Evaluation of chemical constituents and antioxidant activity of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars

This research was undertaken to evaluate the sugars, organic acids, phenolic compositions and antioxidant capacities of sweet cherry cultivars (Van, Noir de Guben, Larian and 0‐900 Ziraat) grown in Turkey. High‐performance liquid chromatographic methods were used to identify and quantify four sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose and sorbitol) and four organic acids (malic, citric, shikimic, and fumaric acid). The major organic acid was found as malic acid (8.54–10.02 g kg^?1 of FW). With regard to sugars, glucose was present in the largest amounts (44.71–48.31 g kg^?1 of FW) for sweet cherry cultivars. The sum of sugars ranged from 103.87 (Larian) to 113.13 g kg^?1 of FW (0‐900 Ziraat) and that of organic acids from 12.01 (0‐900 Ziraat) to 14.17 g kg^?1 of FW (Noir de Guben). A total of eleven phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in sweet cherry cultivars, including hydroxycinnamic acids (3), anthocyanins (5), flavan‐3‐ols (2) and flavonol (1) compounds. Total phenolic contents ranged from 88.72 (Van) to 239.54 (Noir de Guben) mg/100 g of FW, while antioxidant activities ranged from 2.02 to 7.75 μm Trolox equivalents g^?1 of FW.     

Influence of branch bending on sugar,organic acid and phenolic content in fruits of ‘Williams’ pears (Pyrus communis L.)

Selected sugars, organic acids and phenolic compounds were analysed in mature fruits of ‘Williams’ pears using high‐performance liquid chromatography. Fruits were harvested from the branches of trees tested in three treatments: branches were bent in summer 2003 (1 September), in spring 2004 (15 May) and control (branches were not bent). Pears contained up to 73.54 g kg^?1 fresh weight (FW) of fructose, 9.42 g kg^?1 FW of glucose, 7.94 g kg^?1 FW of sucrose and 24.59 g kg^?1 FW of sorbitol. Major organic acids were (in order of descending quantity) citric, malic, shikimic and fumaric acid (up to 3.05 g kg^?1 FW, 2.24 g kg^?1 FW, 71.79 mg kg^?1 FW and 0.49 mg kg^?1 FW, respectively). Chlorogenic acid (280.86–357.34 mg kg^?1 FW) was the predominant phenolic acid, followed in concentration (mg kg^?1 FW) by syringic acid (95.46–131.32), epicatechin (46.55–83.09), catechin (25.67–44.81), vanillic acid (1.87–3.48), sinapic acid (0.83–1.72) and caffeic acid (0.72–1.04). Significant differences in content of fructose, sorbitol, total sugars, catechin, epicatechin, sinapic acid, syringic acid, and a sum of determined phenolic compounds were observed among the treatments. Fruits from summer bending branches had the lowest content of individual sugars, citric acid and phenolic compounds and the highest content of malic, shikimic and fumaric acid. The highest content of fructose, sorbitol, sucrose, total sugars, caffeic acid, catechin, epicatechin and syringic acid were determined in the fruits from the spring treatment. In the control treatment the highest content of glucose, citric acid, chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid, vanillic acid, as well a sum of determined phenolics, were observed. The lowest content of fumaric acid was in the spring treatment and of malic and shikimic acid in the control. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Sugars,organic acids,phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)

Sugars, organic acids, phenolics and anthocyanins in fruits of 13 sweet cherry cultivars: Badascony, Burlat, Early Van Compact, Fercer, Fernier, Ferprime, Lala Star, Lapins, Noire de Meched, Sylvia, Vesseaux, Vigred (red-coloured) and Ferrador (bi-coloured) were quantified by HPLC. Sweet cherry cultivars of different pomological characteristics and different time of ripening were evaluated sensorily. Cultivars were evaluated for their total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The sum of sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose and sorbitol) ranged from 125 to 265 g/kg fresh weight (FW) and the sum of organic acids (malic, citric, shikimic and fumaric) ranged from 3.67 to 8.66 g/kg FW. Total phenolic content ranged from 44.3 to 87.9 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g FW and antioxidant activity ranged from 8.0 to 17.2 mg ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity mg/100 g FW. The correlation of antioxidant activity with total phenolics content and content of anthocyanins was cultivar dependent.     

