Bioavailability of Calcium Citrate Malate Added to Microbial Phytase-Treated, Hydrothermally Cooked Soymilk

Effects of microbial phytase on bioavailability of calcium added to corn/soy diets were investigated in chickens. No effect (P > 0.17) of phytase was found for weight gain, feed intake, tibia/body weight, ash%, and ash Ca% when calcium citrate malate (CCM) was added to corn/soybean meal and corn/hydrothermally cooked (HTC) soymilk diets. Using calcium carbonate in corn/HTC soymilk diets, means for weight gain, feed intake, tibia/body weight, and ash% were less (P < 0.05) without phytase. We hypothesize that CCM is less amenable to the formation of calcium phytate complexes than are other calcium salts and, therefore, should be more effective for fortification of soymilk products.     

西藏灵菇中产胞外多糖嗜热链球菌的分离筛选及其发酵性能测定

从西藏灵菇中分离筛选、鉴定高产胞外多糖的乳酸菌菌株,并对其发酵性能和流变学参数进行测试。筛选的9株菌,菌种鉴定结果均为嗜热链球菌,其中菌株KC1、KC2、KC6、KC17产胞外多糖,菌株KC5、KC7、KC15、KC16、KC22不产胞外多糖。产胞外多糖菌株发酵乳发酵性能、黏度和黏附性指标均明显高于不产胞外多糖的嗜热链球菌,进一步证实了嗜热链球菌产生的胞外多糖可以赋予发酵乳良好的质地。     

应用高效液相色谱快速测定奶粉中的乳糖,蔗糖,葡萄糖

讨论了应用高效液相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ）对奶粉及调制奶粉中的乳糖,蔗糖,葡萄糖的一种快速测定方法。样品经简单的前处理后由Ｃａｒｂｏｈｙｄｒａｔｅ Ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ柱分离,流动相为乙腈／水,示差折光检测,奶粉中乳糖,蔗糖,葡萄糖完全分离并定量测定。方法简便,快速,结果令人满意。     

离子色谱法测定奶粉中的葡萄糖、蔗糖和乳糖

建立高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培检测法测定奶粉中葡萄糖、蔗糖和乳糖的方法。以METROSEP CARB 1(150mm×4.0mm)阴离子交换柱为分离柱,脉冲安培检测,37mmol/L NaOH溶液为淋洗液,以柠檬酸作为蛋白质沉淀剂。葡萄糖、蔗糖和乳糖的线性范围分别为1～40、1～50、1～50mg/L,相关系数分别0.9966、0.9968、0.9985,检出限分别为0.014、0.091、0.083mg/L,精密度为1.10%～4.96%,回收率为90.13%～104.83%。该方法分析时间短,前处理简单,适用于快速测定奶粉中的葡萄糖、蔗糖和乳糖。     

A Study of the Physico-chemical Behavior of Diacetyl in Hydroalcoholic Solution With and Without Added Catechin and Wood Extract

The interactions of diacetyl and ethanol in model solutions were studied in order to improve understanding of the changes in flavor perception that occur during both alcoholic beverage processing and consumption. A gradual reduction was demonstrated in the activity and partition coefficients of diacetyl as the ethanol concentration in aqueous solutions increased. From a sensory point of view, this fact would be expected to cause an increase in the diacetyl sensory thresholds. The expected diacetyl sensory thresholds were calculated based on experimental determination of the diacetyl vapor pressure in ethanol-water solutions at different ethanol concentrations. These sensory thresholds were not measured but merely obtained by theoretical interpolations. No significant variations in the activity coefficients of diacetyl were observed in the presence of catechin. Conversely, the dissolution of wood extract at 40% ethanol caused a significant decrease in diacetyl vapor pressure. The addition of catechin and wood extract to 40% ethanol-water solution contributed to the interactions of ethanol and water measured by DSC analysis.     

