鲢鱼滑在冻藏过程中的结构变化

为研究鲢鱼滑在-20℃冻藏过程中的结构变化,测定了鲢鱼滑盐溶性蛋白含量、活性巯基含量和Ca²⁺-ATPase活性,并结合圆二色光谱（CD）、扫描电镜（SEM）和低场核磁（LF-NMR）进行分析。结果发现,三个指标随冻藏时间延长逐渐下降,其中盐溶性蛋白含量从新鲜状态的58.2 mg/g降至17.3 mg/g,活性巯基含量从0.598 mol/105g降至0.204 mol/10⁵g,Ca²⁺-ATPase活性从0.214μmol/min·g降至0.051μmol/min·g;CD扫描结果显示,冻藏初期α-螺旋主要向β-折叠转化,后主要转化为无规则结构;SEM结果显示,鲢鱼滑凝胶结构由于失水而逐渐收缩,表面光滑度降低,凝胶网络结构受损;LF-NMR的T₂谱显示-20℃环境下有两种结合水的横向弛豫时间,分别为T₂₁（0.09¹ ms）和T₂₂（1¹0 ms）,随着冻藏时间的延长,T₂₁无明显变化,T₂₂总体呈现下降趋势,可知蛋白内部对水分的束缚力增强。从结构变化角度探究了鲢鱼滑在冻藏过程的品质变化。      

Fish silage prepared from different cooked and uncooked raw materials: chemical changes during storage at different temperatures

Four silage types were prepared from raw and cooked whole herring, whole mackerel, by‐products from the filleting‐line of cod and saithe, and from the viscera of cod. Each silage type was stored at 4, 20 and 50°C for 48 days. The raw materials were analysed fresh and after 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 48 days of storage. Dry matter, crude protein and total fat were not affected by the different storage temperatures or the length of the storage period. Neither was there any change in amino acid contents. Chemical composition in different silage types reflected the amounts in the raw materials used for silage production. Hydrolysis, on the other hand, varied with the type of raw material used for silage production as well as with the temperature under which the silages were stored. Cooked raw materials did not show any change in hydrolysis during storage. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

玉米储藏过程中生理代谢与品质变化机理研究进展

玉米是最重要的储粮品种之一。随着粮库玉米存量不断增长,研究储藏过程中玉米生理代谢与品质变化机理和相关指标的变化规律,确保玉米的品质和安全储藏显得尤为重要。玉米的品质在储藏期间更会受到温度、湿度和气候变化等储藏条件的影响。玉米原始含水量对玉米粒和营养成分的影响显著,原始含水量越大,霉变程度越大,呼吸作用越强,脂肪和淀粉含量降低越快。玉米脂质由于呼吸和水解酶的作用,生成大量游离脂肪酸,脂质又是细胞膜的组分,细胞膜也会因氧化而被破坏,导致细胞生理活动紊乱。本文综述了玉米储藏期间生理代谢、营养成分变化机理、理化特性以及主要生物有害物变化规律,以期通过储藏前和储藏过程中品质指标的检测来判别其玉米储藏后品质劣变。      

壳聚糖对冷藏鲤鱼片品质变化的影响

为了解壳聚糖处理对4 ℃冷藏条件下鲤鱼片品质的影响,测定对照组、T1组（20 g/L壳聚糖＋体积分数0.5%醋酸）、T2组（体积分数0.5%醋酸）鲤鱼片4 ℃冷藏条件下感官分值、菌落总数（total aerobic counts,TAC）、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、pH值和生物胺含量等指标的变化,分析壳聚糖对冷藏鲤鱼片品质的影响。结果表明：3 组鲤鱼片的感官分值随着贮藏时间的延长逐渐降低,对照组鲤鱼片在贮藏8 d后感官不可接受,T1组鲤鱼片的总体感官分值高于T2组;3 组鲤鱼片的TVB-N含量在贮藏期间呈增长趋势,贮藏10 d时,对照组鲤鱼片的TVB-N含量与T1、T2组差异显著（P＜0.05）,对照组鲤鱼片贮藏10 d时的TVB-N含量达31.37 mg/100 g,而T1组仅为13.07 mg/100 g;T1组鲤鱼片TAC的增长速率显著低于对照组和T2组（P＜0.05）;腐胺、尸胺的含量随着贮藏时间的延长而升高,贮藏后期,T1、T2组鲤鱼片的腐胺含量显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。壳聚糖的加入可以改善冷藏鲤鱼片的品质,并可将货架期延长2 d。     