福建省4 个果梅主栽品种果实营养品质、香气成分分析与评价

以福建省4 个果梅主栽品种青竹梅、龙眼梅、杭梅和白粉梅为试材,分析测定果实的主要性状和营养成分,包括单果质量、果实大小、VC、总酚、类黄酮、可溶性糖、有机酸、香气组分以及矿质元素含量。结果表明,4 个果梅品种VC、总酚、类黄酮、可溶性糖、有机酸、香气组分以及矿质元素含量存在显著差异。果梅主要可溶性糖为蔗糖,其次为葡萄糖和果糖;主要有机酸为柠檬酸,其次为苹果酸、琥珀酸、乙酸和奎宁酸;4 个果梅品种果实共检测出110 种挥发性物质,包括30 种酯类、26 种醇类、17 种醛类、15 种酮类、7 种酸类以及15 种其他类,其中有26 种物质为4 个品种共有成分,2-己烯醛、己醛、己醇和反式-罗勒烯醇可能是果梅特征香气的重要物质;4 个果梅品种含有较高的K、Ca和Se含量。通过主成分分析提取,得出综合得分品种最高为青竹梅,青竹梅果实挥发性物质相对总含量高于其他3 个品种且综合品质最佳,适宜作为选育果梅良种的育种材料。本研究结果为明确果梅营养价值评价及其在良种选育、生产加工中的合理利用提供理论依据。     

CHEMICAL AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF CULTIVATED AND WILD FRAGARIA AND RUBUS BERRIES

ABSTRACT

Content of individual sugars, organic acids, total phenolics (TPH), some important phenolic compounds (kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, and ellagic acid) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the fruits of strawberry, raspberry and blackberry were studied. A comparison was made between cultivars and wild relatives of each species (Fragaria vesca L., Rubus idaeus L. and Rubus fruticosus L.). The main sugars found were fructose and glucose both in the fruits of wild species and the studied cultivars. Citric acid was determined to be the major organic acid in most of tested berries with the exception of blackberry cultivars, where malic acid was dominant. The content of individual phenolic compounds varied among the wild species, as well as among the studied cultivars. Ellagic acid content was higher in F. vesca, R. idaeus and R. fruticosus (122.5 µg/g FW, 12.71 µg/g FW and 61.7 µg/g FW, respectively) than that obtained in analyzed cultivars. Overall, TPH expressed higher values in the wild strawberry and blackberry species in comparison to the studied cultivars, and consequently, the highest levels of TAC were recorded in F. vesca (5.78 mg asc/g FW), followed by R. fruticosus (4.95 mg asc/g FW).

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In recent years, both wild and cultivated berries have become very attractive for consumers because of potentially beneficial phytochemicals contained in these fruits. Fruit nutritional quality can be described by standard quality parameters (sugars and organic acids), and the analysis of antioxidant capacity influenced by specific related compounds. The importance of flavonoids and other phenolics have been suggested to play a preventive role in the development of cancer and heart disease. A significant positive correlation observed in this study between total phenolics and total antioxidant capacity indicate the need for the use of wild species in the breeding programs of small fruits, especially strawberry and blackberry, in order to increase their nutritive value and the health benefits.     

Amount of characteristic compounds in 15 cultivars of onion (Allium cepa L.) in controlled field trials