Innovative Soaking and Grinding Methods and Cooking Affect the Retention of Isoflavones,Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Properties in Soymilk Prepared from Black Soybean

This study's objective was to characterize the effect of traditional and 3 newly devised (soaking+grinding) methods combined with cooking on the content and composition of phenolic substances, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties of soymilk prepared from black soybean. Phenolic substances and antioxidant profile were characterized and antiproliferation of prostate cancer DU145 cells was conducted using a cell culture assay. Results indicated Grinding Method 4 produced significantly (P < 0.05) higher total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), condensed tannin content (CTC), and total isoflavone content in both raw and cooked black soymilk as compared to Method 1. Cooking soymilk reduced 23% to 38% of total phenolic substances. Raw black soymilk produced by Method 4 displayed the highest antioxidant capability, which was determined using ORAC, FRAP, and DPPH assays, and a higher antiprostate cell proliferation ability. Cooking only slightly reduced the potency to inhibit DU145 prostate cancer cells as IC₅₀ value was increased from the average of about 4.0 mg/mL of raw soymilk extracts to 5.5 mg/mL of cooked soymilk extracts of all grinding methods. Overall, total isoflavone content was the only component that was negatively correlated with IC₅₀ value (r = –0.93, P < 0.05) which indicates the ability to inhibit prostate cancer cell is associated with the increase in total isoflavone content, not with any other phenolic substances or antioxidant properties.     

No Adverse Programming by Post‐Weaning Dietary Fructose of Body Weight,Adiposity, Glucose Tolerance,or Metabolic Flexibility

1 Scope

Metabolic programming can occur not only in the perinatal period, but also post‐weaning. This study aims to assess whether fructose, in comparison to glucose, in the post‐weaning diet programs body weight, adiposity, glucose tolerance, metabolic flexibility, and health at adult age.

2 Methods and results

Three‐week‐old male and female C57BL6/JRccHsd mice are given an intervention diet with 32 energy percent (en%) glucose or fructose for only 3 weeks. Next, all animals are switched to the same 40 en% high fat diet for 9 weeks. Neither body weight nor adiposity differs significantly between the animals fed with glucose or fructose diets at any point during the study in both sexes. Glucose tolerance in adulthood is not affected by the post‐weaning diet, nor are activity, energy expenditure, and metabolic flexibility, as measured by indirect calorimetry. At the end of the study, only in females fasting serum insulin levels and HOMA‐IR index are lower in post‐weaning fructose versus glucose diet (p = 0.02), without differences in pancreatic β‐cell mass.

3 Conclusions

Our present findings indicate no adverse programming of body weight, adiposity, glucose tolerance, and metabolic flexibility by dietary (solid) fructose in comparison to glucose in the post‐weaning diet in mice.     

Effect of treatment with α‐galactosidase,tannase or a cell‐wall‐degrading enzyme complex on the nutritive utilisation of protein and carbohydrates from pea (Pisum sativum L.) flour

The effect of treatment with α‐galactosidase, tannase or a cell‐wall‐degrading enzyme complex under optimal conditions of pH, temperature and length of incubation time on the chemical composition and nutritive utilisation of protein and carbohydrates from pea (Pisum sativum L.) flour was studied. Soaking of pea flours in combination with enzyme treatment led to reductions of 77–90% in the levels of α‐galactosides, and of 60–80% in the levels of trypsin inhibitor activity, increasing the content of total available sugars, which was highest in the pea flour treated with the cell‐wall‐degrading enzyme complex. All the treatments assayed caused a significant improvement in daily food intake, whereas the nutritive utilisation of protein was not increased in any of the pea products tested when compared to the raw pea flour. However, all the soaking and enzymatic treatments led to a significant improvement in daily weight gain associated with a higher dietary intake of food and total available sugars. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

西藏牦牛粪和乳源中益生菌的筛选与鉴定

采用钙透明圈法从西藏地区牦牛粪和乳源中分离、筛选益生菌,通过形态观察及分子生物学技术进行菌种鉴定,并对其生长特性、产酸能力、耐胆盐、酸、人工胃液能力及抑制大肠杆菌能力进行分析。结果表明,共分离、筛选出25株乳酸菌,经鉴定7株为益生菌,分别为1株植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）,2株鼠李糖乳杆菌（Lactobacillus rhamnosus）和4株副干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus paracaseium）。其中植物乳杆菌B2具有良好的生长优势、产酸能力（发酵终pH值在4左右）、耐酸（pH值为4）、耐胆盐（0.6%）、耐人工胃液能力（存活率为57.4%）,且抑制大肠杆菌效果较好（抑菌圈直径为22.0 mm）。     

Rapid Analysis of Glucose,Fructose, Sucrose,and Maltose in Honeys from Different Geographic Regions using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis

