低温形变热处理对Inconel718合金组织的影响

利用透射电子显微镜（TEM）和X射线衍射仪研究了低温形变热处理时冷轧变形道次及不同变形量对Inconel 718合金中金属间化合物γ＂相和δ相的分布、形貌和数量的影响.结果表明：随着变形量的增加,析出相由晶内和晶界析出逐渐转变到形变带及位错墙处析出,δ相形状由针状过渡到短棒状或颗粒状,γ＂相的尺寸逐渐减小.形变既促进γ＂相的析出又促进γ＂相向δ相的转变.γ＂、δ相的含量随变形量的增加而增加,两道次冷轧的低温形变热处理工艺提高了δ相的含量,却减少了γ＂相的量.     

冷轧对GH4169合金组织与性能的影响

采用X射线衍射技术及透射电子显微镜研究了冷轧变形道次及不同变形量对GH4169合金中金属间化合物γ″相和δ相的分布，形貌，数量及性能的影响，结果表明：随着变形程度的增加，析出相由晶内和和晶界析出逐渐转变到形变带及位错墙处析出，γ″相的尺寸逐渐减小，γ″、δ相的析出含量以及材料的强度逐渐增加，双道次冷轧变形提高了δ相的含量，但降低了γ″相的析出量和材料的强度。     

应变诱发Inconel 718合金γ″相析出和γ″→δ转变

采用X射线衍射技术测定了冷轧Inconel 718合金在810℃时效温度下γ"相和δ相的含量,研究了冷轧变形对γ″相析出和γ″→δ转变的影响.结果表明,在810℃时效,γ″相的析出达到饱和状态此时γ"→δ的转变即将发生;应变可诱发γ″相析出以及γ″→δ转变;δ相的数量与时间的关系符合Avrami方程,随冷轧变形量增加,时间指数减小,δ相析出速率增加;γ"→δ转变的数量与时间的关系也可以用Avrami方程描述.     

应变诱发Inconel718合金γ〃相析出和γ〃→δ转变

采用X射线衍射技术测定了冷轧Inconel 718合金在810℃时效温度下γ"相和δ相的含量,研究了冷轧变形对γ″相析出和γ″→δ转变的影响.结果表明,在810℃时效,γ″相的析出达到饱和状态此时γ"→δ的转变即将发生;应变可诱发γ″相析出以及γ″→δ转变;δ相的数量与时间的关系符合Avrami方程,随冷轧变形量增加,时间指数减小,δ相析出速率增加;γ"→δ转变的数量与时间的关系也可以用Avrami方程描述.     

应变诱发Inconel718合金γ"相析出和γ"→δ 转变

采用Ｘ射线衍射技术测定了冷轧Ｉｎｃｏｎｅｌ ７１８合金在８１０℃时效温度下γ＂相和δ相的含量,研究了冷轧变形对γ＂相析出和γ＂→δ、转变的影响结果表明,在８１０℃时效,γ＂相的析出达到饱和状态此时γ＂→δ的转变即将发生;应变可诱发γ相析出以及γ＂→δ转变;δ相的数量与时间的关系符合Ａｖｒａｍｉ方程。随冷轧变形量增加,时间指数减小,δ相析出速率增加三γ＂→δ转变的数量与时间的关系也可以用Ａｖｒａｍｉ方程描述     

EFFECT OF COLD ROLLING ON THE KINETICS OF δ PHASE PRECIPITATION IN INCONEL 718

采用Ｘ射线衍射测定了冷轧Ｉｎｃｏｎｅｌ７１８合金在不同加热条件下的δ相含量,了冷轧变形对δ相析出动力学影响。结果表明,δ相析出的质量民时间的关系符合Ａｖｒａｍｉ方程,在加热温度为９６０℃时,冷轧变形量对时间指数和δ相析出速率的影响不大;低于９１０℃,随冷轧变形量的增加和加热温度的提高,ｎ值减小而α值增加,δ相的析出速率与加热温度的关系符合Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ方程,随冷轧变形量增加,δ相析出激活能降低     

δ相对Inconel625合金管材组织及性能的影响

本文在不改变Inconel 625合金成分的前提下,通过冷变形及时效处理来调控合金中δ相的含量、分布及形貌,以确保合金组织的稳定性及使用可靠性。通过室温压缩试验和时效处理,研究了冷变形对δ相的含量、分布及形貌影响和δ相对Inconel 625合金管材组织性能的影响。采用XRD、SEM和EDS表征δ相的特征。研究表明,随着冷变形的增加,合金的平均晶粒尺寸减小,晶粒变形均匀性逐渐变好,合金的硬度增加;冷变形促进了δ相的析出;随着冷变形量的增加,δ相首先在形变孪晶界、晶界及变形带上析出,随后在晶内析出,针状的δ相呈现近正交状或网格状分布在晶内,且在变形带上平行排列,同时,随着冷变形量的增加,δ相的形貌由针状转变为短棒状或颗粒状;合金的平均晶粒尺寸随着冷变形量的增加和保温时间的延长而减小;当冷变形量为35 %时,合金的硬度保温时间的延伸而增加,而冷变形量超过50 %时合金的硬度没有发生明显的变化。     

GH4169合金在冷轧和热处理过程中的组织演变和力学性能

采用扫描电子显微镜、电子背散射衍射和透射电子显微镜研究了GH4169合金在冷轧和热处理过程中的组织演变和力学特征。结果表明，随着冷轧变形的增加，晶粒被拉长成纤维状，微观组织中未观察到δ相。热处理后，原始变形晶粒被细小的再结晶晶粒取代，晶粒尺寸随着冷轧变形量的增加和热处理温度的降低而减小。但当变形量大于50%时，出现混合晶粒结构。热处理温度为950和990℃时，基体中存在δ相析出。随变形量的增加，δ相含量而增加，形态由短棒状变为球状。在冷轧状态下，当变形量为70%时，抗拉伸强度（UTS）达到1484.27 MPa，是冷轧态合金（772.5 MPa）的1.92倍，但延伸率（EL）降低到8.93%。然而经过990℃热处理后，延伸率提高到46.47%，是冷轧状态合金EL的5.2倍。冷轧变形量为50%、热处理温度为990℃时，获得了最佳的力学性能组合（UTS=943.59 MPa,EL=52.31%）。     

δ相对Inconel 625合金管材组织及性能的影响（英文）

通过冷变形及时效处理来调控Inconel 625合金中δ相的含量、分布及形貌,采用XRD、SEM和EDS表征δ相的特征,研究了δ相对Inconel 625合金管材组织及性能的影响。研究表明,随着冷变形量的增加,合金的平均晶粒尺寸减小,晶粒变形均匀性逐渐变好,合金的硬度增加;δ相首先在形变孪晶界、晶界及变形带上析出,随后在晶内析出,针状的δ相在晶内呈近正交状或网格状分布,而在变形带上平行排列;随着冷变形量的增加,δ相的形貌由针状转变为短棒状或颗粒状;合金的平均晶粒尺寸随着冷变形量的增加和保温时间的延长而减小;当冷变形量为35%时,合金的硬度随保温时间的延长而增加,而冷变形量超过50%时合金的硬度没有发生明显的变化。     

GH4169合金中γ′，γ″相含量比值的测定

用阳极选择性电解脱溶相分离方法及原子吸光法测定GH4169合金中δ，，NbC,(γ′ γ″）相含量，并根据析出相的类型和组成，测定不同变形量GH4169合金中γ′，γ″相含量的比值为Wγ：Wγ≈1：3。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.