BACKGROUND: In order to develop the production of sweet onions (Allium cepa L.) and onions with a high content of flavonols and fibre in Norway, it was necessary to evaluate available cultivars with respect to their content of selected chemical compounds. A field trial with 15 different cultivars was conducted at Landvik in southern Norway. Compounds that reflect onion pungency and sweetness (pyruvate, sugars) and parameters known to have a beneficial impact on health (fructo‐oligosaccharides (FOS), flavonols, antioxidant capacity) were analysed. RESULTS: The sweetest onions with respect to low content of pyruvate and high amount of fructose and glucose ranged in pyruvate content from 2.7 to 3.6 µmol mL^?1. These cultivars were juicy and contained low amounts of FOS and total flavonols. The most pungent onions contained the highest amounts of FOS among the cultivars: 4.53, 3.80 and 5.81 g per 100 g fresh weight (FW) respectively. They also had a high content of flavonols (86.6, 159.2 and 97.6 mg per 100 g FW) and high dry weight content (14.6, 13.5 and 15.6 g per 100 g). CONCLUSION: The sweetest onion cultivars were found to be ‘NUN 9746’, ‘Musica’, ‘Domenica Supersweet’, ‘Colossus’ and ‘Cronus’. The most pungent cultivars were ‘Powell Brown’ and ‘Tilbury’, which also contained the highest amounts of flavonols and gave the highest Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values among the 15 cultivars. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of apple cultivar and enzyme treatment on phenolic compounds content during clear apple juice production

The aim of the investigation was evaluation of phenolic compounds content, measured by HPLC method at selected stages of clear apple juice production with pectolytic mash enzymation from ‘Shampion’ and ‘Idared’ apples. Sum of phenolic compounds in ‘Shampion’ mash was significantly higher than in ‘Idared’ mash, 520 and 352 mg kg^?1, respectively. Enzymation of ‘Idared’ mash resulted in a higher phenolic compounds decrease compared to ‘Shampion’, 23% and 14% respectively. Sum of phenolics in juices from ‘Shampion’ for Panzym at 50 °C (366 mg kg^?1) was significantly higher than in juices from ‘Shampion’ for Rohapect at 20 °C and ‘Idared’ for Panzym at 50 °C (256 and 234 mg kg^?1, respectively). The lowest phenolics (95 mg kg^?1) was in juices from ‘Idared’ for Rohapect at 20 °C. There was a positive correlation (R² = 0.933) between phenolics content and antioxidant activity of juices (ABTS^?+). In general, enzymation at 50 °C with Panzym lead to a higher content of the phenolic compounds in juices compared to Rohapect at 20 °C.     

Bioactive components and antioxidant capacities of different miniature tomato cultivars grown by altered fertilizer applications

This study investigated the organic acid and phenolic compound levels, total phenolic (TP) and antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of three miniature tomato cultivars grown on a farmer’s field with three different fertilizer applications. Analysis of phenolic compound (protocatechuic, vanillic, gallic, chlorogenic, caffeic, syringic, p-coumaric and ferulic acid, rutin, quercetin, catechin and phloridzine) organic acid (citric, tartaric, malic, succinic and fumaric acid), TP and TEAC levels in fruit samples showed statistically significant (p?<?0.05) differences between tomato cultivars and fertilizer applications. Rutin and chlorogenic acid were the predominant phenolic compounds found in all three cultivars. The highest rutin value (50.48 mg kg^?1 FW) was found in the Black Zebra fertilized with DAP plus organic and biochemical fertilizers and the lowest (20.52 mg kg^?1 FW) in the Black Zebra fertilized with DAP only. The highest chlorogenic acid value (63.31 mg kg^?1 FW) was found in the sweet pea currant fertilized with DAP only and the lowest (21.06 mg kg^?1 FW) in the Black Zebra fertilized with DAP plus chemical fertilizer. Citric acid content was the dominant organic acid in all three cultivars, with the highest citric acid value (6439.50 mg kg^?1 FW) found in the Sweet Pea Currant cherry tomato fertilized with DAP plus organic and biochemical fertilizers and the lowest (2435.20 mg kg^?1 FW) in the Window Box Yellow fertilized with DAP plus chemical fertilizer. Total phenolic and antioxidant levels in the window box yellow were significantly lower as compared to the Black Zebra and sweet pea currant varieties for all three fertilizer applications.     