ABSTRACT: Quantitative analysis of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and maltose in different geographic origin honey samples in the world using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics such as partial least squares (PLS) and principal component regression was studied. The calibration series consisted of 45 standard mixtures, which were made up of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and maltose. There were distinct peak variations of all sugar mixtures in the spectral “fingerprint” region between 1500 and 800 cm⁻¹. The calibration model was successfully validated using 7 synthetic blend sets of sugars. The PLS 2nd-derivative model showed the highest degree of prediction accuracy with a highest R² value of 0.999. Along with the canonical variate analysis, the calibration model further validated by high-performance liquid chromatography measurements for commercial honey samples demonstrates that FTIR can qualitatively and quantitatively determine the presence of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and maltose in multiple regional honey samples.     

Structure,conformation and immunomodulatory activity of a polysaccharide from Morchella sextelata

Fungal polysaccharides are novel ingredients in functional foods with diverse medicinal properties. Here, a polysaccharide, MSP2-1, was isolated from Morchella sextelata fruiting bodies and purified using column chromatography. MSP2-1 (371.5 kDa) is a branched (1 → 4)-α-D-glucan with the O-6 or O-3 position occupied by α-D-Glcp. Light scattering analysis revealed that MSP2-1 has a spherical conformation in 0.9% NaCl solution; this was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy. Finally, MPS2-1 was found to promote proliferation, NO release and cytokine secretion in RAW264.7 cells through a mechanism involving Toll-like receptor 4. Collectively, these results highlight the potential application of MSP2-1 as an immunoenhancing compound for hypoimmunity.     

Production, purification and characterisation of polysaccharides from Pleurotus ostreatus with antitumour activity

BACKGROUND: Mushroom polysaccharides play an important role in functional foods because they exhibit biological modulator properties such as antitumour, antiviral and antibacterial activities. The present study involved the production, purification and characterisation of intracellular and extracellular free and protein‐bound polysaccharides from Pleurotus ostreatus and the investigation of their growth‐inhibitory effect on human carcinoma cell lines. RESULTS: Several fermentation parameters were obtained: batch polysaccharide productivities of 0.013 ± 8.12 × 10^?5 and 0.037 ± 0.0005 g L^?1 day^?1 for intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides respectively, a maximum biomass concentration of 9.35 ± 0.18 g L^?1, P_max = 0.935 ± 0.018 g L^?1 day^?1, µ_max = 0.218 ± 0.02 day^?1, Y_EP/X = 0.040 ± 0.0015 g g^?1 and Y_IP/X = 0.014 ± 0.0003 g g^?1. Some polysaccharides exhibited superoxide dismutase (SOD)‐like activity of 50‐200 units. Fourier transform infrared analysis of the polysaccharides revealed absorption bands characteristic of such biological macromolecules. Cytotoxicity assays showed that both intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides exhibited antitumour activity towards several tested human carcinoma cell lines in a dose‐dependent manner. CONCLUSION: The polysaccharides of P. ostreatus exhibited high SOD‐like activity, which strongly supports their biological effect on tumour cell lines. The extracellular polysaccharides presented the highest antitumour activity towards the RL95 carcinoma cell line and should be further investigated as an antitumour agent. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

云南牟定酸浆水中优势产酸菌的分离鉴定及生长特性

为挖掘自然发酵酸浆水中的优势核心产酸菌,分别从云南牟定两家腐乳生产企业自然发酵酸浆水中分离筛选到10 株产酸菌株,对其进行形态学观察、生理生化鉴定及16S rDNA测序分析,并对产酸较高的菌株进行生长性能分析。结果表明：云南牟定A公司生产腐乳的酸浆水中优势菌株分别为Lactobacillus fermentum（YQZ1）、Lactococcus raffinolactis（YQZ2）、Lactobacillus plantarum（YQZ3）、Enterococcus casseliflavus（YQZ4）、Microbacterium oxydans（YQZ5）;云南牟定B公司生产腐乳的酸浆水中优势菌株分别为Enterococcus faecium（XJZ1）、L. plantarum（XJZ2）、Lactobacillus paracasei（XJZ3）、Enterococcus hirae（XJZ4）、L. paracasei（XJZ5）。对分离到菌株的生长温度、生长曲线、产酸能力、耐酸能力、耐渗透压能力进行分析比较。XJZ4最适生长温度为32 ℃,其余菌株、自然菌群的最适生长温度均为37 ℃。菌株XJZ2生长速率最快,菌株YQZ1、XJZ2繁殖能力最强。菌株YQZ1、XJZ2产酸能力最强,有机酸累积量最多,48 h产酸量分别高达43.61、50.91 g/L。菌株YQZ3、YQZ5的耐酸性最强,菌株YQZ1、XJZ2耐酸性良好。菌株YQZ4在NaCl质量浓度为4 g/100 mL时仍能保持菌体浓度（OD600 nm）为1.53,其余菌株在NaCl质量浓度大于4 g/100 mL时生长受到明显抑制。菌株YQZ1、XJZ2具有较强的繁殖和产酸性能,用其混合菌种制备黄浆水,可缩短工艺周期、提升酸浆豆腐品质。     

