连续变断面循环挤压与等通道转角挤压技术的工艺特征及其应用

分别论述了等通道转角挤压法与连续变断面循环挤压法这两种大塑性变形方法的工艺原理、工艺流程、模具结构、变形特征以及累积应变量与模具结构参数之间的关系;并系统介绍了这两种方法在制备纯铝、镁合金及钛合金细晶材料方面的应用,明确了连续变断面循环挤压法与等通道转角挤压法均是细化合金组织,提高材料强度、塑性等综合性能的有效途径。通过分析对比,提出这两种大塑性变形方法各自的优势和存在的问题,以及未来的发展方向。     

等通道转角挤压制备超细晶材料的研究与发展

等通道转角挤压(Equal channel angular pressing,ECAP)是大塑性变形制备超细晶材料的方法之一,具有大晶粒尺寸的材料可以在室温下挤压达到超细晶尺度。从ECAP模具参数、工艺条件影响因素、模具及制备方法改进、细化机理、制备的超细晶材料组织稳定性及性能方面进行总结,并结合部分研究结果可知,ECAP模具正在不断被优化和改进,复合挤压技术不断出现,目前已实现超细晶材料的连续ECAP挤压制备技术。等通道转角挤压的晶粒细化主要是由于剪切力的作用和第二相粒子的作用,ECAP晶粒细化机理及组合工艺的研究是目前研究的热点。超细晶材料在不同领域的应用对其性能提出的更高要求,对其大塑性变形制备技术本身也是挑战。     

微细材料细晶处理方法及其研究发展

近些年微成形技术的研究热度不断增高,金属薄板、箔材及丝材等可直接用于微型件制造的微细材料缺少专门性研究,微细材料的微观结构与性能直接影响微型件的成形质量。综合评述了大塑性变形细晶方法、电流辅助工艺和微观结构调控等方面的相关研究,着重介绍了适合于微细材料的反复折弯压直和限制模压变形2种反复折弯形变细晶的方法。分析了微细材料细晶处理存在的问题,提出了适合用于微细材料的细晶及增塑处理的研究方法,展望了微细材料电流辅助形变工艺和微观结构调控的研究方向。开展了微成形用微细材料预处理方法与相关技术研究,对促进微成形技术的发展具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。     

细化晶粒对钛合金超塑性的影响

钛合金是一种重要的结构材料,晶粒尺寸对其超塑性能有着显著的影响,细晶或超细晶是钛合金在低温或高应变速率条件下获得优异超塑性性能的重要组织条件.概述了国内外钛合金细晶超塑性技术的研究进展,介绍了目前常用的制备细晶钛合金的方法(如大塑性变形法及氢处理技术)及其超塑性性能,展望了钛合金细晶超塑性技术未来的发展趋势.通过晶粒的细化,钛合金超塑性能及成形效率得到了极大提高,有利于实际生产中降低工具损耗和生产成本,为钛合金超塑成形技术的进一步推广和应用奠定了基础.     

大塑性变形制备纳米结构材料

大塑性变形(Severe Plastic Deformation,SPD)具有将粗晶材料的晶粒细化到纳米量级的巨大潜力,近年来已经引起人们的极大关注.介绍了几种大塑性变形制备纳米晶材料的方法和原理,如往复挤压、等通道角挤压、高压扭转变形、叠轧、往复折皱-压直等,分析了SPD纳米晶材料的强度与韧性、超塑性、热稳定性等性能,以及当前研究中存在的主要问题,并展望了大塑性变形的应用前景.     

大塑性变形工艺制备纳米晶过饱和固溶体的研究进展

合金在大塑性变形过程中能够形成纳米晶过饱和固溶体,呈现出不同于传统粗晶材料的微观结构和独特性能。近年来,纳米晶过饱和固溶体的形成机制及其热稳定性已成为国内外的一个研究热点。综述了大塑性变形工艺(如机械合金化法、高压扭转法等)制备纳米晶过饱和固溶体的研究概况,着重讨论分析了大塑性变形诱导纳米晶形成和固溶度扩展的几种机制及其局限性,简要介绍了纳米晶过饱和固溶体的热稳定性及其影响因素,最后对该领域今后的研究方向做出了分析和展望。     

累积叠轧技术研究进展

大塑性变形工艺是制备超细晶材料的主要成形技术.其中,累积叠轧(ARB)因工序简单、成本低,对模具要求低,可连续生产大尺寸的细晶板材,而获得广泛应用.从累积叠轧后材料的组织特性、力学性能以及强化机制和界面结合机制方面梳理国内外累积叠轧工艺的研究现状.提高累积叠轧材料的塑性极其重要.制备高强度、高塑性ARB复合材料将成为后续研究热点.     