Fruit quality and bioactive compounds relevant to human health of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars grown in Italy

The fruit quality characteristics, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities of 24 sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars grown on the mountainsides of the Etna volcano (Sicily, Italy) were evaluated. High-performance liquid chromatographic methods were used to identify and quantify sugars, organic acids and phenolics. A total of seven phenolic compounds were characterised as hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (neochlorogenic acid, p-coumaroylquinic acid and chlorogenic acid) and anthocyanins (cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, pelargonidin 3-rutinoside and peonidin 3-rutinoside). The total anthocyanin content ranged from 6.21 to 94.20 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalents/100 g fresh weight (FW), while the total phenol content ranged from 84.96 to 162.21 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g FW. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay indicated that fruit of all genotypes possessed considerable antioxidant activity. The high level of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of some sweet cherry fruits implied that they might be sources of bioactive compounds that are relevant to human health.     

Genotype and growing season influence blueberry antioxidant capacity and other quality attributes

Forty‐two blueberry cultivars (thirty‐six Vaccinium ashei, three V. ashei derivative hybrids and three northern highbush standards) were evaluated for their antioxidant capacities and other fruit quality attributes over two growing seasons. Total anthocyanins, phenolic content and antioxidant capacities varied substantially among species and cultivars. ‘Early May’ (V. ashei) had the highest amounts of anthocyanins, phenolics and antioxidant capacity. Cultivars from V. ashei hybrid derivatives had lower mean antioxidant components than those from northern highbush standards or V. ashei. The antioxidant capacity, as well as total anthocyanins and phenolics, had significant cultivar × year interactions. Correlation coefficient between years for total anthocyanins, total phenolics and oxygen radical absorbance capacity were high with values of 0.86, 0.81 and 0.93, respectively. Similar interactions were observed for soluble solids content (SSC), sugar, titratable acid and organic acids among cultivars both within and across the growing seasons. Correlation coefficients between years for SSC, fructose, glucose and sucrose were 0.78, 0.71, 0.83 and 0.96, respectively. Fructose and glucose were detected as two major sugars with sucrose as a minor constituent. ‘Clara’ contained the highest amounts of SSC and sugars, while ‘Satilla’ had the lowest. In general, V. ashei cultivars had a higher mean SSC and sugar contents than did the hybrid derivatives or the northern highbush standards. Cultivars of V. ashei contained higher malic acid than citric acid, whereas in hybrid derivatives and northern highbush cultivars, citric acid was the predominant organic acid. The diversity in the amount of these fruit quality attributes and antioxidant capacities presents a great opportunity for genetic improvement of blueberries through breeding programmes. The objective of the study was to identify blueberry cultivars with high antioxidant activity and good fruit quality, so they can be used as parents for future blueberry breeding programmes to develop new cultivars with higher antioxidant activity.     

Comparative study of primary and secondary metabolites in 11 cultivars of persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki L.)

Primary metabolites (sugars, organic acids) and secondary metabolites (phenolics and carotenoids) were quantified by HPLC in fully ripe fruit of 11 kaki cultivars: ‘Amankaki’, ‘Cal Fuyu’, ‘Fuji’, ‘Hana Fuyu’, ‘Jiro’, ‘O’Gosho’, ‘Tenjin O’Gosho’, ‘Thiene’, ‘Tipo’, ‘Tone Wase’ and ‘Triumph’. Amongst the analysed cultivars, ‘Tone Wase’ stands out as the richest in sugars, particularly glucose, and cultivars ‘Tipo’ and ‘Triumph’ contained the highest amounts of organic acids. Cultivars ‘O’Gosho’, ‘Cal Fuyu’ and ‘Hana Fuyu’ contained the least sugars and cultivar ‘Jiro’ the least organic acids. Amongst the individual phenolic compounds catechin and gallic acid were present in highest concentrations. The predominant carotenoid in both skin and pulp of ripe persimmon fruit was β-carotene, the highest content was measured in skin of cultivar ‘Hana Fuyu’, which also contained the highest level of total carotenoids. In persimmon pulp, much lower values for carotenoids were obtained, particularly in fruit of cultivar ‘Cal Fuyu’.     