Production of new antioxidant compound from mycosporine-like amino acid,porphyra-334 by heat treatment

In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant activity (diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-radical scavenging activity) of the low-molecular weight fraction of water-soluble Susabinori (Porphyra yezoensis) extract (LMF). DPPH-radical scavenging activity of LMF (65.5 μmol-Trolox eq/ml) was enhanced at temperatures over 100 °C (1.4, 2.0 and 2.4 times higher at 100, 110 and 120 °C, respectively). As a result of HPLC separations, a newly produced peak was observed in heat treated LMF, while a marked decrease of another peak was found after heat treatment of LMF. The decreased peak was identified as porphyra-334, which is a typical mycosporine-like amino acid, by ESI/MSⁿ analysis (protonated molecule [M + H]⁺ at m/z 347.1 and its fragment ion 303.1). The newly produced compound with [M + H]⁺ at m/z 329.1 was found to be a dehydrated compound of porhyra-334. The compound exhibited an extremely high-IC₅₀ value of 10.1 μg/ml in DPPH-radical scavenging activity, compared to porphyra-334 (>1000 μg/ml).     

Growth,milk production,reproductive performance,and stayability of dairy heifers born from 2-year-old or mixed-age dams

Keeping replacement heifers that were the progeny of primiparous cows mated by artificial insemination enhances rates of genetic gain. Previous research has shown that heifers that were the progeny of primiparous cows were lighter at birth and grew at a slower rate to first calving compared with heifers born to multiparous dams. Furthermore, heifers that were heavier before first calving produced more milk than did lighter heifers. This study aimed to determine whether there were body weight, milk production, or reproductive disadvantages for heifers born from primiparous compared with multiparous dams. Data comprised body weight records from 189,936 New Zealand dairy heifers. Dams were allocated to 4 groups according to their age: 2 yr old (n = 13,717), 3 yr old (n = 39,258), 4 to 8 yr old (n = 120,859), and 9 yr or older (n = 16,102). Heifers that were the progeny of 2-yr-old dams were lighter from 3 to 21 mo of age than heifers that were the progeny of 3-yr-old and 4- to 8-yr-old dams. The progeny of 2- and 3-yr-old dams produced similar milk solids yields (± standard error of the mean) during their first lactation (304.9 ± 1.6 and 304.1 ± 1.5 kg, respectively), but more than that of 4- to 8-yr-old dams (302.4 ± 1.5). Furthermore, the progeny of 2-yr-old dams had similar stayabilities to first, second, and third calving to that of the progeny of 4- to 8-yr-old and ≥9-yr-old dams. Reproductive performance, as measured by calving and recalving rates was similar in first-calving heifers of all age-of-dam classes. Additionally, second and third calving rates were similar for the progeny of 2- and 3-yr-old dams. Interestingly, the progeny of dams ≥9 yr old had the lowest milk solids production in first (297.8 ± 1.6 kg), second (341.6 ± 1.8 kg), and third lactations (393.2 ± 2.4 kg). Based on the results of this study, keeping replacements from dams aged 9 yr and over could not be recommended. Furthermore, heifers born to 2-yr-old dams were lighter but produced more milk than heifers from older dams, in addition to having superior genetic merit.     