微冻和冷藏对牙鲆贮藏品质的影响

以感官、理化和微生物为指标,研究了微冻（-2℃）和冷藏（4℃）对牙鲆品质变化及货架期的影响。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,牙鲆鱼的感官品质显著下降（p<0.01）,菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）含量、硫代巴比妥酸（TBA）值和K值均呈显著上升趋势（p<0.01）,且微冻贮藏时各指标的变化速率都低于冷藏;质构特性中的硬度、弹性、咀嚼度和粘聚性随贮藏时间的延长而显著下降（p<0.05）,p H与贮藏时间及其他理化指标（TBA除外）相关性不显著。综合感官评分、TVB-N值及菌落总数等指标得出牙鲆在4℃和-2℃贮藏条件下的货架期分别为9 d和12 d。与冷藏相比,微冻能更有效地抑制微生物的生长,延长其货架期。      

鲤鱼鱼鳞蛋白酶解液对鲤鱼肉冷藏期间品质变化的影响

为研究鲤鱼鱼鳞蛋白酶解液对鲤鱼肉冷藏期间品质的影响,本文以新鲜鲤鱼肉为研究对象,将鱼肉分别在不同浓度鲤鱼鱼鳞蛋白酶解液(0.01、0.03、0.04 g/mL)作浸渍处理(无菌水浸渍处理为对照组),置于4 ℃条件下贮藏,在0、2、4、6、8、10 d进行各组样品的菌落总数、可溶性蛋白含量、蒸煮损失率、汁液流失率、硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid,TBA)值、酸价、总巯基与游离巯基含量等指标测定。结果得出,经鲤鱼鱼鳞蛋白酶解液处理后鲤鱼肉样品,各浓度处理组的总巯基与可溶性蛋白含量的降幅均缓于对照组,且游离巯基含量、TBA值、汁液流失率、蒸煮损失率与酸价值的增幅不大。其中,对照组样品在第6 d时的菌落总数超过二级鲜度,而处理组样品在第10 d时仍处在二级鲜度(4.01~6.01lg CFU/g)。并且0.03 g/mL鲤鱼鱼鳞蛋白酶解液的处理效果最佳,使鲤鱼鱼肉的保藏期延长4 d。说明鲤鱼鱼鳞蛋白酶解液能有效减缓鲤鱼肉冷藏期间的脂肪与蛋白质氧化。     

贮存温度和贮存时间对复原乳稳定性的影响

研究了贮存温度和贮存时间对复原乳的pH值、流变特性、粒径、乳析率和离心沉淀率的影响,在此基础上分析了贮存过程中乳浊液粒径与乳析率、离心沉淀率之间的相关性。结果表明:随着贮存温度的升高,复原乳的pH值与表观黏度逐渐降低,而随着贮存时间的延长,二者均先升高后降低,其中25℃和37℃下贮存在第15天时达到最大值,而55℃下贮存在第7天时达最大值;贮存过程中乳浊液顶部粒径d4,3与乳析率有较好的相关性(P<0.05),二者均随着贮存温度的升高和贮存时间的延长而增大;贮存过程中乳浊液底部粒径d4,3与离心沉淀率有很好的相关性(P<0.05),二者随着贮存温度的升高先增大后减小,在37℃时达最大值,随着贮存时间的延长均有所增大。     

Effect of frozen storage on thermal stability of sarcoplasmic protein and myofibrillar protein from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) muscle

Thermal stability of sarcoplasmic protein and myofibrillar protein extracted from fresh and frozen common carp was comparatively studied. Total sulphydryl content (SH) in sarcoplasmic protein solution from 5‐month frozen carp decreased by 19.43% compared with fresh sample. The SDS‐PAGE patterns showed that all the bands of sarcoplasmic protein from frozen‐stored samples were almost invisible at 80 °C. Myofibrillar protein from fresh sample exhibited lower turbidity and surface hydrophobicity and higher Ca²⁺‐ATPase activity and SH content than frozen‐stored sample when heated from 20 to 80 °C. The Ca²⁺‐ATPase activity from fresh (M0), 2 (M2)‐ and 5 (M5)‐month frozen‐stored carp was completely lost at 48, 46 and 46 °C, respectively. When heated to 80 °C, the SH content of myofibrillar solutions in M0, M2 and M5 decreased by 26%, 60% and 70%, respectively. Sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins from frozen carp were more susceptible to aggregate during heating treatment.     

