杂质吸收对一维声子晶体滤波器设计的影响

为了研究杂质吸收对一维声子晶体滤波器设计的影响,引入复波数并推导出一维掺杂声子晶体的转移矩阵,计算了一维掺杂声子晶体的透射系数随衰减系数的变化特征。得出：滤波透射峰的峰值随杂质的衰减系数增加而迅速减小,滤波透射峰的半高宽随衰减系数增加而增大。滤波透射峰的峰值和半高宽都随吸收杂质的厚度的增加而减小。在设计声子晶体滤波器时,必须考虑杂质吸收这一重要因素,应选择衰减系数小于0.0005k的掺杂材料,并且杂质的厚度应小于一个波长。     

超声衰减谱法测量含蜡原油中蜡晶粒度

利用超声衰减法测量了不同频率不同温度下南海原油、丘陵原油和白油中的声衰减系数。同时,结合超声耦合相模型(Harker-Temple模型)和声散射模型(Bouguer-Lambert-Beer-Law模型)进行了数值研究,模拟出油样在两个不同频率下的声衰减系数以及它们的比值随蜡晶粒度的变化关系,较为准确地计算预测含蜡原油中声衰减系数。经过比较理论预测获得的声衰减模型与实验获取的声衰减系数,计算出了原油中所含蜡晶在不同温度下的平均粒度大小。结果表明,随着温度的降低,蜡晶的平均粒度大小呈增大趋势。测量结果与显微镜法测量所得结果进行对比,表明此方法应用到含蜡原油中蜡晶粒度大小的测量是可行的。     

煤粉气-固两相流的超声衰减特性

以颗粒相在整个检测空间内均匀分布为前提,采用McClements理论和Bouguer-Lambert-Beer定律共同描述煤粉气-固两相流中超声衰减特性,建立超声衰减系数与气-固两相流相关参数的理论关系,通过数值模拟,分析超声衰减随着颗粒相体积分数、超声频率、颗粒粒径变化的规律。结果表明,超声频率越高衰减系数越大;声衰减系数随着颗粒相体积分数的增大线性递增;选用某固定频率检测,测得2个体积分数下的声衰减系数即可确定衰减-体积分数曲线斜率,从而实现任意衰减系数对应的颗粒相体积分数测量;在相同的体积分数下,煤粉颗粒粒径为10～200μm,声衰减系数随着颗粒粒径的增大单调递减,当煤粉颗粒粒径大于200μm时,声衰减系数对煤粉颗粒粒径不再敏感。     

杂质吸收对一维掺杂声子晶体缺陷模的影响

为了研究杂质吸收对一维掺杂声子晶体缺陷模的影响,引入复波数,推导出一维掺杂声子晶体的转移矩阵,计算了一维掺杂声子晶体的透射系数和反射系数随衰减系数的变化特征.得出杂质的衰减系数对一维掺杂声子晶体透射波中和反射波中的缺陷模都有显著的影响.在透射波中,随着衰减系数的增加缺陷模峰高迅速降低,κ在0～0.002k范围内缺陷模比较明显.当衰减系数增加到0.005k时,缺陷模几乎消失.反射波中的缺陷模随着衰减系数的变化也有相同的特征.     

超声造影剂衰减系数随时间变化特性研究

为了研究微泡型超声造影剂对声传播衰减的影响,基于气泡动力学理论模型计算微观粒径变化引起的声传播衰减,推导出超声造影剂衰减系数随时间变化的解析表达式,并构建了实验系统,对超声造影剂的衰减系数进行测量。实验结果验证了理论模型的有效性,以及超声造影剂衰减系数随时间变化呈现出指数衰减规律。该研究为减小超声波的传播衰减和畸变提供了依据,使得超声造影剂有效地应用于超声医学领域。     

Bi—Sn—In系无铅易熔合金性能研究

利用X射线衍射仪、示差扫描量热分析仪和拉伸试验机，研究了易熔合金Bi-Sn-In的成分对合金结构、熔化特性和对黄铜钎焊接头抗拉强度的影响。结果表明：低铟含量的Bi-Sn-In易熔合金，由Bi、β-Sn和InBi相组成；随In含量增加，合金由Bi、BiIn、γ、β、β-sn、Bi3In5、BiIn2相等组成；在截面Ⅰ（Bi／In：61．8／28．2），Ⅱ（Bi／In=54．2／35．8），Ⅲ（Bi／In=46．2／43．8）分别存在一个低共熔点，在截面Ⅳ（Bi／In：34．7／55．3）存在两个低共熔点；且合金的液相线随Bi／In比例的降低而减小；Bi-Sn-In钎焊接头的抗拉强度随In含量的增加呈线性下降，随Sn含量的增加而上升。     