猴头菌液体发酵产多糖、核苷、萜类工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

为优化猴头菌液体发酵产多糖、核苷、总萜的培养工艺,探究其抗氧化活性。以三种活性成分产量为指标,通过单因素实验筛选出合适的碳源、氮源、温度、转速、pH、接种量,以采用熵权法赋权计算3种活性成分产量的综合评分为响应值,通过Box-Behnken建立数学模型确定猴头菌液体发酵最佳条件,对发酵产物进行抗氧化活性评价。结果表明:最佳碳源为可溶性淀粉和玉米粉,氮源为酵母浸粉和山药汁,温度23.5 ℃,转速128 r/min,pH5.9,接种量8.5%,在该条件下,猴头菌液体发酵条件的综合评分为2.090,与模型预测综合评分2.164基本一致,多糖、核苷、总萜产量分别为5.12、1.17、0.42 mg/mL;发酵全液、发酵液、菌丝体（湿）对DPPH清除率的IC₅₀值分别166、237、53 mg/mL,对ABTS+自由基清除率的IC₅₀ 值分别为68、55、72,500 mg/mL时总还原能力分别为0.711、0.708、0.841。本研究为猴头菌液体发酵的工业化生产奠定基础。     

Production,in continuous enzymatic membrane reactor,of an anti-hypertensive hydrolysate from an industrial alfalfa white protein concentrate exhibiting ACE inhibitory and opioid activities

A few hydrolysates of food proteins were reported to exert an antihypertensive effect in vivo due to angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides or opioid peptides. An industrial alfalfa white protein concentrate (AWPC) hydrolysate, produced on a pilot plant scale, strongly inhibited ACE with an IC50 value of 8.8 μg/ml. Furthermore, the AWPC hydrolysate inhibited the spontaneous contraction of rabbit ileum in a dose-dependent and naloxone-blocked manner, indicating the presence of opioid peptides. The AWPC hydrolysate significantly lowered blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) more than 6 h after a single oral administration. The maximum reduction of systolic blood pressure (−29.9 ± 2.0 mmHg) was observed 4 h after an oral administration of 0.5 g/kg hydrolysate dosage. The minimal anti-hypertensive effect was observed for 0.1 g/kg dosage. The AWPC hydrolysate may then be particularly suitable as nutraceutical for functional food useful in the prevention of hypertension.     

传统发酵豆腐酸浆中高产酸乳酸菌的分离鉴定及特性分析

该研究从采集于全国具有代表性的6大豆腐产地的7种豆腐酸浆老汤中分离筛选各样品中高产酸乳酸菌,通过形态观察及分子生物学技术对其进行鉴定,并对其产酸特性、耐酸特性及耐盐特性进行研究。结果表明,分离筛选到7株产酸性能优良的乳酸菌,并鉴定菌株L2-03、L3-01、L6-07与L7-01为玉米乳杆菌（Lactobacillus zeae）,菌株L1-02、L8-03与L10-01为副干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus paracasei）。除菌株L6-07外,6株乳酸菌均能产草酸、酒石酸、丙酮酸、乳酸、乙酸、富马酸及琥珀酸共7种有机酸,其中乙酸与乳酸为主要有机酸。产酸能力方面,菌株L6-07产酸量最高,达25.69 g/L,产酸能力最强;耐酸性方面,菌株L6-07在pH 2.5的酸性条件下仍能保持生长,耐酸性最好;耐盐性方面,菌株L1-02在5%NaCl条件下表现出较强的耐受性,耐盐性最强,菌株L6-07次之。     

富硒青钱柳多糖对糖尿病模型小鼠血糖、血脂和免疫力的影响

研究富硒青钱柳多糖(selenium polysaccharide from Cyclocarya paliurus(Batal)Ijinskaja,Se-CPP)对糖尿病模型小鼠血糖、血脂和免疫力的影响。高脂饮食加腹腔注射链脲佐菌霉素建立小鼠糖尿病模型,以生理盐水、青钱柳多糖(Cyclocarya paliurus(Batal)Ijinskaja polysaccharide,CPP)、CPP+亚硒酸钠、亚硒酸钠、Se-CPP低、中、高剂量(0.2、0.6、1.8 g/(kg·d))、消渴丸连续灌胃给药42 d。末次给药后检测小鼠葡萄糖耐量、血清总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)含量、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)含量、抗氧化酶活力、免疫器官指数及小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化指数。结果表明:连续给药42 d后,Se-CPP低、中剂量组小鼠血糖、血清TC和TG水平均低于CPP组和CPP+亚硒酸钠组,Se-CPP较CPP具有更好的抗氧化活力和提高糖尿病小鼠免疫力的功效。