Variations in antioxidant properties of strawberries grown in Brazilian savannah and harvested in different seasons

BACKGROUND: Strawberries are nutritive fruits and a source of antioxidants. We evaluated antioxidant properties of ‘Camino Real’ strawberries grown in the Brazilian savannah, harvested in different seasons. Analytical and meteorological data were analyzed by partial least squares regression. RESULTS: Fruits from May showed the lowest contents of total phenolics (1789.78 mg kg^?1 fresh weight (FW)), catechin (21.37 mg kg^?1 FW), quercetins (4.89 mg kg^?1 FW) and total ellagic acid (208.68 mg kg^?1 FW) and the lowest antioxidant activity by 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (11.39 mg Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) eq. g^?1 FW) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (22.01 mg ferrous sulfate eq. g^?1 FW) assays. Strawberries harvested in July presented the lowest concentrations of total (190.61 mg kg^?1 FW) and individual anthocyanins (73.88 mg kg^?1 FW and 5.96 mg kg^?1 FW for pelargonidin‐3‐glucoside and cyanidin‐3‐glucoside, respectively), but the highest contents of vitamin C (685.47 mg kg^?1 FW), DPPH (18.87 mg BHT eq. g^?1 FW) and FRAP (39.30 mg ferrous sulfate eq. g^?1 FW). The highest contents of free ellagic acid (26.11 mg kg^?1 FW), pelargonidin‐3‐glucoside (291.82 mg kg^?1 FW) and cyanidin‐3‐glucoside (11.84 mg kg^?1 FW) were found in strawberries from September. Rain in the previous 30 days to harvest influenced negatively many phenolics and antioxidant activity of strawberries harvested in May. In July, longer photoperiod and lower temperature at 30 days previous to harvest probably led to higher antioxidant activity and vitamin C. Increased photoperiod and temperature at the final stage of maturation seem to raise pigments and free ellagic acid in strawberries. CONCLUSION: It was possible to observe significant relationships among meteorological and antioxidant variables for strawberries grown in the Brazilian savannah. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Liaison of phenolic acids and biological activity of escalating cultivars of Daucus carota

The objective of the present study was to analyze and compare the phenolic compounds and their antioxidant capacities of new lines of Dacus carota. The selected cultivars showed high variation in the contents of total phenolics (30.26–65.39 mg/100 g FW) and total ascorbic acid (41.12–58.36 mg/100 g FW). Analysis on RP-HPLC revealed that hydroxycinnamic acids and its derivatives were major phenolic compounds present in D. carota extracts, whereas 5-caffeolquinic acid was a major hydroxycinnamic acid (ranged from 30.26 to 65.39 mg/100 g FW). DCP cultivar showed high total antioxidant capacity (77.69 mg/100 g), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity (52.36 mg/100 g), superoxide radical scavenging capacity (53.69 mg/100 g), and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity (51.91 mg/100 g). A linear relationship was found between total phenolic acid contents and antioxidant capacity. Both phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities varied significantly (ρ < 0.05) among cultivars. DCP cultivar was found to be a rich source of phenolics and ascorbic acid with high antioxidant activity.     

Analysis of Phenolic Composition of Noble Muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia) by HPLC‐MS and the Relationship to Its Antioxidant Capacity

Abstract: Phenolic compounds and anthocyanins in muscadines have attracted much attention due to their diverse biological activities. With bioassays of antioxidant activities in terms of total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), total procyanidin content (TPA), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of different parts of the Noble muscadine, the butanol (BuOH) extract of the muscadine skin showed the highest TPC (317.91 ± 1.83 mg GAE/100 g FW), which might be ascribed to its high TAC of 227.06 ± 1.29 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW). The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of the muscadine seed contained the highest TPA (55.30 ± 0.63 mg CE/100 g FW). Correlation analyses demonstrated a significant linear relationship of TPC and TAC compared to their ORAC and FRAP values within the range of R² from 0.9283 to 0.9936, which suggested that phenolics and anthocyanins in the extracts contributed significantly to their antioxidant potential. Nineteen individual phenolics and 5 anthocyanins were identified by HPLC‐MS, which indicated different chemical profiles of anthocyanins and other phenolics in the muscadine extracts. Practical Application: The paper has provided rich information of bioactive phytochemical profiles in different solvent extracts and their correlation with the antioxidant activity in the muscadine that is a very special regional fruit in U.S. Its high content of phenolic compounds demonstrates that muscadine could be beneficial to human health.     