二维声子晶体异质结声波导特性研究

以二维铝圆柱／空气正方格子声子晶体为研究对象，通过用两列正方散射柱替换原型散射柱构造了异质结，采用平面波法结合超元胞的方法研究了该异质结的声波导特性。结果表明，当f=0．7、fd=0．5，旋转散射柱时，缺陷带出现在-45°〈θ〈45°范围内，数量、位置随旋转角变化，且缺陷带的分布关于（01）方向对称；对于给定的f=0．7，只要方形散射柱对角线在（10）方向的投影小于2．118R时，带隙中就有缺陷带出现，带隙中缺陷带的数量随fd的增加而减少；当fd很小时，缺陷柱的方位、横加面形状对声波导没有影响。     

完整岩体对测井频率应力波的滤波特性

不同频率范围内的应力波在岩体的传播过程中,衰减系数对频率的依赖性具有显著差异。通过现场试验研究完整岩体对测井频率范围内应力波的滤波特性,针对常用黏弹性模型在描述衰减系数与频率关系存在不足,在频域上对黏性系数进行非定常处理,建立黏性系数非定常Maxwell模型,采用波形相关系数评价改进模型的滤波效果。研究结果表明,完整岩体总体上表现为低通滤波,在低通滤波范围内具有非等间距带通滤波特性,随传播距离增加,带通数逐渐减小;在吸收频率过渡带,应力波衰减系数随频率变化非常快,黏性系数非定常Maxwell模型能够有效描述应力波在完整岩体中的衰减系数变化规律;吸收频率过渡带的边界频率与传播距离成负指数关系,吸收频率过渡带的陡度参数可以近似认为是常数;随传播距离增加,黏性系数非定常Maxwell模型描述完整岩体的滤波效果明显提高,当传播距离为4.75m时,波形相关系数达到0.89,表明采用改进模型描述完整岩体是有效的。     

散射体特征对隔声超材料性能的影响

为研究应用于轨道车辆降噪的声学超材料，在分析两种晶体结构的基础上，从密度角度出发研究散射体特征对声学超材料性能的影响。建立三维三组元金刚石声子晶体模型，通过控制变量法在控制基体材料和包裹层材料参数一致的情况下，针对散射体密度进行梯度递增，以此求解并绘制不同散射体密度条件下三维三组元金刚石声子晶体能带结构图。结果表明：三维三组元金刚石声子晶体的带隙作用频率在6 725.77 Hz～11 632.62 Hz之间，基本与高速列车噪声覆盖范围重合；带隙随着散射体密度的增加，带隙起始频率和带隙终止频率均从高频开始降低，二者降低幅度有所区别。带隙宽度会随散射体密度的增加而增加，拟合带隙随散射体密度变化的曲线后发现，三维三组元金刚石声子晶体的带隙宽度随密度的变化曲线更倾向于3 阶函数。该结构的扩展结构可应用于轨道车辆地板层、高速铁路 沿线声屏障等有降噪需求的部位。     

Al0.26CoCrFeNiMn高熵合金再结晶组织演变超声表征

采用真空感应熔炼浇铸工艺制备Al_(0.26)CoCrFeNiMn高熵合金,对其进行均匀化退火、轧制与再结晶退火处理,基于超声法研究该合金在热机处理过程中的组织演变特性。结果表明:均匀化退火后获得粗大等轴晶,再结晶退火温度为800℃时保留轧制变形晶粒,900℃时完成再结晶形成细小等轴晶,1000℃时晶粒粗化长大;相同再结晶退火温度下,晶粒尺寸随轧制比增加而减小。超声表征方面,标称频率5MHz探头测试的衰减系数随晶粒尺寸增加而增大,衰减系数与平均晶粒尺寸符合三次方关系,二者具有强相关性;为进一步验证该方法的可行性,采用标称频率7.5MHz探头进行测试,得到类似规律。而衰减系数可揭示高熵合金热机处理过程中的组织演变,尤其是晶粒尺寸与热机处理工艺之间的内在联系。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...