不同贮藏条件下成鱼品质的变化规律

对四种成鱼（三牙、带鱼、蓝圆够、马鲅）在20、4、-20℃贮藏条件下各个品质变化进行了研究。通过感官评价得到,在20℃的贮藏条件下,四种成鱼的货架期分别为20、6、10、14d;在4℃贮藏备件下的货架期明显延长,分别为70、35、70、70d;而在-20℃条件下贮藏的样品货架期均大于4个月。结合感官评价,对20％与4℃贮藏条件下货架期终点的指标值进行了准确的描述：带鱼和马鲅的咀嚼性为20-30gmm,蓝圆够的咀嚼性为30～40gmm,三牙的约为50gmm;TVBN值约为40-50mg／100g;TBA值与亚硝酸盐的含量在贮藏期间具有峰值,峰值出现在货架期的不同时期。     

Establishment of quality predictive models for bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) fillets during storage at different temperatures

Quality predictive models were developed to predict the freshness of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) fillets during storage at different temperatures. Quality indices [sensory score, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB‐N), total aerobic counts (TAC) and K value] at ?3, 0, 3, 9 and 15 °C were estimated and kinetically modelled by the Arrhenius equation. The activation energy (E_A) of sensory score, TVB‐N, TAC and K value was 78.17, 75.93, 106.53 and 76.21 kJ mol^?1, and the corresponding rate constants (k₀) were 1.16 × 10¹⁵, 2.60 × 10¹⁴, 4.05 × 10¹⁹ and 1.36 × 10¹⁵. The high regression coefficients (R² > 0.87) indicated the acceptability of the zero‐order reaction for sensory score, TVB‐N, TAC and K value. Relative errors between predicted and observed freshness indicators values of sensory score, TVB‐N, TAC and K value were all below 10% except the values at 6th day of K value, 3rd day and 9th day of TVB‐N. These results indicated that the models based on sensory score, TVB‐N, TAC and K value could effectively predict the freshness indicators of bighead carp fillets at the range of ?3 to 15 °C.     

Changes in biogenic amines during iced and ambient temperature storage of tilapia

BACKGROUND: Changes in the biogenic amine content of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) with time during iced and ambient temperature (28 °C) storage were quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography in a gradient elution system using acetonitrile and water as solvents. RESULTS: The levels of amines in tilapia were significantly low even after a long storage period (18 h under ambient temperature storage and 15 days under iced storage). All amines except spermidine and spermine increased with time during both iced and ambient temperature storage. Spermidine and spermine showed a decrease with increasing storage time. CONCLUSION: Being euryhaline (tolerant of a wide range of salinity) in nature, tilapia shows significantly low quantities of biogenic amines even after a long period of ambient temperature or iced storage, unlike most other marine fish. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

茶多酚-溶菌酶复合保鲜剂对白鲢鱼丸保鲜效果

为考察茶多酚-溶菌酶复合保鲜剂对鲢鱼鱼丸4℃贮藏过程中食用品质的影响,采用0.1 g/kg茶多酚+0.3 g/kg溶菌酶、0.2 g/kg茶多酚+0.2 g/kg溶菌酶、0.3 g/kg茶多酚+0.1 g/kg溶菌酶3组不同组合的复合保鲜剂处理鱼丸,以微生物菌落总数、p H值、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)值、白度、弹性、硬度、凝胶强度及水分分布为指标对保鲜效果进行分析。结果表明:与对照组相比,各处理组鱼丸的白度、弹性及TVB-N值无明显变化,而微生物菌落总数、p H值、硬度、凝胶强度及水分分布均优于对照组,且0.1 g/kg茶多酚+0.3 g/kg溶菌酶处理组效果最为显著。这表明茶多酚-溶菌酶复合保鲜剂对鱼丸的外观品质影响较小,可有效抑制鱼丸贮藏过程中微生物生长及蛋白质的氧化降解,提升鱼丸的贮藏品质,延长其货架期。     

Quality changes and storage life of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) at various storage temperatures

The shelf life and freshness changes in pond-grown common carp (Cyprinus carpio L) during storage at 0–2°C, 5–6°C and room temperature (26–29°C) were investigated by sensory, microbiological, physical and chemical analyses. The effect of gutting on the shelf life during storage at 0–2°C was examined. Iodine/starch and potassium sorbate were examined for their effects on shelf life of whole fish stored at 0–2°C and 5–6°C. Sensory results indicated that the whole fish had a maximum shelf life of 24 to 25 days at 0– 2°C. The life of the fish to the point beyond which it would be unsuitable for sale (commercial shelf life) was 17 days at 0–2°C. Storage at 5–6°C shortened shelf life 2- to 2.5-fold. At room temperature (26–29°C), spoilage was evident after 13 h. Gutting the carp shortened its storage potential at 0–2°C. Iodine treatment of this species stored at 0–2°C and at 5–6°C did not extend shelf life. The maximum shelf life of sorbate-treated fish at 0–2°C and 5–6°C was extended by 1–2 days, commercial shelf life by 3–4 days. Total volatile basic nitrogen, pH and penetrometer analyses were not reliable indicators of changes in freshness during shelf life. Thiobarbituric acid values were not useful as rancid odours or flavours were not detected during storage.     