Effect of jam processing and storage on total phenolics, antioxidant activity, and anthocyanins of different fruits

BACKGROUND: Fruits have been widely recognised as an excellent source of bioactive phenolic compounds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of jam processing of strawberry, cherry, apricot, fig and orange on the total phenolics, antioxidant activity and anthocyanins during 5 months of storage at 25 °C. RESULTS: Fresh strawberry had the highest contents of total phenolics (8503.1 mg GAE kg^?1) followed by cherry, apricot, fig and orange, respectively. Jam processing decreased the total phenolics, antioxidant activity, and anthocyanins of all fruits. Total phenolics of jam during storage decreased only in apricot, fig and orange. Fresh strawberry had the highest antioxidant activity (54.88% inhibition) followed by the other fruits. Antioxidant activity did not change in strawberry during jam storage, while there are reductions in the other fruits were observed. Fresh strawberry had the highest anthocyanins (2323.8 mg cya‐3‐glu kg^?1), followed by cherry and the other fruits, respectively. Results showed only a decrease of anthocyanins and pH in apricot and fig jams during 5 months of storage. CONCLUSION: Despite the reduction of these compounds in jam processing, it is considered a good method to maintain them during 5 months of storage. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Potential dietary sources of ellagic acid and other antioxidants among fruits consumed in Brazil: jabuticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell.) Berg)

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the content of ellagic acid in fruits consumed by the Brazilian population, including native ones; (2) to further characterize rich sources in relation to ascorbic acid, phenolics contents and in vitro antioxidant capacity; and (3) to study the distribution and effect of ripening stage on ellagitannins content of jabuticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba). The content of free ellagic acid and ellagic acid derivatives such as ellagitannins was analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS: Ellagic acid was detected in 10 out of a total of 35 fruits analyzed. The content of free ellagic acid in fruits varied from 0.0028 to 0.085 g kg^?1 (FW) and total ellagic acid varied from 0.215 to 3.11 g kg^?1 (FW). All the seven fruits belonging to the Myrtaceae family evaluated in this study presented high contents of ellagitannins in their composition, with jabuticaba, grumixama and cambuci (all native from Brazil) showing the highest total ellagic acid contents. Jabuticaba, the most consumed in Brazil among those and already adapted to commercial plantations, contained concentrated phenolics compounds, including ellagitannins, in the peel. Anthocyanins (cyanidin derivatives) increased significantly through ripening of jabuticaba and were not present in the pulp or seeds. Samples collected from three different locations during summer, winter and spring had total ellagic contents varying from 1.88 to 3.31 g kg^?1 (FW). The decrease in ellagic acid content with ripening was more accentuated for pulp (eight times) compared to seeds (2.3 times) and peel (2.0 times). CONCLUSION: These results showed the potential of jabuticaba as dietary source of ellagic acid and reinforced consumption of the whole fruit by the population. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Phenolic profiles and cellular antioxidant activity of longan pulp of 24 representative Chinese cultivars

The phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of fruits are associated with their health benefits. Longan is a traditional Chinese edible and medicinal fruit, but its varietal differences in phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity were unknown. Twenty-four longan cultivars from southern China were investigated in this study. Their total phenolic and flavonoid contents in pulp were 22.09–132.47 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g and 2.48–14.26 mg catechin equivalents/100 g, respectively. The mean contributions of free phenolics and ?avonoids to the total were 82.5% and 94.0%, respectively. Among 10 individual phenolics detected by HPLC, the contents of epicatechin, 4-methylcatechol, chlorogenic, and vanillic acids were relatively higher. The cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) of longan pulp showed significant varietal discrepancies and positive correlation with phenolic and flavonoid contents. Phenolics in longan pulp of 24 cultivars showed lower CAA potential than many other fruits with the CAA qualities from 0.35 to 1.21 µmol quercetin equivalent/100 µmol total phenolics. Longan cultivars were classified into six groups by hierarchical clustering analysis. Six cultivars in group 4 and 6 had higher phytochemical contents and CAA activity.     

