling element bearings are key and also vulnerable machine elements in rotating machinery. Fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings is significant for guaranteeing machinery safety and functionality. To accurately extract bearing diagnostic information, a time–frequency analysis method based on continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and multiple Q-factor Gabor wavelets (MQGWs) (termed CMQGWT) is introduced in this paper. In the CMQGWT method, Gabor wavelets with multiple Q-factors are adopted and sets of the continuous wavelet coefficients for each Q-factor are combined to generate time–frequency map. By this way, the resolution of the CWT time–frequency map can be greatly increased and the diagnostic information can be accurately identified. Numerical simulation is carried out and verified the effectiveness of the proposed method. Case studies and comparisons with the continuous Morlet wavelet transform (CMWT) and the tunable Q-factor wavelet transform (TQWT) demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the CMQGWT for bearing diagnostic information extraction and fault identification.     

理想数字滤波器的谐波小波逼近模型与设计方法

分析谐波小波的频域特征和滤波特性,研究理想数字滤波器的谐波小波逼近模型与实现方法。利用谐波小波在频域具有良好的紧支特性和盒形特性,建立理想数字滤波器的小波逼近模型。通过谐波小波变换,实现逼近滤波器的带宽和中心频率的可调。该逼近滤波器的幅频特性已逼近理想数字滤波器的幅频特性,且具有零相移特性,并通过傅里叶变换实现其快速算法。通过算例和工程应用实例验证,该方法能有效地滤除噪声信号,具有算法简捷、快速等特点,能对实测信号进行实时滤波。     

超声检测信号时频邻域自适应消噪技术

分析超声检测回波信号中噪声的组成和特性.考虑缺陷信号和噪声分量的分布差异,提出一种基于小波包变换时频邻域统计特征的自适应消噪方法.该方法根据噪声水平和邻域数据的方差,自动调节邻域数据对中心点值的平滑处理强度,从而达到自适应消噪目的.由于不存在参考信号和参数选择的问题,该方法稳健性好.仿真和实测信号的试验结果表明:该方法能有效提高信号的信噪比以及不同类型缺陷信号之间的可区分性,并抑制波形失真和信号的能量衰减.     

利用子波变换模拟人眼视觉信息提取过程的研究

提出了利用ＤＯＧ函数作为子波基函数,模拟人眼视觉信息提取过程。同时对普遍认为的视觉系统中存在着多个离散频率通道的观点提出了质疑,并提出了基于子波变换理论,具有反馈环节的中心频率和频带宽度可调的视觉信息提取通道模型。在文中讨论了这一模型的特点和潜在的应用前景。     

RESEARCH OF WAVELET TRANSFORM INSTRUMENT SYSTEM FOR SIGNAL ANALYSIS

0INTRODUCTIONSincethecoddleofthe1970's,abatchOfcompanieslikeHPinU.S.A.havedevelopedvariousdynamicsignalanalyzersbasedonFrsandhavebeenusedinavarietyofsignalmeasurementsandanalysissuchasstmcturalmodelanalysis,statemonitoringandfaultsdiagnosisofeqUipmentandnoiserealtimeoctaveanalysisetc,thisresultsinbigprogressofdynamicsignalanalysis.However,theFFTdefinedbyRiemafmintegTationisonlyabletoanalyzestaystatistical(smooth)signalsbutinefficienttonon-staystatistical(non-smooth)signalswhicharealso…     

基于自适应最优Morlet小波的滚动轴承故障诊断

滚动轴承早期故障信号中故障信息比较微弱常常被强噪声所掩盖,增加了对滚动轴承故障诊断的难度。针对这一问题,笔者提出了基于自适应最优Morlet小波变换的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先,利用粒子群优化算法对Morlet小波变换的核心参数进行自适应寻优,在获得最优Morlet小波的同时保证了良好的带通滤波性能;然后,将最优Morlet小波对滚动轴承早期故障信号进行滤波去噪,提高信号的信噪比;最后,对最优Morlet小波滤波信号进行包络谱分析,通过包络谱中的主导频率成分与滚动轴承各元件的故障特征频率对比从而判断轴承的故障位置。仿真数据和实测数据分析结果证明,笔者所提方法能够有效提取故障信号中的特征信息,具有一定的有效性。     

Bearing fault diagnosis using FFT of intrinsic mode functions in Hilbert–Huang transform

A number of techniques for detection of faults in rolling element bearing using frequency domain approach exist today. For analysing non-stationary signals arising out of defective rolling element bearings, use of conventional discrete Fourier transform (DFT) has been known to be less efficient. One of the most suited time–frequency approach, wavelet transform (WT) has inherent problems of large computational time and fixed-scale frequency resolution. In view of such constraints, the Hilbert–Huang Transform (HHT) technique provides multi-resolution in various frequency scales and takes the signal's frequency content and their variation into consideration. HHT analyses the vibration signal using intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), which are extracted using the process of empirical mode decomposition (EMD). However, use of Hilbert transform (HT)-based time domain approach in HHT for analysis of bearing vibration signature leads to scope for subjective error in calculation of characteristic defect frequencies (CDF) of the rolling element bearings. The time resolution significantly affects the calculation of corresponding frequency content of the signal. In the present work, FFT of IMFs from HHT process has been incorporated to utilise efficiency of HT in frequency domain. The comparative analysis presented in this paper indicates the effectiveness of using frequency domain approach in HHT and its efficiency as one of the best-suited techniques for bearing fault diagnosis (BFD).     

A new technique based on traditional wavelet transform used in NVH application of internal combustion engine

The sound and vibration signal of internal combustion engine (ICE) is typically unsteady and very complex. Recently the wavelet transform, we see, is being widely used as a time–frequency representation. A new technique that is based on traditional wavelet transform and has many advantages over traditional spectrograms is proposed in this study. The performance of the new technique is validated by applying it to a numerical simulation and test signals. It is shown that the new technique is suited for complicated signals that contain multiple impacts and/or dynamic changes in time and frequency domain.     

An investigation into diesel engine air-borne acoustics using continuous wavelet transform

The emitted acoustic signals from diesel engines carry useful indicators about their operating conditions and health status. Unfortunately, those signals are very complex, contain numerous numbers of sources and corrupted by subnational amount of noise. This makes it difficult to extract those condition indicators via the use of conventional time and frequency domain analysis techniques. This paper studies the characteristics of diesel engine air-borne acoustic signals using time-frequency domain techniques. One analysis technique is investigated; continuous wavelet transform (CWT). First, some of the mathematical background of the CWT is reviewed. Second, the detection capabilities of this technique are evaluated using air-borne acoustic signals collected from diesel engine in acoustically untreated laboratory. Consequently, some engine operating conditions and faults are investigated using the CWT techniques. The achieved results prove the technique’s sensitivity to engine speed and load variations. More important the CWT shows excellent capabilities in detecting engine’s injection process and lubrication related faults at early stages.