应用等通道转角挤压(ECAP)技术制备超细晶钛合金

等通道转角挤压(equal channel angular pressing,ECAP)是一种强塑性变形技术,能有效细化材料的微观组织,提高材料性能,改善难变形材料的成形性.简述了ECAP技术制备超细晶钛合金的原理和技术现状,分析了不同工艺参数对钛合金ECAP变形过程和材料性能的影响以及晶粒细化的微观机制.     

镁合金搅拌摩擦加工技术的研究进展

大塑性变形是在块体金属变形过程中引入极大的应变量,能在有效细化金属晶粒的同时显著提高材料的强度与塑性。搅拌摩擦加工作为一种新型大塑性变形加工技术,在镁合金微观结构改性、细晶超塑性合金制备和镁基材料高性能化等方面有良好的应用前景。鉴于当前高性能镁合金的发展需求,对搅拌摩擦加工的技术特点、镁基材料加工后的显微组织及力学性能等方面的研究进展做了较详尽的综述,并展望了其工业应用前景。     

大塑性变形在铝导体材料的研究进展

为了满足导线低损耗、高安全的性能要求,实现输电线路的节能减排目标,迫切需要打破导体材料强度和导电率之间的制约关系。有研究表明,通过大塑性变形技术可获得铝导体材料的超细晶微观组织,显著改善材料性能,平衡强度与导电率之间的关系,实现铝导体材料的强度和导电性能的协同提高。本文探讨了导体材料强度和导电率之间的制约关系和大塑性变形对铝导体材料性能的影响,梳理了大塑性变形技术的发展和大塑性变形对铝导体材料性能影响的研究进展,为铝导体材料的研究提供了新的思路。     

Review of principles and methods of severe plastic deformation for producing ultrafine-grained tubes

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) is known to be the best method for producing bulk ultrafine-grained and nanostructured materials with excellent properties. Different SPD methods were developed that are suitable for sheet and bulk solid materials. During the past decade, efforts have been made to create effective SPD processes suitable for producing cylindrical tubes. In this paper, we review SPD processes intended to produce ultrafine-grained and nanostructured tubes, and their effects on material properties. The paper will focus on introduction of the tube SPD processes, and then comparison of them based on their advantages and disadvantages from the viewpoints of processing and properties.     

Dilatometry: a powerful tool for the study of defects in ultrafine-grained metals

Vacancies, dislocations, and interfaces are structural defects that are deliberately introduced into solids during grain refinement processes based on severe plastic deformation (SPD). Specific combinations of these defects determine the improved mechanical properties of the obtained ultrafine-grained materials. High-precision, non-equilibrium dilatometry, i.e., measurement of the irreversible macroscopic length change upon defect annealing, provides a powerful technique for the characterization and the study of the kinetics of these defects. It is applied to determine absolute concentrations of vacancies, to characterize dislocation processes, and to assess grain boundary excess volume in pure, FCC and BCC ultrafine-grained metals processed by SPD.     

Tribological properties of ultrafine-grained materials processed by severe plastic deformation

Processing by severe plastic deformation (SPD) has been developed extensively over the last two decades in order to produce ultrafine-grained (UFG) materials having submicrometre or nanometre grain sizes. An important material property for UFG materials is good wear resistance so that they may be used in a range of structural applications. An examination of the published data shows that only limited reports are available to date on the wear behaviour of SPD-processed materials and, furthermore, many of these results appear to be conflicting. The correlation of hardness and wear is limited because the wear property is a system property that in practice is influenced by a range of factors. Accordingly, this review is designed to examine recent reports related to the wear resistance of materials processed by SPD with particular emphasis on alloys processed using equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP), high-pressure torsion (HPT) and accumulative roll-bonding (ARB).     

Flow mechanisms in ultrafine-grained metals with an emphasis on superplasticity

An analysis was conducted to examine the flow behavior of ultrafine-grained (UFG) metals produced by severe plastic deformation (SPD) processing in equal-channel angular pressing. The results reveal two distinct types of behavior. At elevated temperatures, the analysis shows that superplastic flow is accurately described by the theoretical mechanism developed for coarse-grained metals so that flow in UFG materials may be interpreted using conventional flow mechanisms. By contrast, localized small-scale grain boundary sliding is observed during deformation at low temperatures and this is attributed to the movement of extrinsic dislocations in the non-equilibrium grain boundaries produced by SPD processing.     

Modelling of equal channel angular pressing using a mesh-free method

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes are widely recognised as efficient techniques to produce bulk ultrafine-grained materials. As a complement to experiments, computational modelling is extensively used to understand the deformation mechanisms of grain refinement induced by large strain loading conditions. Although considerable research has been undertaken in the modelling of SPD processes, most of the studies have been accomplished using mesh-based methods, such as the finite element method (FEM). Mesh-based methods have inherent difficulties in modelling high-deformation processes because of the distortions in the mesh and the resultant inaccuracies and instabilities. As an alternative, a mesh-free method called smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is used. The effectiveness of this technique is highlighted for modelling of one of the most popular SPD techniques, equal channel angular pressing. A benchmark between SPH and FE calculation is performed. Furthermore, a number of simulations under different processing conditions are compared to existing literature data. A satisfactory agreement is found, which indicates that SPD processes can be approached by mesh-free methods, such as SPH.     