梅花果实品质及抑菌、抗氧化活性分析

为揭示不同品种梅花果实的品质及抑菌、抗氧化活性差异,从抗寒梅花中筛选果实品质优良的品种,为抗寒花果兼用梅的选育以及梅花果实综合利用提供依据。对8 个品种梅花果实的品质（外观品质和食用品质）性状、抑菌和抗氧化活性进行评价,利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术对酚类化合物进行分离和检测,对果实品质性状与抑菌和抗氧化活性进行相关性分析。结果表明：不同品种梅花果实的品质性状差异显著,‘淡丰后’、‘粉靥丰后’、‘武藏野’和‘飞绿萼’等级评价较高;‘丰后’、‘武藏野’、‘飞绿萼’总酚和总黄酮含量较高,从3 个品种中都分离出儿茶素、迷迭香酸、圣草酚、丁香酸、芦丁5 种酚类化合物,梅花果实的抑菌和抗氧化活性与总酚和总黄酮含量存在相关关系。‘武藏野’和‘飞绿萼’是优良的抗寒花果兼用梅,果实品质性状较优,可以作为天然抗氧化剂或功能性食品进行开发利用。     

Phytochemicals in fruits of two Prunus domestica L. plum cultivars during ripening

BACKGROUND: Plums are a rich source of nutritive and bioactive compounds. The objective was to evaluate the impact of fruit tissue (flesh and peel), ripening stage and cultivar on the composition of phytochemicals in plums (Prunus domestica L.) and to analyse the relation between total antioxidant activity (TAA) and the measured variables. RESULTS: The content of total sugars and total organic acids was higher in flesh but total phenolic content (TPC) and TAA was statistically higher in plum peel. The composition of sugars depended on fruit tissue, ripening stage and the cultivar. Ripening and fruit tissue affected the composition and concentrations of organic acids. TPC of ‘Haganta’ peel increased during ripening but there was no significant time trend for ‘Jojo’ peel and flesh of both cultivars. The composition of phenolics in peel depended on the cultivar, but in flesh on the cultivar and ripening. Ripening resulted in increased total anthocyanins and TAA in peel. TAA_peel was positively correlated with TPC_peel, total anthocyanins_peel, cyanidin 3‐glucoside_peel and peonidin 3‐rutinoside_peel in the cultivar ‘Haganta’. CONCLUSION: The composition of phytochemicals in P. domestica fruit depends on fruit tissue, ripening stage and the cultivar. Peel contributes to the TAA on average 20 times more than flesh. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同品种龙眼果实加工特性比较研究

以18个龙眼品种的果实为试材,利用常规的加工特性分析方法,进行果实的组成、理化指标、可溶性蛋白、总酚和总抗氧化能力的分析。结果表明:龙眼品种间果实出汁率、可溶性固形物含量、可食率、总酸、糖酸比差异较大,出汁率为36.02%～55.74%,水眼最高(55.74%);华路广眼最低(36.02%),可溶性固形物为11.3%～21.77%,白花木最高(21.77%),青壳宝园最低(11.3%)。18个龙眼品种的多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性和色泽稳定性差异较大,PPO为0～6.6U,POD为72.7～1816.7U,色泽变化值(ΔE)在30℃时为0.24～3.68,100℃时为7.62～63.53。初步评价:石硖、储粮、白花木、华路广眼和双孖木是适宜于果汁和果酒加工的优良品种。龙眼的总抗氧化能力值在3.73～20.39mmol/L之间,双孖木最高(20.39mmol/L),青壳宝园最低(3.73mmol/L);可溶性蛋白含量分布变幅为45.82～88.8mg/L,石硖最高(88.8mg/L),鸡卵眼最低(45.82mg/L);总酚含量在13.02～749.95mg/L之间,华路广眼最高(749.95...