低温贮存条件下荠菜品质的变化

研究荠菜在0～4℃的低温贮存条件下品质的变化情况,结果表明:荠菜中Vc和可溶性糖含量随贮存天数的增加而降低,氨基态氮含量随贮存天数的增加而增加,总酸性物质含量在贮存第5天达高峰,以后有所下降,硝酸盐含量随贮存天数的增加而呈上升趋势,亚硝酸盐含量在贮存到第3天达高峰,以后逐渐下降。     

对虾低频电场冰温贮藏期间品质的变化

目的:探究低频电场辅助冰温保鲜提高虾肉品质的可行性。方法:在冰温基础上施加低频电场(LFEF+冰温)保鲜对虾,监测贮藏期间对虾的丙二醛含量、盐溶性蛋白含量、Ca²⁺-ATPase活性、pH值、剪切力、色差和蛋白质分子量变化规律,并与常规冰温保鲜作对照。结果:相对于常规冰温保鲜处理,LFEF+冰温保鲜处理对虾肉的丙二醛含量、盐溶性蛋白含量、pH值、剪切力、色泽无显著影响,但贮藏3 d后,低频电场辅助冰温保鲜可显著抑制虾肉Ca²⁺-ATPase活性的下降,其中贮藏第15天时LFEF+冰温处理组的Ca²⁺-ATPase活性是常规冰温保鲜处理组的2.20倍。此外,低频电场辅助冰温保鲜可明显抑制肌球蛋白重链、肌动蛋白和原肌球蛋白条带密度的下降。结论:与常规冰温保鲜相比,低频电场冰温保鲜处理可显著抑制Ca²⁺-ATPase活性下降和蛋白质降解,维持蛋白质结构和性质的稳定,减缓虾肉品质劣变。     

鸭肝调味酱常温下贮藏稳定性的研究

文章通过控制水分活度和添加抗氧化剂来提高鸭肝调味酱的贮藏稳定性。结果表明:添加0.4%的复合磷酸盐,采用95℃30 min的低温蒸煮杀菌工艺可稳定鸭肝调味酱的水分活度为0.75,控制了微生物的生长,延长了产品贮藏期;添加0.01%TBHQ+0.01%BHA复合抗氧化剂的鸭肝调味酱在常温下贮藏12个月后,抗氧化效果显著提高,其过氧化值比空白组低95%,比TBHQ组低31%,且产品风味良好,无哈败味。     

冻藏过程中南极磷虾蛋白理化特性和品质的变化

为了解冻藏南极磷虾理化性质和品质变化,本文测定了全虾和虾肉中不同蛋白组分含量变化,并采用二维电泳分析全虾样品的等电点和分子量分布,以水分含量、持水率、pH、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)值为指标,进一步分析了蛋白品质的变化。结果表明:随冻藏时间的增加,南极磷虾全虾和虾肉盐溶性蛋白显著下降(p<0.05),碱溶性蛋白和非蛋白氮(NPN)显著上升(p<0.05)。二维电泳(2-DE)结果表明,盐溶性蛋白的蛋白点大多集中于pH4~6区域,水溶性和碱溶性蛋白在pH8~9也有分布;盐溶性蛋白的损失主要发生在肌球蛋白重链(210 kDa)和轻链(17~23 kDa)分子上;水溶性和碱溶性蛋白中蛋白点少量丢失。长期冻藏过程中,全虾和虾肉的含水量和持水率显著下降(p<0.05);全虾的pH和TBARS值明显升高(p<0.05),虾肉的pH和TBARS总体趋势略微上升(p>0.05)。各指标相关性分析表明,冻藏过程中虾品质指标的变化趋势具有一定的一致性。因此,随冻藏时间的增加,虾蛋白凝胶性质减弱,品质下降。     

Quality and textural behaviour of par-baked and rebaked cake during prolonged storage

The effect of par-baking and refrigerator storage on the quality of cake was investigated. Quality evaluation of rebaked cakes was performed by using physical, chemical and instrumental texture profile analysis. Cakes were par-baked for 15, 20 and 25 min at 175 °C and then they were stored at refrigerator temperature (4 °C) for 30, 60 and 90 days, wrapped with two polyethylene bags. After storage, par-baked cakes were rebaked at 175 °C and were subjected to analysis. Par-baking and intermediate storage time had a significant effect on baking loss, crumb moisture content, colour, symmetry index and textural properties of cake. The increase in the par-baking time led to a decrease in the baking loss and an increase in the moisture content of cake. Specific volume, moisture content, L colour value and symmetry index significantly decreased with increasing intermediate storage time, while baking loss significantly increased. However, regarding the crumb hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness, the results indicated that the best result was obtained when cakes were baked for 15 min at the par-baking stage. Overall, the cakes became firmer, less cohesive and less dry crumb as the intermediate storage time increased, whereas springiness increased.