大塑性变形制备超细晶/纳米晶Al-Mg铝合金的研究进展

近年来,大塑性变形(SPD)制备具有先进结构和功能的超细晶和纳米晶Al-Mg铝合金的研究取得了很大进展。SPD后,合金的晶粒显著细化、位错密度提高及有非平衡晶界和晶界偏析形成,这些微观结构导致合金的强度、硬度大幅提高。然而,SPD合金的塑性普遍较低。综述了SPD制备的Al-Mg铝合金在结构和性能方面的一些最新研究成果。     

强塑性变形在铝合金中的研究进展

在过去20年中,强塑性变形技术作为制备超细晶金属及其合金的一种方法被广泛研究.主要介绍了强变形技术在铝合金中的研究进展,特别是对铝合金晶粒大小、晶界、晶体织构及第二相等微观组织参数,强度、塑性、疲劳、腐蚀及超塑性等力学性能的影响.     

纳米和超细晶金属材料的退火强化

本文综述了纳米和超细晶金属材料的退火强化研究现状和发展趋势。本文关注致密纳米和超细晶材料的研究,首先介绍了电沉积纳米Ni、强塑性变形制得的超细晶金属钛和纯铝的退火强化的实验现象,随后综述了这一强化现象的微观机理,最后探讨了进一步的实验及理论分析的途径。     

高强度超细晶金属材料塑性行为及增塑研究进展

强度和塑性是金属结构材料最重要的力学性能指标,金属高性能化的关键是在高强度水平下保证良好的塑性,然而两者往往不能兼顾。在众多强化方法中,晶粒细化长期以来被认为是强化金属最理想的手段,在传统晶粒尺寸范围,细化晶粒既可以显著提高材料的强度,又能改善材料的塑韧性。因此,近几十年来超细晶/纳米晶金属得到了广泛研究和发展,出现了以大塑性变形(SPD)、先进形变热处理(ATMP)技术为代表的超细晶制备方法,所得晶粒可以细化到亚微米或纳米尺度,金属性能大大提高。然而,大量研究证实当晶粒细化到亚微米或纳米尺度时金属强度提高但塑性显著下降,与传统的细晶强化规律不符。对此,国内外学者进行了很多研究,试图阐明其机理、揭示晶粒超细化导致塑性降低的物理本质。此外,由于细化晶粒方法受到塑性的限制,新的高强度水平下增强塑性的方法成为钢铁材料高性能化的研究热点。针对塑性下降的事实,为了进一步提高超细晶金属材料性能,研究者开展了许多增强塑性的工作,获得了较好的效果,但仍存在一些不足。关于金属晶粒超细化导致塑性降低的普遍共性现象,目前广泛认可的理论主要有晶界捕获(吸收)位错的动态回复理论、位错运动湮灭理论、高初始位错密度以及位错源缺失机制等。前三者都主要关注超细晶金属材料低(无)加工硬化能力,并将其归结为延伸率降低所致。主要是因为低(无)加工硬化使材料在变形早期发生塑性失稳或局部变形从而表现出低塑性。超细晶金属增塑研究主要体现在增塑方法和机理方面,目前,增塑方法主要有(1)形成纳米孪晶;(2)获得粗晶-细晶双峰组织;(3)利用相变诱发塑性/孪生诱发塑性(TRIP/TWIP)效应;(4)引入铁素体软相;(5)利用纳米第二相粒子等。这些增塑方法的主要机理是利用组织结构的改变提高超细晶金属的加工硬化能力以维持良好的均匀塑性变形以及利用组织相变提高塑性。本文归纳了常用的超细晶金属制备方法,综述了超细晶金属材料塑性降低的研究进展,总结了超细晶金属增塑的研究结果,分析了目前研究中存在的不足,探讨了超细晶金属增强增塑的发展趋势,以期为超细晶金属塑性降低理论及增强增塑研究提供参考。     

Interface sheet-constrained groove pressing as a modified severe plastic deformation process

In this paper, a new severe plastic deformation (SPD) process entitled interface sheet-constrained groove pressing (ISCGP) as a new variant of conventional CGP has been developed for producing ultrafine-grained metallic materials. In this process, repetitive shear deformation is imposed into the sheet material by utilising symmetrically grooved die along with two interface sheet on both sides. To study the applicability, mild steel sheets were processed by both ISCGP and CGP processes, and mechanical and microstructural properties of the processed samples were investigated. The results show a considerable improvement in mechanical properties including hardness, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength, though the ductility sacrifice was reduced. Comparing ISCGP and conventional CGP revealed interesting results, which are shown that ISCGP can result in better surface quality and ductility.